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History of Meteorology 

 

volume 3, 2006 

 

 

James Rodger Fleming, Editor-in-Chief 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

History of Meteorology is the peer-reviewed journal of the ICHM 

 

© ICHM 2006 

 

ISSN 1555-5763 

 

 
 

Proceedings of the International Commission on History of Meteorology 



 History of Meteorology 3 (2006)  ii 
 

 

Contents          pages 

 

Introduction, Call for Papers, and Style Guide     ii-iv 

 

Craig Martin (USA), Experience of the New World and Aristotelian 

Revisions of the Earth’s Climates during the Renaissance   1-15 

 

Anders Persson (Sweden), Hadley’s Principle:  

Understanding and Misunderstanding the Trade Winds   17-42 

 

James Rodger Fleming (USA),  

James Croll in Context: The Encounter between Climate Dynamics  

and Geology in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century   43-53 

 

Robert M. White (USA), The Making of NOAA, 1963-2005   55-63 

 

Book Launch, The Callendar Effect (2007) and Intimate Universality (2006) 65 

 

Introduction 

 

The third annual volume of History of Meteorology includes four articles by both 

seasoned and new contributors and an experiment in streaming video. 

Craig Martin argues that Renaissance Aristotelianism was a flexible natural philosophy 

capable of integrating new experiences into a larger theoretical framework.  Rather than being 

authoritarian, it served as the best guide available.  Based on sailors’ reports from southern 

regions, commentators questioned the existence of an uninhabitable “torrid zone” and argued 

that not all important truths, such as descriptions of the earth’s climate, were to be found only by 

reading texts.  Anders Persson has given us a history of understanding and misunderstanding of 

“Hadley’s Principle” since 1735 with an emphasis on German and English interpretations of the 

trade winds and the general circulation in the nineteenth century.  My own article reviews the life 

and work of James Croll, author of an astronomical theory of climate change and arguably one of 

the first practitioners of “climate dynamics.” It examines the challenge that Croll posed for 

Charles Lyell and explores the phenomena of theory formation, eclipse, and reemergence.  

Robert M. White has provided a first-hand account of the “Making of NOAA, 1963-2005” from 

the authoritative perspective of its first administrator.  A link to streaming video documents the 

book launch of the Callendar Effect (American Meteorological Society, 2007) and Intimate 

Universality (Science History Publications/USA, 2006) at the Woodrow Wilson International 

Center for Scholars with participants Fleming, Roger D. Launius, Michael MacCracken, and 

Kent Hughes. 

The ICHM is seven years old, the same age as the 21
st
 century.  It is in good hands under 

the leadership of president Cornelia Lüdecke, vice-president Vladimir Jankovic, and secretary-

treasurer Doria Grimes.  Please browse the homepage http://www.meteohistory.org for 

announcements and other links, and consider joining us in pursuit of “scholarship and 

friendship” in the history of meteorology, climatology, and related sciences. 

James R. Fleming, Washington, DC. 



 History of Meteorology 3 (2006)  iii 
 

History of Meteorology 

 

CALL FOR PAPERS 

 

Papers on the history of meteorology, climatology, and related sciences are now being accepted 

for consideration in History of Meteorology 4 (2007).  Articles should be based on original 

research and present a novel thesis.  They must be engaging, clearly written, and fully 

documented, following the style guide below.  All papers will be subject to peer review.  Authors 

are reminded that international and interdisciplinary perspectives are encouraged and articles 

should engage social, cultural, and/or intellectual themes and contexts.  Because this is an 

electronic journal, it is possible to publish color illustrations and experiment with alternative 

media such as audio and video files and databases.  Session conveners are invited to propose 

special sections or issues of the journal. 

 

History of Meteorology has a stable URL at http://meteohistory.org and has been assigned ISSN 

1555-5763 by the U.S. Library of Congress.  It is currently being indexed by two leading 

services: Isis Current Bibliography of the History of Science (from which citations are posted 

online on the RLG History of Science and Technology database) and Meteorological and 

Geoastrophysical Abstracts. 

 

The deadline for submissions for volume four is 1 October 2007, but earlier notice is 

appreciated.  Queries or manuscripts should be directed to the editor-in-chief, James R. Fleming, 

e-mail jfleming@colby.edu 

 

 



 History of Meteorology 3 (2006)  iv 
 

STYLE GUIDE 

 

Manuscripts for History of Meteorology are to be submitted electronically to the editor in MS 

Word format (please ask in advance about other formats).  Before publication, authors must 

certify that their work is original and that all necessary permissions have been acquired. 

 

Format 

 

Paper size:  U.S. Letter 

Margins:  1.0 inch on all sides 

Headers and footers: 0.5 inch (left blank except for preliminary pagination) 

Line spacing:   double 

Font:  text: 12 point Times New Roman; captions: 11 point Times New Roman 

Section headers: Use of bold section headers is encouraged 

Paper length:  Less than 10,000 words, including citations. 

  Ask if your manuscript is longer than this. 

 

Figures and Tables 

 

Figures must be provided as separate image files (jpeg or tiff) with a resolution of at least 150 

dpi.  Both figures and tables must be mentioned in the text (e.g. Fig. 1) before their appearance in 

the paper. Figure captions appear below the figure in 11-point type with a hanging indent: 

 

Fig. 1. Caption descriptive of the image but does not repeating what was said in the text 

of the paper. Image courtesy of (or by permission of) XXX. 

 

Tables must be carefully formatted in advance by the author.  Titles appear above the table in 11-

point type: 

 

Table 1. Title of table (handing indent if it is a long title). 

 

Citations 

 

Citations may be either Endnotes, numbered sequentially, or References (Author date) listed 

alphabetically at the end of the paper. Any major style, consistently applied, is acceptable. 

 

Each citation must provide name of author/editor, full title of the work, place, publisher, date, 

and page references.  

 

Titles of books and journals are italicized, not underlined.  Archival and manuscript material 

must contain a full description in the first citation. 

 

Use of abbreviations (e.g. Amer. J. Sci.) is encouraged, as is the short reference format for 

subsequent citations of a text (e.g. Petterssen, Weather Forecasting, 12.). 

 

Endnotes are not meant to be discursive. 


