Microsoft Word - 00frontmatter copy.doc History of Meteorology volume 3, 2006 James Rodger Fleming, Editor-in-Chief History of Meteorology is the peer-reviewed journal of the ICHM © ICHM 2006 ISSN 1555-5763 Proceedings of the International Commission on History of Meteorology History of Meteorology 3 (2006) ii Contents pages Introduction, Call for Papers, and Style Guide ii-iv Craig Martin (USA), Experience of the New World and Aristotelian Revisions of the Earth’s Climates during the Renaissance 1-15 Anders Persson (Sweden), Hadley’s Principle: Understanding and Misunderstanding the Trade Winds 17-42 James Rodger Fleming (USA), James Croll in Context: The Encounter between Climate Dynamics and Geology in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century 43-53 Robert M. White (USA), The Making of NOAA, 1963-2005 55-63 Book Launch, The Callendar Effect (2007) and Intimate Universality (2006) 65 Introduction The third annual volume of History of Meteorology includes four articles by both seasoned and new contributors and an experiment in streaming video. Craig Martin argues that Renaissance Aristotelianism was a flexible natural philosophy capable of integrating new experiences into a larger theoretical framework. Rather than being authoritarian, it served as the best guide available. Based on sailors’ reports from southern regions, commentators questioned the existence of an uninhabitable “torrid zone” and argued that not all important truths, such as descriptions of the earth’s climate, were to be found only by reading texts. Anders Persson has given us a history of understanding and misunderstanding of “Hadley’s Principle” since 1735 with an emphasis on German and English interpretations of the trade winds and the general circulation in the nineteenth century. My own article reviews the life and work of James Croll, author of an astronomical theory of climate change and arguably one of the first practitioners of “climate dynamics.” It examines the challenge that Croll posed for Charles Lyell and explores the phenomena of theory formation, eclipse, and reemergence. Robert M. White has provided a first-hand account of the “Making of NOAA, 1963-2005” from the authoritative perspective of its first administrator. A link to streaming video documents the book launch of the Callendar Effect (American Meteorological Society, 2007) and Intimate Universality (Science History Publications/USA, 2006) at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars with participants Fleming, Roger D. Launius, Michael MacCracken, and Kent Hughes. The ICHM is seven years old, the same age as the 21 st century. It is in good hands under the leadership of president Cornelia Lüdecke, vice-president Vladimir Jankovic, and secretary- treasurer Doria Grimes. Please browse the homepage http://www.meteohistory.org for announcements and other links, and consider joining us in pursuit of “scholarship and friendship” in the history of meteorology, climatology, and related sciences. James R. Fleming, Washington, DC. History of Meteorology 3 (2006) iii History of Meteorology CALL FOR PAPERS Papers on the history of meteorology, climatology, and related sciences are now being accepted for consideration in History of Meteorology 4 (2007). Articles should be based on original research and present a novel thesis. They must be engaging, clearly written, and fully documented, following the style guide below. All papers will be subject to peer review. Authors are reminded that international and interdisciplinary perspectives are encouraged and articles should engage social, cultural, and/or intellectual themes and contexts. Because this is an electronic journal, it is possible to publish color illustrations and experiment with alternative media such as audio and video files and databases. Session conveners are invited to propose special sections or issues of the journal. History of Meteorology has a stable URL at http://meteohistory.org and has been assigned ISSN 1555-5763 by the U.S. Library of Congress. It is currently being indexed by two leading services: Isis Current Bibliography of the History of Science (from which citations are posted online on the RLG History of Science and Technology database) and Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts. The deadline for submissions for volume four is 1 October 2007, but earlier notice is appreciated. Queries or manuscripts should be directed to the editor-in-chief, James R. Fleming, e-mail jfleming@colby.edu History of Meteorology 3 (2006) iv STYLE GUIDE Manuscripts for History of Meteorology are to be submitted electronically to the editor in MS Word format (please ask in advance about other formats). Before publication, authors must certify that their work is original and that all necessary permissions have been acquired. Format Paper size: U.S. Letter Margins: 1.0 inch on all sides Headers and footers: 0.5 inch (left blank except for preliminary pagination) Line spacing: double Font: text: 12 point Times New Roman; captions: 11 point Times New Roman Section headers: Use of bold section headers is encouraged Paper length: Less than 10,000 words, including citations. Ask if your manuscript is longer than this. Figures and Tables Figures must be provided as separate image files (jpeg or tiff) with a resolution of at least 150 dpi. Both figures and tables must be mentioned in the text (e.g. Fig. 1) before their appearance in the paper. Figure captions appear below the figure in 11-point type with a hanging indent: Fig. 1. Caption descriptive of the image but does not repeating what was said in the text of the paper. Image courtesy of (or by permission of) XXX. Tables must be carefully formatted in advance by the author. Titles appear above the table in 11- point type: Table 1. Title of table (handing indent if it is a long title). Citations Citations may be either Endnotes, numbered sequentially, or References (Author date) listed alphabetically at the end of the paper. Any major style, consistently applied, is acceptable. Each citation must provide name of author/editor, full title of the work, place, publisher, date, and page references. Titles of books and journals are italicized, not underlined. Archival and manuscript material must contain a full description in the first citation. Use of abbreviations (e.g. Amer. J. Sci.) is encouraged, as is the short reference format for subsequent citations of a text (e.g. Petterssen, Weather Forecasting, 12.). Endnotes are not meant to be discursive.