





































Humanist Studies & the Digital Age, 5.1 (2017) 
ISSN: 2158-3846 (online) 
http://journals.oregondigital.org/hsda/ 
DOI: 10.7264/N3PC30SD 

 

 
Worlds of Meaning 

Massimo Lollini 

 
Welcome to the fifth issue of Humanist Studies &the Digital Age entitled Networks and Projects: New Platforms in 
Digital Humanities. The sections Perspectives and Interventions are devoted to the publication of a selection from 
the proceedings of a colloquium held at Brown University in the Spring of 2015. These first two sections are 
presented and introduced by Massimo Riva in his essay on Scholarly Networks and Collaborative Practices. The 
third section of this issue, Projects, is presented by Crystal Hall in her introduction, Italian Studies and Digital 
Humanities: Research Outcomes.  
 
In the brief notes of my Editorial, I reflect on the idea of “network” as conceptual framework and privileged 
space of knowledge engaging with Pierre Lévy’s work, and I anticipate the topic of the sixth issue of this 
journal that will be published in 2019. 
 
The media scholar and philosopher Pierre Lévy conceives the “network” (which he prefers to call 
“cyberspace”) not only as the material infrastructure of digital communications but also the immense 
information it holds as well as the human beings involved in it. The impulse behind this new “medium of 
communication” made possible by the global connection of computers is the search for the actual living unity 
of human knowledge despite human scattering in space and time. He sees the theological and philosophical 
origin of this conception in the Aristotelian idea of active intellect that developed in medieval philosophy in the 
attempt to find vehicles of communication between the celestial worlds emanating from God and mortal 
humanity dispersed in time and space (Cyberculture xvi; Peters, Interview with Pierre Lévy 263). Lévy’s idea of 
collective intelligence emerges from this mystical background and finds operative applications in concrete 
intellectual communities that gather themselves through the technological support to “think together”. In this 
perspective, the network is not a physical space, as technology is not an entity in itself; rather, it is constituted 
by an interactive and community-based means of communication, becoming one fundamental element of 
what Lévy calls “collective intelligence”. This is a very important idea if one wants to start conceiving the 
computer field in a philosophical direction beyond the pervasive technical and programming issues.  
 
What is the “collective intelligence”? First of all, “it is a universally distributed intelligence that is enhanced, 
coordinated, and mobilized in real time” (Collective Intelligence 16). Lévy argues that cyber culture, “gives shape 
to a new form of the universal, the universal without totality”, not because it is everywhere in actuality (as per 
globalization) but because the idea of cyberspace implicates “by right” all human beings. Lévy holds that the 
new universal is characterized by “immersion”, related to “universal access” and should be conceived as a 
right, a kind of moral imperative that does not totalize through meaning: it unites us through contact and 
general interaction. In other words, this technological universal is not simply the result of a technology 
producing messages but of the actual thinking together and interaction within cyber culture. The point is that 
we are all in the same communication “deluge” whereby the identity of meaning, “the question of semantic 
closure or totalization is no longer relevant” as it was for the static form of alphabetic writing (Cyberculture 
100). What matters in the community prefigured by the network is not the content related to traditional forms 
of reading and writing but the being together in itself as a form of “negative” community which comes close 
to those envisaged by Jean-Luc Nancy’s Disavowed community and Roberto Esposito’s Communitas among 
others. 
 
The real-time interconnection and dynamism create a shared context, “the same immense living hypertext for 
the participants in a communication” regardless of the message: “any text can become the fragment that 

http://journals.oregondigital.org/hsda/


Humanist Studies & the Digital Age  Lollini 

5.1 (2017)   2 

passes unnoticed through the moving hypertext that surrounds it, connects it to other texts, and serves as a 
mediator or medium for reciprocal, interactive, uninterrupted communication”. From this perspective, there 
are no more messages “out of context” to be reduced to the meaning strategies and logic of previous media 
of communication including books and the institutions that controlled them: these are now “an imperfect 
fringe, the partial and unequal appendixes of an open space of interconnection animated by nonhierarchical 
communication (…) set in motion by magmatic processes of collective intelligence” (Cyberculture 99). Along 
these lines, Lévy underlines that any public text accessible through the Internet is now a virtual component in 
an immense and ever-expanding hypertext to the point that “hyperdocuments that are accessible through a 
computer network are powerful instruments of a collective reading-writing process (Becoming Virtual 59) 
  
Collective intelligence comes to life in a culture and a community but it cannot be reduced to the status of 
conventional culture: 

In an intelligent community, the specific objective is to permanently negotiate the order 
of things, language, the role of the individual, the identification and definition of objects, 
the reinterpretation of memory. Nothing is fixed. Yet, this does not result in a state of 
disorder or absolute relativism, for individual acts are coordinated and evaluated in real 
time, according to a large number of criteria that are themselves constantly reevaluated in 
context. (Collective Intelligence 17) 

The individual of the intelligent community moves from the Cartesian cogito to the cogitamus without 
disappearing into a sort of indistinguishable magma. The intelligent community encourages a process of 
growth and distinction that leads to a renewal of singularities, a new mode of identification, open, dynamic 
and positive (Ibid. 18). It is the opposite of Artificial 
Intelligence: it does not put the machine at the center, it is a way to grow a renewed human/cultural cognitive 
system by exploiting the increasing computing power. 
 
The networked intelligence triggers the creation of what Lévy calls the “space knowledge” conceived as a 
form of “cartography, a conceptual toolbox, a portable guide to anthropological mutation rather than a 
history” (Collective Intelligence 19). In this perspective, even though it has always existed the “space knowledge”, 
properly speaking, is the last of the four anthropological spaces occupied by humanity, each of them with its 
own distinctive features. The first was the nomadic space of earth, conceived not as a planet or a biosphere, 
but as “a cosmos in which humanity communicates with animals, plants, landscapes, locales, and spirits” (Ibid. 
131). Starting from the Paleolithic it was characterized by a sense of identity established through totems, 
lineage, myth and rites. The second anthropological space was the “territorial space” that establishes a 
predatory and destructive relationship with the earth: “it dominates, confines, encloses, inscribes, and 
measure. It takes place during the Neolithic and among other things it gives birth to territorial inscription, 
writing, history and the State as a privileged political form. The commodity space, was the third 
anthropological dimension inhabited by humans; it is related to the appearance of the alphabet in Greece, 
which was contemporary with the emergence of money. The commodity space gradually became a new world 
built from the unprecedented circulation and interaction of money, banking, capital, technology and extended 
markets. The Industrial Revolution was a key moment in this process whereby identity started to be related to 
the position within the domains of production and consumption in an economy of material and statistical 
goods centered around the Capital. The growth of reading, printing as industry of mass production and later 
of electronic mass media, created the condition for public opinion and modern democracies (Ibid. 58). Lévy 
underlines here an important point that he applies to the fourth space and previous spaces as well: “When the 
commodity space assumes its autonomy within the territory, it doesn’t simply abolish the preceding spaces 
but subordinate them, organizes them in terms of its own objectives” (Ibid. 137). 
 
The fourth space is the cyberspace, the networked space that we already introduced at the beginning of these 
brief notes. This new form of space is coming alive as an autonomous space and not yet fully developed as 
such; it will not erase the previous three anthropological spaces as they are irreversible and to some extent 



Humanist Studies & the Digital Age  Lollini 

5.1 (2017)   3 

“eternal”. In this sense, they should not be conceived as successive eras or epochs because they cannot be 
substituted for one another but coexist (Collective Intelligence 225). Lévy holds that the four anthropological 
spaces depend on each other; he argues in favor of a form of human ecology conceived as the art of 
establishing harmonious relations among them (Ibid. 230). Since no semiotic operates without precedents, 
“the earth (here, the consubstantiality of signs, beings and things) is and remains the soil of meaning” (232). 
In this perspective, any form of media makes sense only because the public is able to integrate them in its 
cosmos and because they awaken the “terrestrial being in us” (Ibid. 233).  
 
However, the anthropological spaces are related to one another only in terms of “causality without contact”: 
each of them encloses the previous space and imposes its direction and signification. The anthropological 
spaces are not a succession of layers, a system of infrastructures or a hierarchy of conditions. Lower and 
upper spaces reciprocally nourish themselves and, in the end, the knowledge space, the space of imagination 
and creation nourishes all of them like the divine effusion in medieval cosmology was flowing from 
intelligence to intelligence until it reached the sublunary world (Ibid. 236). Nonetheless, the space knowledge 
does not point to some ideal of static perfection but to “the principle of self-organization, the continuous 
self-inventions of human communities and their worlds” (Ibid. 239). In this perspective, one understands why 
this last anthropological space in which we live is not simply a way out of the earth space, territorial space or 
commodity space but a “bridge” between them establishing an essential continuity: the collective space of 
knowledge finds its unity in thought and is suspended in the void, it is “the centermost void that drives the 
entire universe” (Ibid. 242-244). 
 
The ideal figure or metaphor of the fourth space is what Lévy calls “cosmopedia”, the new organization of 
knowledge in the cyber space (Collective Intelligence 216). The sum of knowledge in the cyber space is now 
organized by the cosmos that cannot be reduced to static images such as the circle, the text or even the 
ipertext network. The cosmopedia is  
 

a dynamic and interactive multidimensional space. Instead of the conjunction of image and text, 
characteristic of the encyclopedia, the cosmopedia combines a large number of different types of 
expression: static images, video, sound, interactive simulation, interactive maps, expert systems, 
dynamic ideographs, virtual reality, artificial life, etc. At its extreme the cosmopedia contains as many 
semiotics and types of representation as exist in the world itself. (216) 

 
The cosmopedia explores mutant semiotics and multiplies non-discursive utterances showing how discourse 
alone is insufficient for the investigation of meaning.  It dissolves the differences between discrete and 
hierarchical disciplines and materializes in a dynamic topology, in an “immense multidimensional electronic 
image, perpetually metamorphosing”. However, moving beyond the metaphor and considering a technical 
point of view, Lévy argues that collective intellects are effectively capable of constructing their own 
cosmopedia and that the space of knowledge represents an immanence of meaning and a return of the real 
within what remains a virtual reality (Ibid. 216-217). Following Deleuze, Lévy holds that the virtual possesses 
complete reality, in its virtuality: it is a new mode of reality emerging from change when one moves away 
from the discursive plane of actuality and embraces the enunciation process of the event. As he writes, “the 
virtual, strictly defined, has little relationship to that which is false, illusory, or imaginary. The virtual is by no 
means the opposite of the real”. Lévy definition of virtual as opposed to what is actual is central to 
understand the new condition of meaning within intelligent communities and their cosmopedia: “it is a 
fecund and powerful mode of being that expands the process of creation, opens up the future, injects a core 
of meaning beneath the platitude of immediate physical presence” (Becoming Virtual, 16). 
 
Lévy argues that media communication, from telephone to electronic mail, from radio to television and 
cinema establish a continuity in space and time that is far removed from the “living thought” possible in what 
he calls the space of knowledge (Collective Intelligence 108). He is convinced that the mass media are of little use 
in helping people think as a group and collectively develops solutions to their problems (Ibid. 59). For him 
while the cyberspace triggers a redefinition of perception and interactive relation to space, the television and 



Humanist Studies & the Digital Age  Lollini 

5.1 (2017)   4 

other media simply lead to forms of unreality detached from perception. In other words, Lévy thinks in post-
media terms and encourages a reflection in this area as well. Lévy’s theory should continue being part of the 
most important debates in digital humanities. As Alan Liu writes, digital humanist should for sure continue 
creating digital archives and resources but at the same time they should enter into broader dialogue with the 
adjacent fields of computer and media theory, new media studies and media archaeology. From that dialogue 
standard issues in the digital humanities could be enlarged with philosophical and sociocultural meaning 
producing positive ripple effects on research and projects implementation (501). In closing these brief notes, 
I follow his suggestion and anticipate that the 2019 issue of Humanist Studies &the Digital Age will address 
precisely these crucial questions that intersects media theory and social media.  
 

Works cited 
 
Esposito, Roberto. Communitas: The Origin and Destiny of Community. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 
2010. Print. 
 
Lévy, Pierre. Cyberculture. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota, 2001. Print. Electronic Mediations ; v. 4. 
---. Becoming Virtual : Reality in the Digital Age. New York: Plenum Trade, 1998. Print. 

---. Lévy, Pierre. Collective Intelligence: Mankind's Emerging World in Cyberspace. New York: Plenum Trade, 1997. 
Print. 
 
Liu, Alan. “Where Is Cultural Criticism in the Digital Humanities?” Debates in the Digital Humanities, ed. 
Matthew K. Gold. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012. 490-510. 
 
Nancy, Jean-Luc, and Philip Armstrong. The Disavowed Community. 2017. Internet resource. 
 
Peters, Michael A. “Interview with Pierre A. Lévy, French Philosopher of Collective Intelligence.” Open Review 
of Educational Research 2.1 (2015): 259-66. Web. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 


