







































Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal  

Vol. 21 (1), February 2024, 1-12 

ISSN:  2598-6368(online); 1693-7236(print)                                                                 

       humanitas@psy.uad.ac.id             http://journal1.uad.ac.id/index.php/Humanitas           https://doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v21i1.580 

Fear of missing out (FoMO) and internet addiction among adolescence: 

The moderation effect of gender differences 

Martaria Rizky Rinaldi  

Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Mercu Buana Yogyakarta, Indonesia 

Corresponding author: martariarizky@mercubuana-yogya.ac.id 

 

 

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license. 

 

Introduction 

In the era of digital expansion, adolescents globally have become the central figures in the 
information and technology revolution. This period has granted adolescents unrestricted 
access to information resources, broader social connections, and unprecedented educational 
opportunities (Haddock et al., 2022). Digital technology facilitates various forms of 
communication and social interaction that can be advantageous for adolescent development 
(Urbanova et al., 2023). Additionally, the easy availability of information and resources can 
aid adolescents in their self-development (Aschbrenner et al., 2019; Benvenuti et al., 2023). 

Based on a survey conducted by the Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia 
(APJII), the number of internet users in Indonesia reached 215.63 million people in the period 
of 2022-2023, which is equivalent to 78.19% of the total population of Indonesia (Asosiasi 
Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia, 2023). The highest internet penetration is in the age 
group of 13-18 years old, with almost all of them (99.16%) connected to the internet (Pahlevi, 
2022). 

Alongside the technological advancements and advantages, several issues have 
emerged that demand serious attention. Issues such as the excessive use of digital technology 

ARTICLE  INFO 

 

ABSTRACT  

 

Article history 

Received November 6, 2023 

Revised January 30, 2024  

Accepted February 7, 2024 

 The use of the internet and its impact on adolescents is an increasingly 
important topic in the current digital era. This study explores the 
moderating role of gender in the relationship between Fear of Missing 
Out (FoMO) and internet addiction among adolescents in Indonesia. 
Data were collected through an online survey involving 169 
participants. The scales used were the Internet Addiction Scale and 
the FoMO Scale. Statistical analysis employed moderation analysis 
using Jamovi. The results showed that FoMO significantly influences 
internet addiction, and there are gender differences in the level of 
internet addiction. However, the study also found that gender did not 
significantly moderate the relationship between FoMO and internet 
addiction. This implies that FoMO and gender independently 
contribute to internet addiction, emphasizing their distinctive roles in 
shaping online behaviors. The study underscores the importance of 
considering both factors in designing effective prevention and 
intervention strategies. 

 

    

 
Keywords 

adolescence;   

fear of missing out; 

internet addiction; 

gender differences. 

 

 

mailto:humanitas@psy.uad.ac.id
http://journal1.uad.ac.id/index.php/Humanitas
https://doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v21i1.580
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


2   

               ISSN 2598-6368 (online) / ISSN 1693-7236 (print) 

  

Martaria Rizky Rinaldi (Fear of missing out (FoMO) and internet addiction among adolescence…) 

can have adverse effects on the psychological and emotional well-being of adolescents 
(Limone & Toto, 2022). The use of digital technology has been associated with negative 
emotions (Dienlin & Johannes, 2020) and disruptions in sleep patterns (Holly et al., 2023). 
Furthermore, the impact of technology can also lead to internet addiction (Prambayu & Dewi, 
2019; Ying Ying et al., 2020). 

Internet addiction is a term used to describe problematic and compulsive internet use 
resulting in significant disruptions in an individual's daily life (Cash et al., 2012; Gergely, 
2022; Shaw & Black, 2008). Research on 2932 adolescents in Indonesia indicated a 
prevalence of internet addiction at 19.3% (Siste, Hanafi, et al., 2021). 

The consequences of internet addiction in adolescents can be negative, including 
decreased academic performance due to reduced focus and attention (Dou & Shek, 2021; 
Javaeed et al., 2019; Kurnia & Afifah, 2021; Muliani & Widjaja, 2022), adverse mental health 
outcomes such as depression, anxiety, and stress (Alavi et al., 2011; Devi et al., 2022; Kumar 
& Mondal, 2018; Kwak et al., 2022; Saikia et al., 2019), and physical health issues such as 
obesity, poor posture, and eye strain (Aghasi et al., 2020; Mylona et al., 2020; Yang et al., 
2019; Zhang et al., 2023). 

Individuals can become addicted to the internet due to the desire to remain connected 
or the experience of the fear of missing out (FoMO). Fear of missing out (FoMO) is defined 
as a pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which 
one is absent (Przybylski et al., 2013). The internet provides access to various social 
platforms, apps, and websites that enable individuals to stay connected with friends, family, 
and their social circle (Li et al., 2022). Some individuals may feel the need to constantly check 
messages, notifications, and social media updates to stay connected with what is happening 
in their world. This need for constant connection can lead individuals to spend a significant 
amount of time online, even when it interferes with their daily activities or productivity. 

Internet addiction has been extensively researched, particularly in connection with 
FoMO (Fear of Missing Out) (Anastasya et al., 2022; Metin-Orta, 2020). Adolescents often 
utilize the internet as a means to escape from anxiety and insecurity, driven by a desire to 
constantly stay updated on the latest information and interesting events in their surroundings. 
Internet addiction is viewed as a coping strategy, allowing individuals to temporarily distance 
themselves from stress, loneliness, or other negative emotions that may arise when 
disconnected from information, i.e., the internet. 

Internet addiction can be understood as adolescents' attempt to break free from the fear 
of missing out, seeking comfort, or discovering their identity in the virtual environment. This 
is because the fear of missing out on events, activities, or information in the online world 
drives individuals to continuously check their phones or digital devices to stay connected with 
the virtual world (Bickham, 2021). In other words, FoMO serves as the primary driver behind 
the tendency to consistently check digital devices, which, in turn, may contribute to the 
emergence of internet addiction in adolescents. 

Previous studies (Dufour et al., 2016; Gul et al., 2022; Khan et al., 2017; Liu et al., 
2023) have consistently found differences in how males and females use the internet. For 
example, a study suggest that females may be more active on social media platforms, using 
them for communication, sharing, and connecting with others. In contrast, males might be 
more engaged in different online activities, such as online gaming or content consumption 
(Naskar et al., 2016). 

Research has also indicated that gender can influence how individuals experience 
FoMO. It's suggested that males and females may have different triggers for FoMO. For 
instance, females may experience FoMO more intensely in social contexts, where they fear 
missing out on social events, while males might experience FoMO more strongly in 
competitive or achievement-oriented contexts (Qutishat, 2020). Previous research suggests 
that male and female adolescents may have different experiences when engaged in online 
activities, and this can influence how FoMO predicts internet addiction in both groups. 



Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 3 

 

              Martaria Rizky Rinaldi  et.al (Fear of missing out (FoMO) and internet addiction among adolescence…)  

While previous studies have investigated FoMO and internet addiction individually, the 
current research uniquely explores the moderation effect of gender. This approach allows for 
a more comprehensive understanding of how gender differences may influence the dynamics 
of internet addiction in the context of FoMO. The research contributes to gender studies by 
examining how gender influences the relationship between FoMO and internet addiction. 
Understanding the role of gender in shaping online behaviors adds a valuable dimension to 
the broader discourse on gender dynamics in the digital realm.  

This novel approach is pivotal in enhancing the comprehension of the intricate interplay 
between FoMO and gender in the context of adolescent internet addiction. This research aims 
to illuminate how FoMO contributes to internet addiction in adolescents, taking into 
consideration the influence of gender differences. This approach offers a comprehensive view 
of how distinct social and psychological factors in male and female adolescents can shape 
their experiences related to internet addiction. The objective is to evaluate the moderating 
role of gender differences in the FoMO-internet addiction relationship. This study not only 
fills a critical gap in the existing literature but also provides practical insights that can inform 
interventions, educational practices, and policies tailored to the unique needs of male and 
female adolescents in the digital age.  

Method 

This research employed a quantitative approach, specifically utilizing a correlational design 
to investigate the relationships among three key variables: internet addiction (dependent 
variable), fear of missing out (independent variable), and gender (moderator variable). The 
study involved the administration of a survey to adolescents in Indonesia.  

The process of gathering data occurred online through the utilization of a Google Form, 
which was distributed across various social media platforms like WhatsApp, Instagram, and 
Twitter. Participants were requested to complete the form. Individuals who received 
messages regarding data collection could share the link within their social circles.  

The Google Form link contained explicit instructions and details for informed consent. 
Adolescents, being active internet users, are likely to be acquainted with and comfortable 
using online platforms. Google Form offers a user-friendly interface that is easily navigable, 
making it accessible to a diverse range of participants, including those from the digital-native 
generation. Participants who believed they met the criteria voluntarily participated by filling 
out the form. Participation in this study was entirely of their own volition. 

 
Participants  

The study involved adolescents who utilize the internet. The determination of the 
sample size adhered to the rule of thumb recommended by Roscoe (Sekaran, 2013), 
suggesting that the sample size for a study should be a minimum of 30 and less than 500. The 
total number of participants in this research was 169, the majority of partisipant are female, 
constituting 68% of the sample. The age distribution shows a diverse representation, with the 
highest percentage of participants falling into the 18-year-old category (44.38%). The 
educational status of the participants is categorized into three groups: higher education 
students (37.28%), junior high school students (40.24%), and senior high school students 
(22.49%). The details of the data are presented in Table 1. 

 
Instruments 

The measurement tool employed to assess internet addiction is the Internet Addiction 
Test (IAT). Developed by Young (1998), the IAT serves as an evaluative instrument to 
measure the potential extent of someone experiencing internet addiction. Covering crucial 
aspects of internet addiction, such as salience, excessive use, neglect of work, anticipation, 



4   

               ISSN 2598-6368 (online) / ISSN 1693-7236 (print) 

  

Martaria Rizky Rinaldi (Fear of missing out (FoMO) and internet addiction among adolescence…) 

lack of control, and withdrawal (Faraci et al., 2013). Adapted for use in Indonesia, the IAT 
demonstrates strong psychometric properties, including high internal consistency (α = 0.913) 
(Siste, Suwartono, et al., 2021). 
 
Table 1 

The Distribution of Study Participants 

 

Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) is evaluated through the FOMO Scale, a tool designed to 
assess individuals' apprehension about missing out on experiences. Derived from the 
framework initially proposed by Przybylski (2013) and subsequently refined by Abel, Buff 
& Burr (2016), this scale consists of 10 items that explore two primary dimensions of FoMO: 
fear (e.g., "I worry that my friends have more enjoyable experiences than me") and control 
(e.g., "It bothers me when I miss the chance to meet up with friends"). Adapted for use in 
Indonesia, the FoMO Scale exhibits solid psychometric properties, with strong internal 
consistency (α = 0.763) (Wibaningrum & Aurellya, 2020). 

Data Analysis 
In this study, we conducted a moderation analysis to explore the moderating influence 

of gender on the association between internet addiction and fear of missing out. For this 
analysis, we utilized the statistical software Jamovi, specifically employing the medmod 
module. Moderation analysis enables us to investigate whether the strength or direction of the 
relationship between our variables of interest is affected by a third variable, in this case, 
gender (The Jamovi Project, 2022). Additionally, we performed supplementary analyses 
using independent sample t-tests to examine gender differences in fear of missing out and 
internet addiction. 

Results 

Based on the data gathered from a total of 169 participants, comprising 54 males and 
115 females, it is noteworthy that there were no missing values in the dataset. Among male 
participants, the average level of internet addiction was calculated to be 53.9, while among 
their female counterparts, the average stood at 51.2.  

Furthermore, when examining Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), males exhibited an 
average score of 27.2, and females scored slightly lower at 26.9. The standard deviation for 
internet addiction was 7.54 for males and 6.53 for females, indicating variations in the 
dataset's spread. Likewise, the standard deviation for FoMO was 4.20 for males and 4.56 for 
females, further highlighting the data's dispersion.  

All this data is comprehensively detailed in Table 2. Based on the results of the data 
analysis presented in Table 3, it is evident that fear of missing out has a significant effect on 
internet addiction (p < 0.001). Gender also has a significant effect on internet addiction (p < 

  Frequency Percentage 

Gender Male 54 32 

Female 115 68 

Age 15 39 23.08 

16 26 15.38 

17 27 15.98 

18 75 44.38 

Educational status Higher education student 63 37.28 

 Senior highschool student 38 22.49 

 Junior highschool student  68 40.24 



Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 5 

 

              Martaria Rizky Rinaldi  et.al (Fear of missing out (FoMO) and internet addiction among adolescence…)  

0.05). However, the interaction between fear of missing out and gender does not have a 
significant effect on internet addiction (p > 0.005). This means that gender does not 
significantly moderate the relationship between fear of missing out and internet addiction. 

Table 2  
Descriptives Statistic 

  Gender Addiction FoMO 

N  Male  54  54  

   Female  115  115  

Missing  Male  0  0  

   Female  0  0  

Mean  Male  53.9  27.2  

   Female  51.2  26.9  

Median  Male  53.0  27.5  

   Female  51  28  

Standard deviation  Male  7.54  4.20  

   Female  6.53  4.56  

Minimum  Male  38  19  

   Female  36  13  

Maximum  Male  72  36  

   Female  72  37  

 
Table 3 
Moderation Estimates 

 95% Confidence Interval  

  Estimate SE Lower Upper Z p 

Fear of Missing Out  0.4436  0.114  0.220  0.667  3.887  < .001  

Gender  -2.4973  1.079  -4.611  -0.383  -2.315  0.021  

Fear of missing out ✻ gender  -0.0894  0.253  -0.584  0.406  -0.354  0.724  

 
Additional analysis with independent samples t-test reveals a significant gender 

difference internet addiction (p < 0.05), while there is no significant gender difference in fear 
of missing out (p > 0.05). Data presented in Table 4. 
 
Table 4 
Independent Samples T-Test 

  
Statistic df p 

Fear of missing out 
 

Student's t 0.493 0.623 

Internet addiction 
 

Student's t 2.357 0.020 



6   

               ISSN 2598-6368 (online) / ISSN 1693-7236 (print) 

  

Martaria Rizky Rinaldi (Fear of missing out (FoMO) and internet addiction among adolescence…) 

Discussion 

The results of the moderation analysis indicate that Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) has a 

significant effect on internet addiction, consistent with findings from numerous prior studies 

(Alutaybi et al., 2020; Gupta & Sharma, 2021). FoMO is a phenomenon in which individuals 

continually feel the need to stay connected to the internet and check for the latest information 

to avoid feeling left out of what's happening in their environment (Gupta & Sharma, 2021; 

Rozgonjuk et al., 2020). FoMO has been linked to excessive internet use and the potential 

for negative impacts on psychological well-being (Elhai et al., 2021; Franchina et al., 2018; 

Rozgonjuk et al., 2020). FoMO represents an individual's anxiety or discomfort regarding 

the possibility of missing out on positive experiences occurring elsewhere (Huan You et al., 

2018; Przybylski et al., 2013). This trigger propels individuals to stay continuously 

connected to the digital world to avoid feelings of being left out.  

Each time an individual checks their phone or engages in online activities, particularly 
when responding to stimuli that trigger FoMO, they may experience positive reinforcement 
in the form of brief satisfaction or a sense of social connection (Parasuraman et al., 2017). 
Consequently, this positive reinforcement can strengthen excessive internet usage behaviors. 
Over time, individuals who consistently use the internet in response to FoMO may develop 
internet addiction as a coping strategy (Akbari et al., 2021). This dependency emerges 
because the internet provides an effective means of addressing anxiety, even if only 
temporarily. 

In this study, it was found that gender has a significant impact on internet addiction. 
Additionally, differences in internet addiction were observed between males and females, 
suggesting distinct tendencies toward internet addiction based on gender. These findings are 
consistent with the research conducted by Mari et al. (2023), which also identified gender-
related distinctions in internet addiction.  

Prior studies have highlighted variations in internet usage patterns between males and 
females, with some research indicating that females tend to be more active on social media, 
whereas males may be more immersed in diverse online activities (Khan et al., 2017). 
Previous investigations have further indicated that females exhibit higher usage of social 
media platforms, while males are more prominently involved in online gaming (Liu et al., 
2023; Pantu, 2018; Shan et al., 2021). 

The most interesting finding is that the moderation analysis results show that the 
interaction between FoMO and gender does not have a significant effect on internet addiction. 
This means that, despite differences in the levels of FoMO and internet addiction between 
males and females, gender does not significantly moderate the relationship between FoMO 
and internet addiction. 

The findings indicate the non-significance of the interaction between FoMO and gender 
in moderating their combined influence on internet addiction, possibly stemming from the 
independent nature of the effects of FoMO and gender on internet addiction. This suggests 
that both factors play distinct roles in influencing internet addiction without significantly 
impacting each other. 

The limited variability among participants, both in terms of FoMO and gender, may 
contribute to the lack of a significant interaction effect. This is evident in the study's findings, 
which revealed no significant gender differences in FoMO, and the majority of participants 
identified as female. Consequently, the insufficient diversity in participant characteristics 
may result in a lack of substantial differences, preventing the emergence of a significant 
moderation effect. 

Additionally, the non-significant interaction might be attributed to the possibility that 
FoMO and gender independently contribute to internet addiction without a synergistic effect. 



Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 7 

 

              Martaria Rizky Rinaldi  et.al (Fear of missing out (FoMO) and internet addiction among adolescence…)  

This means that individuals may experience the impact of FoMO and gender separately, and 
the combined effect does not deviate significantly from the sum of their individual influences. 

The data indicates that the average internet addiction score in males (53.9) is slightly 
higher than in females (51.2).  

This supports previous research findings that have shown differences in the levels of 
internet addiction between genders (Mari et al., 2023). Earlier studies have recorded that 
males tend to have higher levels of internet addiction than females, which is in line with these 
results (Lin et al., 2021; Shan et al., 2021).  

Similarly, the average FoMO scores for males (27.2) and females (26.9) indicate a 
relatively small difference between genders. This aligns with prior research that has observed 
that FoMO is not always strongly associated with gender (Rozgonjuk et al., 2021). The 
absence of a significant interaction between FoMO and gender in moderating their effects on 
internet addiction could be explained by the independent influence of FoMO and gender, 
indicating distinct roles for each factor.  

The limited variability among participants, particularly in gender distribution, may 
further contribute to the lack of a significant interaction effect, as the study's findings revealed 
no substantial gender differences in FoMO.  

These insights suggest that future research may benefit from exploring additional 
factors or employing a more diverse sample to uncover a more nuanced understanding of the 
complex relationships involved.  

These results can assist researchers and practitioners in designing more effective 
prevention and intervention strategies to address internet addiction and FoMO issues while 
taking into account the existing gender differences in addiction tendencies and FoMO. This 
understanding will be beneficial in efforts to enhance well-being and mental health in a 
society increasingly connected by digital technology.  

Conclusion 

In conclusion, the study's comprehensive analysis revealed significant effects of FoMO and 
gender on internet addiction. FoMO, characterized by the persistent need for online 
connection to avoid missing out, showed a substantial impact on internet addiction. Gender 
differences in internet addiction were evident, with males exhibiting slightly higher addiction 
scores than females. The interaction between FoMO and gender did not significantly 
moderate the relationship with internet addiction. This suggests that FoMO and gender 
independently contribute to internet addiction, highlighting their distinct roles in shaping 
online behaviors. The study emphasizes the need for future research to explore additional 
factors and employ a more diverse sample for a nuanced understanding of these complex 
relationships. 

Acknowledgment 

The author expresses gratitude to the Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Mercu Buana 

Yogyakarta, for their vital support in the research pursuits. Special thanks to the committed 

participants whose contributions significantly enhanced the quality and success of the 

studies. 

Declarations  

Author contribution. As the sole author, Martaria Rizky Rinaldi played a pivotal role in 
every aspect of this research. She conceptualized and designed the study, conducted data 
collection and analysis, authored the manuscript, and performed the reviewing and editing 
processes. Martaria Rizky Rinaldi's singular authorship is evident throughout this scholarly 
work.  



8   

               ISSN 2598-6368 (online) / ISSN 1693-7236 (print) 

  

Martaria Rizky Rinaldi (Fear of missing out (FoMO) and internet addiction among adolescence…) 

Funding statement. This research was conducted without external funding support 
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 
Additional information. No additional information is available for this paper. 

 

References 
 

Abel, J. P., Buff, C. L., & Burr, S. A. (2016). Social media and the fear of missing out: Scale 

development and assessment. Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER), 

14(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.19030/jber.v14i1.9554  

Aghasi, M., Matinfar, A., Golzarand, M., Salari-Moghaddam, A., & Ebrahimpour-Koujan, 

S. (2020). Internet use in relation to overweight and obesity: A systematic review and 

meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Advances in Nutrition, 11(2), 349–356. 

https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz073  

Akbari, M., Seydavi, M., Palmieri, S., Mansueto, G., Caselli, G., & Spada, M. M. (2021). 

Fear of missing out (FoMO) and internet use: A comprehensive systematic review and 

meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 10(4), 879–900. 

https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2021.00083  

Alavi, S. S., Maracy, M. R., Jannatifard, F., & Eslami, M. (2011). The effect of psychiatric 

symptoms on the internet addiction disorder in Isfahan’s University students. Journal 

of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical 

Sciences, 16(6), 793–800. 

Alutaybi, A., Al-Thani, D., McAlaney, J., & Ali, R. (2020). Combating fear of missing out 

(FoMO) on social media: The FoMO-R Method. International Journal of 

Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6128. 

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176128  

Anastasya, Y. A., Hadiah, C. M., Amalia, I., & Suzanna, E. (2022). Correlation between fear 

of missing out and internet addiction in students. International Journal of Islamic 

Educational Psychology, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.18196/ijiep.v3i1.14038  

Aschbrenner, K. A., Naslund, J. A., Tomlinson, E. F., Kinney, A., Pratt, S. I., & Brunette, 

M. F. (2019). Adolescents’ use of digital technologies and preferences for mobile health 

coaching in public mental health settings. Frontiers in Public Health, 7, 178. 

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00178  

Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia. (2023). Survei APJII pengguna internet di 

Indonesia tembus 215 juta orang [The APJII survey of internet users in Indonesia 

reached 215 million people]. https://apjii.or.id/berita/d/survei-apjii-pengguna-internet-

di-indonesia-tembus-215-juta-orang  

Benvenuti, M., Wright, M., Naslund, J., & Miers, A. C. (2023). How technology use is 

changing adolescents’ behaviors and their social, physical, and cognitive development. 

Current Psychology, 42(19), 16466–16469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-

04254-4  

Bickham, D. S. (2021). Current research and viewpoints on internet addiction in adolescents. 

Current Pediatrics Reports, 9(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40124-020-00236-3  

Cash, H., D. Rae, C., H. Steel, A., & Winkler, A. (2012). Internet addiction: A brief summary 

of research and practice. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(4), 292–298. 

https://doi.org/10.2174/157340012803520513  

Devi, K. A. T., Sumadewi, K. T., & Arsana, I. W. E. (2022). The relationship between 

Internet addiction with depression and anxiety in medical students of the faculty of 

medicine and health sciences, Warmadewa University class of 2018 and 2019. AMJ 

(Aesculapius Medical Journal), 2(3), 181–187. 

https://doi.org/10.19030/jber.v14i1.9554
https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz073
https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2021.00083
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176128
https://doi.org/10.18196/ijiep.v3i1.14038
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00178
https://apjii.or.id/berita/d/survei-apjii-pengguna-internet-di-indonesia-tembus-215-juta-orang
https://apjii.or.id/berita/d/survei-apjii-pengguna-internet-di-indonesia-tembus-215-juta-orang
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04254-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04254-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40124-020-00236-3
https://doi.org/10.2174/157340012803520513


Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 9 

 

              Martaria Rizky Rinaldi  et.al (Fear of missing out (FoMO) and internet addiction among adolescence…)  

Dienlin, T., & Johannes, N. (2020). The impact of digital technology use on adolescent well-

being. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 22(2), 135–142. 

https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/tdienlin  

Dou, D., & Shek, D. T. L. (2021). Predictive effect of internet addiction and academic values 

on satisfaction with academic performance among high school students in mainland 

China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 797906. 

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.797906  

Dufour, M., Brunelle, N., Tremblay, J., Leclerc, D., Cousineau, M.-M., Khazaal, Y., Légaré, 

A.-A., Rousseau, M., & Berbiche, D. (2016). Gender difference in internet use and 

internet problems among Quebec High School students. The Canadian Journal of 

Psychiatry, 61(10), 663–668. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716640755  

Elhai, J. D., Yang, H., & Montag, C. (2021). Fear of missing out (FOMO): overview, 

theoretical underpinnings, and literature review on relations with severity of negative 

affectivity and problematic technology use. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 43(2), 

203–209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0870  

Faraci, P., Craparo, G., Messina, R., & Severino, S. (2013). Internet Addiction Test (IAT): 

Which is the best factorial solution? Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(10), 

e225. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2935  

Franchina, V., Vanden Abeele, M., van Rooij, A., Lo Coco, G., & De Marez, L. (2018). Fear 

of missing out as a predictor of problematic social media use and phubbing behavior 

among flemish adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and 

Public Health, 15(10), 2319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102319  

Gergely, F. (2022). Internet addiction. Life, 12(6), 861. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060861 

Gul, H., Firat, S., Sertcelik, M., Gul, A., Gurel, Y., & Kilic, B. (2022). Effects of psychiatric 

symptoms, age, and gender on fear of missing out (FoMO) and problematic smartphone 

use: A path analysis with clinical-based adolescent sample. Indian Journal of 

Psychiatry, 64(3), 289–294. 

https://doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_34_21  

Gupta, M., & Sharma, A. (2021). Fear of missing out: A brief overview of origin, theoretical 

underpinnings and relationship with mental health. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 

9(19), 4881–4889. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.4881  

Haddock, A., Ward, N., Yu, R., & O’Dea, N. (2022). Positive effects of digital technology 

use by adolescents: A scoping review of the literature. International Journal of 

Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14009. 

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114009  

Holly, L., Wong, B. L. H., van Kessel, R., Awah, I., Agrawal, A., & Ndili, N. (2023). 

Optimising adolescent wellbeing in a digital age. BMJ, 380, e068279. 

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-068279  

Huan You, C., Geng Feng, N., Xiao Wei, C., Qi, W., Yu Hong, S., & Xiao Jun, S. (2018). 

Fear of missing out: What have I missed again? Advances in Psychological Science, 

26(3), 527–537. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00527  

Javaeed, A., Jeelani, R., Gulab, S., & Ghauri, S. K. (2019). Relationship between internet 

addiction and academic performance of undergraduate medical students of Azad 

Kashmir. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(2), 229–233. 

https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.2.1061  

Khan, M. A., Shabbir, F., & Rajput, T. A. (2017). Effect of gender and physical activity on 

internet addiction in medical students. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 33(1), 

191–194. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.331.11222  

https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/tdienlin
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.797906
https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716640755
https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0870
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2935
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102319
https://doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_34_21
https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.4881
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114009
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-068279
https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00527
https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.2.1061
https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.331.11222


10   

               ISSN 2598-6368 (online) / ISSN 1693-7236 (print) 

  

Martaria Rizky Rinaldi (Fear of missing out (FoMO) and internet addiction among adolescence…) 

Kumar, M., & Mondal, A. (2018). A study on internet addiction and its relation to 

psychopathology and self-esteem among college students. Industrial Psychiatry 

Journal, 27(1), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_61_17  

Kurnia, M., & Afifah, S. (2021). Hubungan antara adiksi internet dengan prestasi belajar 

pada siswa kelas XII SMK Teknologi Nasional Palembang [The relationship between 

internet addiction and learning achievement in class XII students at the Palembang 

National Technology Vocational School]. Indonesian Journal of Behavioral Studies, 

1(3), 270–278. https://doi.org/10.19109/ijobs.v1i3.11375  

Kwak, Y., Kim, H., & Ahn, J.-W. (2022). Impact of Internet usage time on mental health in 

adolescents: Using the 14th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey 2018. 

PLoS One, 17(3), e0264948. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264948  

Li, C., Ning, G., Xia, Y., Guo, K., & Liu, Q. (2022). Does the internet bring people closer 

together or further apart? The impact of internet usage on interpersonal 

communications. Behavioral Sciences, 12(11), 425. 

https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12110425  

Limone, P., & Toto, G. A. (2022). Psychological and emotional effects of digital technology 

on Digitods (14-18 Years): A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 938965. 

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.938965  

Lin, X., Gu, J., Guo, W., Meng, Y., Wang, H., Li, X., Deng, W., Zhao, L., Ma, X., Li, M., 

Chen, T., Cheng, A. S. K., & Li, T. (2021). The gender-sensitive social risk factors for 

internet addiction in college undergraduate students. Psychiatry Investigation, 18(7), 

636–644. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0277  

Liu, S., Zhang, D., Tian, Y., Xu, B., & Wu, X. (2023). Gender differences in symptom 

structure of adolescent problematic internet use: A network analysis. Child and 

Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 17(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-

023-00590-2  

Mari, E., Biondi, S., Varchetta, M., Cricenti, C., Fraschetti, A., Pizzo, A., Barchielli, B., 

Roma, P., Vilar, M. M., Sala, F. G., Giannini, A. M., & Quaglieri, A. (2023). Gender 

differences in internet addiction: A study on variables related to its possible 

development. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 9, 100247. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100247  

Metin-Orta, İ. (2020). Fear of missing out, internet addiction and their relationship to 

psychological symptoms. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 7(1), 67–73. 

Muliani, T., & Widjaja, Y. (2022). Hubungan kecanduan internet dengan prestasi akademik 

pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Tarumanagara tahap akademik [The 

relationship between internet addiction and academic achievement in Tarumanagara 

University Faculty of Medicine students at the academic stage]. Tarumanagara 

Medical Journal, 4(1), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.24912/tmj.v4i2.17754  

Mylona, I., Deres, E. S., Dere, G.-D. S., Tsinopoulos, I., & Glynatsis, M. (2020). The impact 

of internet and videogaming addiction on adolescent vision: A review of the literature. 

Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 63. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00063  

Naskar, S., Victor, R., Nath, K., & Sengupta, C. (2016). “One level more:” A narrative 

review on internet gaming disorder. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 25(2), 145–154. 

https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_67_16  

Pahlevi, R. (2022, October). Penetrasi internet di kalangan remaja tertinggi di Indonesia 

[Internet penetration among teenagers is highest in Indonesia]. Katadata. 

https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/06/10/penetrasi-internet-di-kalangan-

remaja-tertinggi-di-indonesia  

https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_61_17
https://doi.org/10.19109/ijobs.v1i3.11375
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264948
https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12110425
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.938965
https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0277
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00590-2
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00590-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100247
https://doi.org/10.24912/tmj.v4i2.17754
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00063
https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_67_16
https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/06/10/penetrasi-internet-di-kalangan-remaja-tertinggi-di-indonesia
https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/06/10/penetrasi-internet-di-kalangan-remaja-tertinggi-di-indonesia


Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 11 

 

              Martaria Rizky Rinaldi  et.al (Fear of missing out (FoMO) and internet addiction among adolescence…)  

Pantu, E. A. (2018). Kecanduan sosial media ditinjau dari perbedaan gender [Social media 

addiction in terms of gender differences]. Seminar Nasional Psikologi, 1(1), 188–196. 

Parasuraman, S., Sam, A., Yee, S. K., Chuon, B. C., & Ren, L. (2017). Smartphone usage 

and increased risk of mobile phone addiction: A concurrent study. International 

Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 7(3), 125–131. 

https://doi.org/10.4103/jphi.JPHI_56_17  

Prambayu, I., & Dewi, M. S. (2019). Adiksi internet pada remaja [Internet addiction in 

teenagers]. TAZKIYA: Journal of Psychology, 7(1), 72–78. 

https://doi.org/10.15408/tazkiya.v7i1.13501  

Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, 

emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human 

Behavior, 29(4), 1841–1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014  

Qutishat, M. G. (2020). Gender differences in fear of missing out experiences among 

undergraduate students in oman. New Emirates Medical Journal, 1(2), 36–40. 

https://doi.org/10.2174/0250688202002022003  

Rozgonjuk, D., Sindermann, C., Elhai, J. D., & Montag, C. (2020). Fear of missing out 

(FoMO) and social media’s impact on daily-life and productivity at work: Do 

whatsApp, facebook, instagram, and snapchat use disorders mediate that association? 

Addictive Behaviors, 110, 106487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106487  

Rozgonjuk, D., Sindermann, C., Elhai, J. D., & Montag, C. (2021). Individual differences in 

fear of missing out (FoMO): Age, gender, and the Big Five personality trait domains, 

facets, and items. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110546. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110546  

Saikia, A., Das, J., Barman, P., & Bharali, M. (2019). Internet addiction and its relationships 

with depression, anxiety, and stress in urban adolescents of Kamrup District, Assam. 

Journal of Family and Community Medicine, 26(2), 108–112. 

https://doi.org/10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_93_18  

Sekaran, U. (2013). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (6th ed.). John 

Wiley & Sons. 

Shan, X., Ou, Y., Ding, Y., Yan, H., Chen, J., Zhao, J., & Guo, W. (2021). Associations 

between internet addiction and gender, anxiety, coping styles and acceptance in 

university freshmen in South China. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 558080. 

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.558080  

Shaw, M., & Black, D. W. (2008). Internet addiction. CNS Drugs, 22(5), 353–365. 

https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200822050-00001  

Siste, K., Hanafi, E., Sen, L. T., Murtani, B. J., Christian, H., Limawan, A. P., Siswidiani, 

L. P., & Adrian. (2021). Implications of COVID-19 and lockdown on internet addiction 

among adolescents: Data from a developing country. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. 

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.665675  

Siste, K., Suwartono, C., Nasrun, M. W., Bardosono, S., Sekartini, R., Pandelaki, J., 

Sarasvita, R., Murtani, B. J., Damayanti, R., & Wiguna, T. (2021). Validation study of 

the Indonesian internet addiction test among adolescents. PLoS One, 16(2), e0245833. 

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245833  

The Jamovi Project. (2022). Jamovi (2.3). https://www.jamovi.org  

Urbanova, B.L., Geckova, M.A., Velselska, S.Z., Capikova. S., Holubcikova, J., van Dijk, 

J. P., & Reijneveld, S. A. Technology supports me: Perceptions of the benefits of digital 

technology in adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 970395. 

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.970395 

 

https://doi.org/10.4103/jphi.JPHI_56_17
https://doi.org/10.15408/tazkiya.v7i1.13501
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014
https://doi.org/10.2174/0250688202002022003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106487
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110546
https://doi.org/10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_93_18
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.558080
https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200822050-00001
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.665675
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245833
https://www.jamovi.org/
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.970395


12   

               ISSN 2598-6368 (online) / ISSN 1693-7236 (print) 

  

Martaria Rizky Rinaldi (Fear of missing out (FoMO) and internet addiction among adolescence…) 

Wibaningrum, G., & Aurellya, C. D. (2020). Fear of missing out scale Indonesian version: 

An internal structure analysis. Jurnal Pengukuran Psikologi Dan Pendidikan Indonesia 

(JP3I), 9(2), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.15408/jp3i.v9i2.16283  

Yang, G., Cao, J., Li, Y., Cheng, P., Liu, B., Hao, Z., Yao, H., Shi, D., Peng, L., Guo, L., & 

Ren, Z. (2019). Association between internet addiction and the risk of musculoskeletal 

pain in chinese college freshmen - A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychology, 

10, 1959. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01959  

Ying Ying, C., Awaluddin, S. M., Kuang Kuay, L., Siew Man, C., Baharudin, A., Miaw Yn, 

L., Sahril, N., Omar, M. A., Ahmad, N. A., & Ibrahim, N. (2020). Association of 

internet addiction with adolescents’ lifestyle: A national school-based survey. 

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 168. 

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010168  

Young, K. S. (1998). Caught in the net. John Wiley & Sons. 

Zhang, C., Zhang, J., & Yang, G. (2023). Association between internet addiction and the 

risk of upper cross syndrome in Chinese college students: A cross sectional study. 

Medicine, 102(30), e34273. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000034273  
 

https://doi.org/10.15408/jp3i.v9i2.16283
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01959
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010168
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000034273

