




































Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal  

Vol. 20 (1), February 2023, 1-10 
ISSN:  2598-6368(online); 1693-7236(print)                                                                 

       humanitas@psy.uad.ac.id             http://journal1.uad.ac.id/index.php/Humanitas            https://doi.org/10.26555/humantias.v20i1.18 

Trust and communication as predictors of marital intimacy among 

individuals in dual-earner marriages 

Reynalda Fildzah Dessyrianti1, Jenny Lukito Setiawan1,2  

1School of Psychology, Universitas Ciputra Surabaya, Indonesia 
2 Center for Marriages and Families, Universitas Ciputra Surabaya, Indonesia 
Corresponding author: hai.rfildzah@gmail.com 
 

 

Introduction 

In Indonesia, the normative family structure is the most common. Men are expected to work 
and provide for their families, while women are supposed to care for the house. A man as a 
father is expected to provide moral direction, be a role model for his children, and earn a 
living (Lamb, 2000), while a woman as a mother is expected to care for and nurture their 
children (Weaver & Coleman, 2005). The family structure may function properly if each 
member fulfills their responsibilities (Retnowati et al., 2014). 

Like other developing countries, Indonesia has many unemployed married women. 
However, in recent years, the number of women participating in the workforce has risen 
rapidly, creating dual-earner couples. Political reform in Indonesia also increases women’s 
participation in the labor force (Utomo, 2015). Many women play a dual role as mothers and 
help meet the financial needs of their families as secondary earners. Being secondary earners, 
these women are expected to supplement the family's income by pursuing a job that does not 
interfere with their primary obligations as spouses and mothers (Utomo, 2012). In those cases, 
we should expect married women to work in less difficult positions than their husbands, to 
work fewer hours, gain less labor market experience, have weaker labor force commitment, 
and suffer slower income growth (Utomo, 2012). 

On the one hand, a wife's participation in earning a living has various positive impacts 
on the family, especially in marital relationships. The wife's workplace involvement is a 

ART ICLE  INFO  

 

AB ST R ACT  

 

Article history 

Received February 20, 2022 

Revised June 16, 2022 

Accepted November 15, 2022 

 Every year, the labor force grows, owing to an increase in the number 
of women employed and dual-earner couples, including in Indonesia. 
Individuals in dual-earner marriages face several problems, such as 
marital intimacy. This study aimed to investigate the role of trust and 
communication in marital intimacy among individuals in dual-earner 
marriages in Surabaya. Participants in this study were 103 individuals 
in dual-earner marriages in Surabaya, chosen using the convenience 
sampling technique.  This study used three scales: Trust Scale, 
Communication Scale, and Personal Assessment of Intimacy in 
Relationship (PAIR) Inventory. Multiple linear regression analysis 
was used to analyze the data. The results show trust and 
communication contributed significantly to marital intimacy, with the 
total effective contribution of the two variables being 74 percent. 
Trust contributed bigger than that of communication, 68.7 percent and 
5.3 percent, respectively. This study concludes that trust and 
communication simultaneously and partially play a significant role in 
marital intimacy among individuals in dual-earner marriages in 
Surabaya. Therefore, to maintain marital intimacy, individuals in 
dual-earner marriages need to develop trust in their husband or wife. 

    

 
Keywords 

communication; 

dual-earner; 

marital intimacy; 

trust. 

 

mailto:humanitas@psy.uad.ac.id
http://journal1.uad.ac.id/index.php/Humanitas
https://doi.org/10.26555/humantias.v20i1.18


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buffer for her stress because of her role in the household (Haddock & Rattenborg, 2003). 
Moreover, working can also help wives grow and achieve themselves and provide additional 
income for the family (Renanita & Setiawan, 2018). In addition, for husbands, their wives' 
participation can reduce the pressure to become the sole breadwinner, which in turn can create 
more psychological space and time for them to actively participate in family life (Haddock & 
Rattenborg, 2003). 

On the other hand, while dual-earner couples may feel many positive benefits, there are 
also some drawbacks. Working couples each tend to experience a variety of burdens and 
responsibilities at work and in caring for their families (Santrock, 2013). Dual-earner couples 
have lower-quality marriages due to excessive workload and family conflicts (Frisco & 
Williams, 2003). Many roles and responsibilities create additional stress for dual-earners, 
affecting family and work life (Elloy & Mackie, 2002). 

A study found that working couples tend to divorce (Silberstein, 2014). Another study 
found that dual-earner couples generally have a lower marriage quality and a higher 
probability of ending their marriage due to work and family conflicts (Frisco & Williams, 
2003). It is a widely known fact that divorce is common in most countries, including 
Indonesia. Although the number of marriages grows yearly, the divorce rate also rises 
(Statistic Indonesia, 2022). 

Marital intimacy is essential to maintain a marriage. When a couple's marital intimacy 
is not fulfilled, there will be a tendency for the individual to leave the relationship (Kirby et 
al., 2005). A lack of marital intimacy among partners contributes to marital discontent, and 
they may end the relationship (Khalifian & Barry, 2016). When a couple has low marital 
intimacy, their tendency to have a happy and prosperous marriage is also low. Therefore, this 
condition may even lead to divorce.  

Marital intimacy is a relationship between individuals in the realm of marriage in which 
processes and experiences result from individual self-disclosure to partners (Schaefer & 
Olson, 1981). Couples with well-established marital intimacy have a higher tendency to have 
a happy marriage. Individuals with great intimacy with their partners feel more satisfaction 
in relationships and life and feel that their lives are meaningful (Cordova, 2009). Marital 
intimacy also makes individuals physically healthier, happier, and more resilient (Cordova, 
2009). This study aimed to investigate the factors that play a role in marital intimacy, 
especially among individuals in dual-earner marriages in Surabaya. Several variables are 
expected to play a role in marital intimacy, including trust and communication. 

Trust is an individual's positive feelings toward a partner, which includes a sense of 
confidence that the partner's behavior is predictable, can rely on the partner, and the belief 
that the partner can maintain the relationship commitment (Rempel et al., 1985). The notion 
that a partner is honest and trustworthy is referred to as trust (Williams et al., 2009). Trust is 
essential to a strong marriage (Harris et al., 2008).  

Therefore, trust is expected to have a role in every dimension of marital intimacy. 
Regarding sexual intimacy, trust plays a role in deciding sexual relations with partners. An 
individual's sense of trust affects decision-making and sexual commitment (Goldenberg et 
al., 2015). In emotional intimacy, trust is a basis for vulnerability to a partner. There is a need 
for trust in a partner, which involves a sense of security, reliability, and predictable 
vulnerability (Cordova et al., 2005). In recreational intimacy, trust plays a role in increasing 
the time spent together. When couples trust each other and can share their feelings, this will 
help them strengthen intimacy through holidays, fun activities, and leisure time (Kardan-
Souraki et al., 2016). Furthermore, trust is needed in social intimacy as an individual believes 
in their partner's social life. Without trust in the relationship, individuals will quickly be 
suspicious of the scope of their partner's friendship (Asif & Saim, 2018).  

Communication is the process of conveying something to the other person to 
understand and be understood (Olson et al., 2008). The communication that is used in this 
study refers to marital communication. Previous studies consistently found that 



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 Dessyrianti & Setiawan (Trust and communication as predictors of marital intimacy …)   

communication is crucial to marital satisfaction (Khorlina & Setiawan, 2017; Renanita & 
Setiawan, 2018; Rhenardo & Setiawan, 2017). Happy couples agree that they are satisfied 
with their communication with their partner (Olson et al., 2008). Communication is essential 
to maintain household integrity and harmony (Dewi & Sudhana, 2013). Moreover, 
communication is like the heart of an intimate relationship and is the foundation of a 
relationship (Olson et al., 2011). 

Individuals in dual-earner households tend to spend most of their time balancing work 
and domestic life. As a result, they spend less time with their spouse. Being preoccupied with 
each other's jobs might cause misunderstanding and conflict in marriage (Dewi & Sudhana, 
2013). This situation is where good communication takes part, and communication helps 
build and maintain marital intimacy because it facilitates conflict resolution in marriage 
(Olson et al., 2011). As a result, healthy communication is vital, and it is challenging to 
establish intimacy without it (Martin & Mahoney, 2009). It is hoped that dual-earners will be 
able to have a harmonious marriage with high intimacy as trust and communication develop. 

Several studies have been undertaken on the impact of trust and communication on 
intimacy. Trust between partners is associated with love and intimacy (Larzelere & Huston, 
1980). Communication is also a strong predictor of intimacy and relational satisfaction 
(Emmers-Sommer, 2004). Although prior research has already discussed trust or 
communication toward intimacy, the study in a dual-earner context is still limited. Research 
conducted by Emmers-Sommer (2004) examined a group of dating students, while Larzelere 
& Huston's (1980) study was conducted on a group of dating and married individuals. The 
dual-earner context was not addressed in either study, and the results could not represent the 
condition of the dual-earner. Dual-earners frequently experience role conflict and overload 
due to excessive work and family responsibilities (Williams et al., 2009).  

Studies on marital intimacy are still not widely found in the context of eastern culture, 
especially in Indonesia. Indonesia adheres to a collectivist culture, while existing research is 
generally from the western society with an individualistic culture. Collectivism and 
individualist cultures have different family norms, values, and obligations (Hofstede, 2001). 
In the context of eastern culture, carrying out roles and responsibilities in marriage will affect 
the quality of marriage, in contrast to western culture, where quality is viewed through the 
fulfillment of hedonism in husband and wife (Sorokowski et al., 2017). The differences in 
roles and responsibilities in marriage in western and eastern cultures may produce differences 
in marriage quality, particularly regarding marital intimacy and the influencing variables. 

This study attempted to fill the current gap in the literature about marital intimacy in 
dual-earners. This study aimed to determine the role of trust and communication in marital 
intimacy among individuals in dual-earner marriages in Surabaya. This study also intended 
to explore which variables play a more significant role in predicting marital intimacy. 
Findings from this study should help expectant dual-earner couples, dual-earner couples, 
individuals, and marriage counselors better understand the factors that influence marital 
intimacy. 

This study examined dual-earner couples because of the various conflicts in carrying 
out multiple tasks and responsibilities at work and in family life. The primary hypothesis of 
this study is that trust and communication simultaneously have a role in marital intimacy. The 
first minor hypothesis is that trust has a role in marital intimacy, while the second minor 
hypothesis is that communication has a role in marital intimacy.  

Method 

Research Design 

A quantitative correlational research design was applied in this study. The correlational 
design represented the actual condition; therefore, the results are not determined causal 



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Dessyrianti & Setiawan (Trust and communication as predictors of marital intimacy …)  

relationships between variables and provide definitive evidence regarding cause-effect 
relationships among variables (Stangor, 2011).  

Participants  

Participants in this study were 103 individuals in dual-earner marriages (37 husbands and 66 
wives) with various age ranges. Participants were working-married individuals who also had 
a working spouse. Participants lived in Surabaya and were recruited through convenience 
sampling. Participants fill out questionnaires with an online survey using Google Forms. The 
vast majority of the respondents had the experience of dating before marriage. Participants 
were then entered into a random drawing for an e-money gift reward. Table 1 shows the 
demographic data of participants. 
 

Table 1  

Demographic Data of Participants 

Instruments 

Three scales were used in this study. Trust Scale, Communication Scale, and Personal 

Assessment of Intimacy in Relationship (PAIR) Inventory were translated into Indonesian. 

All participants were asked to fill in the scale using the Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, to 

5 = strongly agree).  

Dual-earners’ trust was measured using Trust Scale (Rempel et al., 1985), comprising 

26 items regarding the level of trust. The items focus on faith, predictability, and 

dependability (e.g., “Though times may change and the future is uncertain, I know my 

partner will always be ready and willing to offer me strength and support”). The Alpha 

Cronbach and item-rest correlation for Trust Scale are presented in Table 2. 

Communication was measured using Communication Scale (Olson & Larson, 2008), 

which consists of 10 items regarding communication style. The items focus on 

communication style and satisfaction with one’s spouse (e.g., “I am very satisfied with how 

my partner and I talk with each other”). The Alpha Cronbach and item-rest correlation for 

Communication Scale are presented in Table 2.  

Marital intimacy was measured using Personal Assessment of Intimacy in 

Relationships (PAIR) Inventory (Schaefer & Olson, 1981). This scale consists of 30 items 

regarding marital intimacy. The items focus on marital intimacy within five dimensions; 

emotional intimacy, social intimacy, sexual intimacy, intellectual intimacy, and recreational 

Category n % 

Marital status   

Husband 37 36 

Wife 66 64 

Age   

20 – 30 years old 49 47.6 

31 – 40 years old 32 31.1 

41 – 50 years old 13 12.6 

>51 years old 9 8.7 

Length of dating before marriage   

No dating 13 12.6 

< 1 year 28 27.2 

1 – 3 years 38 36.9 

4 – 6 years 11 10.7 

7 – 9 years 9 8.7 

> 9 years 4 3.9 



Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 5 

 

 Dessyrianti & Setiawan (Trust and communication as predictors of marital intimacy …)   

intimacy (e.g., “We enjoy the same recreational activities”). The Alpha Cronbach and item-

rest correlation for this scale are presented in Table 2. 

 

Table 2  

Item-rest Correlation and Alpha Cronbach 

Scale Item-rest Correlation Cronbach’s α 

Trust   

Faith .411 – .811 .883 

Predictability .607 – .771 .870 

Dependability .350 – .692 .789 

Communication .468 – .751 .863 

Marital Intimacy   

Emotional Intimacy .367 – .645 .781 

Social Intimacy .447 – .505 .659 

Sexual Intimacy .352 – .646 .732 

Intellectual Intimacy .493 – .619 .760 

Recreational Intimacy .346 – .726 .754 

Data Analysis 

The stepwise regression analysis was applied to examine the role of trust and communication 

in predicting marital intimacy after knowing the correlation of each independent variable to 

the dependent variable using the JASP 9.2 version. A regression test in research helps test 

the relationship between variables, assuming that one or more independent variables can 

predict the dependent variable (Clark-Carter, 2009). 

Results 

Table 3 shows the results of multiple linear regression analysis. The results demonstrate that, 
simultaneously or partially, all independent variables play a significant role in marital 
intimacy. The results indicate both trust and communication played a significant role in 
marital intimacy (F(2,100) = 142.5, p<.001) with a total contribution of 74% (R² = .740). 
 

Table 3  
Regression Analysis 

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 
Regression 25.372 2 12.686 142.5 <.001 

Residual 8.901 100    .089   

Total 34.273 102    

 

The minor hypothesis test results also show that trust and communication partially play 
a significant role in marital intimacy (see Table 4). Trust played a role in marital intimacy (t 
= 7.018; p <.05) and contributed significantly to marital intimacy of 68.7% (R² = .687). 
Communication also played a role in marital intimacy (t = 4.528; p <.05) and contributed 
significantly to marital intimacy of 5.3% (R² = .053). It can be seen that trust has a more 
significant role in marital intimacy for individuals in dual-earner marriages in Surabaya.  
 

Table 4 

Minor Hypothesis Testing 

 Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients 
t p 

Model B Std. Error Beta 
Trust .467 .067 .555 7.018 <.001 

Communication .249 .055 .358 4.528 <.001 



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Discussion 

This study addressed the role of trust and communication in marital intimacy in dual-earners. 
Findings revealed that trust was the stronger predictor of marital intimacy; marital intimacy 
can develop when both partners exhibit a healthy and dynamic relationship. Trust plays a role 
in strengthening relationships (Ramadhini & Hendriani, 2015). The findings are consistent 
with the results of previous studies, where trust within a couple is related to intimacy. Trust 
is an important factor in the harmony and integrity of marriage (Larzelere & Huston, 1980) 
and essential to a successful marriage (Harris et al., 2008). Another study found that existing 
relationships cannot be closely intertwined without trust (Asif & Saim, 2018).  

One possible factor for the greater contribution of trust in this study is the involvement 
of self-disclosure in forming trust and how it relates to marital intimacy. Self-disclosure is 
essential for developing intimacy since it requires openly discussing personal thoughts and 
ideas (Olson et al., 2011). A previous study showed that if a husband and wife open to one 
another without having secrets, trust will eventually form between them (Suryani & 
Nurwidawati, 2016). The vast majority of the participants in this study were dominated by 
wives (64%). This condition might also contribute to the result. Women tend to disclose 
themselves more than men (Haselhuhn et al., 2015; Olson et al., 2011), whereas men see self-
disclosure as something not masculine, discouraging them from doing so (Maccoby, 1998).  

In line with the hypothesis, results also showed that communication plays a significant 
role in marital intimacy. The finding parallels a previous study finding that communication 
skills increased intimacy between husband and wife (Farbod et al., 2014). Communication is 
an essential factor in building intimate relationships (Sprecher, 2002). When communication 
is good, marital intimacy will also increase. Communication encourages couples to share their 
feelings, needs, and hopes. As a result, intimacy will more likely intensify as they understand 
each other. Therefore, good communication between partners is needed. 

The conflicts faced by dual-earner couples are often not at the core of the problem. The 
problem lies in an unhealthy and ineffective problem-solving process (Howe, 2012), 
including terrible communication. It is common for husbands or wives to fail to communicate 
their feelings, expectations, or the problems they face. This condition negatively impacts 
marital relationships (Fatima & Ajmal, 2012). With such limited quality time to spend with 
the other half, establishing good communication is undoubtedly challenging for dual-earners. 
Although dual-earners can still get in touch with each other through their smartphones, 
previous studies revealed that technology use could disrupt relationships by decreasing time 
spent together, increasing conflict, and contributing to a lower level of relationship 
satisfaction (Hertlein, 2010; Hertlein & Webster, 2008; McDaniel & Drouin, 2019). 

According to the regression analysis, trust and communication contributed 74%, 
implying that other factors may have played the remaining 26%. One factor that may 
contribute to intimacy was the length of dating before marriage, given that the vast majority 
of the respondents had the experience of dating before marriage (87.4%). Prior research about 
the length of dating and marital intimacy is still limited. A previous study found that couples 
who dated for a more extended period before marriage experienced higher marital stress 
(Kamp-Dush et al., 2008). Marriage quality in the first few years is overshadowed by the 
couple's relationship when dating from the perspective of a boyfriend and girlfriend rather 
than a husband and wife (Wilson & Huston, 2013). When a couple has a good relationship 
during the dating period, it is more likely that their early married life will also tend to be more 
intimate. This finding is consistent with the finding of another study that premarital 
relationships could develop deeper as more experiences are shared (Niehuis et al., 2016). 

These study findings would help develop best practices for Indonesian married couples 
by better understanding the role of trust and communication in marital intimacy, especially 
among individuals in dual-earners marriages. However, this study has limitations. The 
research participants were limited to individuals in dual-earner marriages in Surabaya and 



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 Dessyrianti & Setiawan (Trust and communication as predictors of marital intimacy …)   

studied with a cross-sectional design. Further studies need to be conducted using random 
sampling with an experimental design so the results can be generalized and causality can be 
tested. Future studies will be better to involve both husband and wife to investigate the 
dynamics of the same marital relationship.  

Conclusion 

Trust and communication play a significant role in marital intimacy among individuals in 
dual-earner marriages. Simultaneously and partially, both trust and communication 
contributed to marital intimacy, with trust playing a more significant role. The more trust 
between the couples, the more marital intimacy will be, and vice versa. Thus, couples need 
to strengthen their trust and communication to enhance their marital intimacy, especially 
among individuals in dual-earners marriages. 

Acknowledgment 

The authors would like to thank the Dean of the School of Psychology Universitas Ciputra 

Surabaya for the support, as well as all of the participants who took part in this study. 

Declarations  

Author contribution. RFD, as the first author, established the research topic, collected data, 
analyzed data samples, produced the report, and editing. JLS, as the second author, assisted 
with developing research ideas, examined and corrected the final manuscript, and supervised 
the work. 
Funding statement. Any funding mechanism does not support this study. 
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 
Additional information. No additional information is available for this paper. 
 

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