







































Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal  
Vol. 21 (2), August 2024, 157-171 

ISSN:  2598-6368(online); 1693-7236(print)                                                                 

       humanitas@psy.uad.ac.id           http://journal1.uad.ac.id/index.php/Humanitas                 http://doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v21i2.652 

Psychological well-being among broken home young adults: The role 

of social anxiety disorder and hardiness 

Helen Natalie1, Jessica Christina Widhigdo1* 

1School of Psychology, Ciputra University, Surabaya, Indonesia 
Corresponding author: jessica.christina@ciputra.ac.id 
 

 

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license. 

 

Introduction  

A functional family brings positive impacts on a child's development, including the 

cultivation of good habits (honesty, perseverance, lifestyle patterns, etc), internalization of 

norms and values, and the development of good social interaction skills within society 

(Leenders et al., 2017; Mo et al., 2021). This influence extends into adulthood. Conversely, 

parents who do not practice assertive communication, fail to provide material and emotional 

support, and lack appreciation for family members can lead to family dysfunction and 

various conflicts, resulting in divorce (Oktariani, 2021). Central Bureau of Statistic of 

Indonesia (2023) reported that divorce cases in Indonesia reached 448,126 in 2023, with 

continuous conflict being the most common reason for divorce (63.4%). 

Divorce results in children becoming broken homes. Based on previous research 

(Ardilla & Cholid, 2021; Ariyanto, 2023; Muttaqin & Sulistyo, 2019) broken home is 

characterized by the incomplete structure of a family or parents no longer residing together 

due to either divorce or death. The repercussions of a broken home can pose a threat to an 

ARTICLE  INFO  

 

ABST RACT  

 

Article history 

Received January 30, 2024 

Revised July 1, 2024 

Accepted July 7, 2024 

 In Indonesia, 448.126 divorce cases were reported in 2023. Losing 
parent(s) as a consequence of parental divorce or death results in 
children becoming broken-home. In the absence of a parent figure, 
children experience harmful psychological effects, including ongoing 
social anxiety until they become young adults. This may disrupt young 
adults’ developmental task to form intimacy hence leading to poor 
psychological well-being. Young adults from broken home families 
must possess hardiness to cope with daily stress and traumatic 
experiences. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of social 
anxiety disorder and hardiness in psychological well-being among 
broken-home young adults. Participants of this study were 200 young 
adults with broken-home family. The scales used were The Indonesian 
version of the Psychological Well-being Scale, The Social Phobia 
Inventory (SPIN), and the DRS-15 Dispositional Resilience Scale. Data 
was analyzed using the Multiple Regression Model. The results showed 
that there was a significant contribution of social anxiety disorder and 
hardiness on psychological well-being, with a total contribution of 53.8 
percent. It is recommended for future interventions to detect social 
anxiety disorder potency, as well as to include hardiness variable in 
optimizing psychological well-being quality, especially in broken-
home young adults. 

    

 

Keywords 

Broken home adults 

Hardiness   

Psychological well-being 

Social anxiety disorder  

 

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Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 158 
 

 

Natalie et al. (Psychological well-being among broken home young adults: The role of social anxiety disorder and hardiness)   

individual's psychological well-being (PWB). PWB refers to the state in which individuals 

have life goals and continuously evolve, enabling them to realize their potential and achieve 

happiness (Bradburn, 1969; Huppert, 2009; Ryff, 1989; Waterman, 1993). PWB consists of 

six dimensions: autonomy, self-acceptance, positive relations with others, personal growth, 

environmental mastery, and purpose in life. Individuals with high PWB are characterized by 

elevated levels of happiness, mental health, and the maximization of their potential. Elevated 

PWB can be indicated by the achievement of developmental tasks, including the 

establishment of intimate relationships with friends and partners during early adulthood, 

typically between the ages of 20-39 (Erikson, 1968). Sharing experiences, mutual support, 

understanding, and care with a partner can enhance life goals and self-acceptance 

(Czyzowska et al., 2020; Petegem et al., 2018). 

Conversely, failure in these developmental tasks can jeopardize an individual's 

personality, giving rise to aggressive behaviors, reluctance to build interpersonal 

relationships, and even deep-seated isolation (Erikson, 1968; Santrock, 2011). Ramadhani 

et al. (2016) found that as many as 52% of vocational high school students with divorced 

parents exhibited low levels of psychological well-being. In line with Belung (2022), 73.5% 

of adolescents from broken homes still fall within the moderate to low categories of 

psychological well-being. During the transition to early adulthood, individuals from broken-

home families experience unstable emotions and psychological trauma (Budiman & 

Widyastuti, 2022). The alteration in family structure can lead to a child manifesting 

symptoms of depression such as anxiety and inferiority, struggling with trust and 

forgiveness, and experiencing a loss of purpose in life until early adulthood (Czyzowska et 

al., 2020; Faisal et al., 2020; Harefa & Savira, 2021; Lie et al., 2019; Purwanto & Hendriyani, 

2020; Sha & Desai, 2022). This is attributed to limited communication within the family 

post-divorce, and societal stigma can cause a child to develop low self-esteem and avoid 

social interactions (Mistiani, 2018). 

The impacts of parental divorce, presenting challenges to the daily lives of children, 

can be felt for at least ten years into the future trauma (Liana & Suryadi, 2018). The condition 

of a broken home can also affect psychological well-being (PWB) in early adulthood. 

Limited communication within the family post-divorce and societal stigma can lead children 

to develop low self-esteem and avoid social interactions (Mistiani, 2018). Gul and 

Nadeemullah (2017) also found that 72.4% of children and adolescents experience feelings 

of low self-esteem and an inferiority complex due to their broken home backgrounds. These 

various conditions can impact an individual's psychological well-being, relating to their 

sense of autonomy, low self-acceptance due to tendencies of feeling inferior, restricted social 

relationships, and a general sense of helplessness. 

Previous studies (Fu et al., 2017; Prusky, 2019) have found that parental absence or 

negative experiences in childhood indicate higher levels of social anxiety disorder. Social 

anxiety disorder (SAD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive fear and 

apprehension due to the perceived judgment of others during specific social activities 

(Mattick & Clarke, 1998; Morrison & Heimberg, 2013; Nevid et al., 2018). Those with 

higher social anxiety disorder experience fear or anxiety in social situations, fearing negative 

evaluation and often avoiding them. These fears persist over six months, causing significant 

distress or impairment. Individuals with social anxiety show poor self-control abilities after 

social interactions, leading to diminished quality of interpersonal relationships and 

worsening symptoms of social anxiety (Blackhart et al., 2015). SAD is also associated with 

a decline in the quality of life in environmental, social, physical, and psychological domains, 

where individuals struggle to recognise their abilities, cope with daily stress, and work 

productively (Alsaraireh et al., 2023; Wersebe et al., 2018). 

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Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 159 
 

 

Natalie et al. (Psychological well-being among broken home young adults: The role of social anxiety disorder and hardiness)   

Purwaningsih et al. (2023) found that anxiety contributes to psychological well-being 

(PWB) by 17.05%. Consistent with a study by Morales-Rodríguez et al. (2020) in Spain, 

state anxiety showed a significant negative correlation with four dimensions of PWB, 

namely self-acceptance, environmental mastery, personal growth, and purpose-in-life. 

Several studies conducted in India and Pakistan (Nagaraj, 2017; Shahbaz et al., 2021; 

Sushma et al., 2016) have revealed that anxiety, including social interaction anxiety was 

negatively correlated with well-being, as children feel unworthy and incompetent. Children 

from broken homes may experience social anxiety disorder (SAD) which is characterized by 

difficulty in self-expression, fear of social situations, and low self-confidence (Murad, 2020).  

Moreover, other situations such as engaging in conversations, meeting strangers, being 

observed, and performing in front of others create pressure on these children. They tend to 

suppress their feelings and may choose to end relationships to resolve conflicts (Octavian & 

Cahyanti, 2023). 

Several factors that can positively influence PWB include resilience, self-knowledge, 

hardiness, and mindfulness (Anjum, 2022; Fagbenro & Olasupo, 2019; Feldman et al., 2021; 

Harding et al., 2019). In their daily lives, children from broken homes with low PWB need 

to adopt an optimistic mindset, be goal-oriented, possess internal motivation, and exhibit 

good social skills to enhance their enthusiasm for life (Anjum, 2022). These children not 

only require resilience during traumatic experiences but also need a consistent character even 

when facing normal stress. This is because individuals tend to exhibit behavior consistent 

with their personality (Yeung & Hemsley, 1997). 

Therefore, one of the essential personality traits that promote PWB among broken 

homes children is hardiness. Kobasa (1979) defines hardiness as a personality that enables 

an individual to remain healthy or unthreatened when under pressure. Several previous 

studies (Ausie et al., 2017; Hamida & Izzati, 2022; Nurjan et al., 2023) have found that 

hardiness has a significant positive correlation with PWB. In the context of a broken home, 

a hardy personality enables individuals to manage stress levels, be optimistic about the 

future, view life positively, feel grateful, not avoid problems, and refrain from engaging in 

harmful behaviors (Agustini, 2019; Anggraeni & Jannah, 2014). The research also 

discovered that the divorce of one's parents motivates individuals to become independent 

and use their parents' experiences as learning opportunities. 

There has been no specific research examining the influence of hardiness and social 

anxiety disorder on the psychological well-being of broken-home young adults, particularly 

in the context of Indonesia. Investigating both factors concurrently facilitates an 

understanding of their interaction and potential for mutual counterbalancing. While social 

anxiety may adversely affect PWB, a hardiness personality can confer the resilience 

necessary to manage these challenges. Grasping this dynamic is essential for the 

development of targeted interventions designed to enhance hardiness traits, thereby 

mitigating the adverse effects of social anxiety. By examining SAD and hardiness 

personality traits in tandem, the research aims to offer a more comprehensive insight into the 

PWB of young adults from broken-home families. This dual focus ensures a holistic 

understanding, recognizing both the vulnerabilities and strengths inherent in this population. 

Previous studies that investigated PWB in individuals with social anxiety disorder (Wersebe 

et al., 2018), the relationship between state anxiety and PWB (Morales-Rodríguez et al., 

2020), and social interaction anxiety and PWB (Shahbaz et al., 2021) focused on populations 

in Spain, Pakistan, Germany, Switzerland, and India, without limiting the conditions to the 

divorced status of parents. Additionally, there is a discrepancy in research findings, as Aslan 

and Bilgin (2020) found no significant relationship between well-being and SAD in 

adolescents. 



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Natalie et al. (Psychological well-being among broken home young adults: The role of social anxiety disorder and hardiness)   

On the other hand, previous research investigating the relationship between hardiness 

and PWB (Ausie et al., 2017; Hamida & Izzati, 2022; Nurjan et al., 2023) has focused on 

working participants, such as prospective military officers, Indonesian Migrant Workers, 

and port security officers, due to high job demands and strict, constantly changing 

government regulations. Additionally, there were studies examining the impact of hardiness 

on PWB (Anjum, 2022; Pambudi & Rusmawati, 2022) involving high school students and 

college students as the population. The novelty of this study lies in its focus on young adults 

from broken-home backgrounds. This demographic is significant because these individuals 

not only navigate high demands in their daily lives but also experience increased stress due 

to changes in family structure, low self-esteem, social anxiety disorder, and other related 

factors. Furthermore, previous studies have been conducted in countries such as Pakistan, 

Germany, Switzerland, and India, without specifically considering the divorced status of 

parents. 

Based on the exposition and importance outlined above, this research will concentrate 

on examining the impact of social anxiety disorder and hardiness personality on the 

psychological well-being of early adults from broken homes. The hypothesis of this study 

posits that there are effects of social anxiety disorder and hardiness personality on 

psychological well-being. 

Method 

Research Design 

The research design applied in this study is a quantitative method with a correlational 

prediction design. Correlational prediction is a non-experimental research conducted to 

explore causal relationships and to assess the extent to which predictors influence the 

dependent variable (Mekonnen, 2020). 

Participants 

The research participants in this study were 200 young adults aged 20-37 from a broken-

home family background. The status of a broken home was indicated by the individual's 

parents being divorced, either through a parental divorce or death. The sampling technique 

used in this research was non-probability sampling, specifically convenience sampling. 

Convenience sampling is a technique where participants are selected based on ease of access 

or availability while still meeting the criteria adjusted to the research context (Zickar & 

Keith, 2022). Data collection was conducted through various channels of social media 

(Twitter, WhatsApp, Line, Instagram, Telegram) and broken-home communities. All 

participants were given informed consent as an expression of their willingness to participate 

in the study. As a gesture of appreciation, five lucky participants were offered incentives in 

the form of e-money. The demographic data of participants are shown in Table 1. Based on 

the available demographic data, the majority of respondents in this study are female, with 

most of them being between the ages of 20 and 25. The majority of respondents are college 

students from divorced families, with the divorces having occurred within the last 1 to 5 

years. 

 

 



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Natalie et al. (Psychological well-being among broken home young adults: The role of social anxiety disorder and hardiness)   

Table 1  

Demographic Data of Participants 

Instruments 

Psychological Well-being (PWB) was measured using the Psychological Well-being Scale 

created by Ryff et al. (2021). This instrument comprises 6 dimensions, further broken down 

into 42 items that measure purpose in life (e.g., “I have a sense of direction and purpose in 

life.”), self-acceptance (e.g., “In general, I feel confident and positive about myself.”, 

positive relations with others (e.g., “Most people see me as loving and affectionate.”), 

environmental mastery (e.g., “I am quite good at managing the many responsibilities of my 

daily life.”), personal growth (e.g., “For me, life has been a continuous process of learning, 

changing, and growth.”), and autonomy (e,g., “I am not afraid to voice my opinions, even 

when they are in opposition to the opinions of most people.”). The scale employs a likert 

scale with scores ranging from 1 to 7 for each item, where 1 = Strongly Agree, 2 = Agree, 3 

= Somewhat Agree, 4 = Neutral, 5 = Somewhat Disagree, 6 = Disagree, 7 = Strongly 

Disagree. The level of an individual's PWB is considered high when the obtained total scale 

score is high, and low when the obtained total scale score is low. 

The measurement instrument for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) employed in this 

study was The Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) created by Connor et al. (2000). This 

instrument comprises 3 dimensions, further broken down into 17 items that measure social 

avoidance, fear, and physiological discomfort in various social contexts (e.g., “I avoid doing 

things or speaking to people for fear of embarrassment”). The scale utilizes a Likert scale 

with scores ranging from 0 to 4 for each item, where 0 = Not at all, 1 = A little bit, 2 = 

 Category Frequency Percentage 

Gender Male 

Female 

28 

172 

14% 

86% 

Age 

 

20-22 years old 

23-25 years old 

26-28 years old 

32-34 years old 

35-37 years old 

79 

66 

36 

20 

25 

6 

39.6% 

32.9% 

11.4% 

6.3% 

7.9% 

1.9% 

Occupation College student 122 61.3% 

Staff/Employee 47 23.6% 

Freelancer 8 4% 

Self-employed 8 4% 

Others (Housewife, State Apparatus) 10 5% 

Relationship Status Not in a relationship 142 71.4% 

 In a dating relationship 48 24.1% 

 Married 9 4.5% 

Parental Divorce Status By Divorce 111 55.5% 

 By Death 89 45.5% 

Parental Divorce Duration < 1 year 13 6.5% 

 1-5 years 91 45.7% 

 6-10 years 38 19.1% 

 11-15 years 24 12.1% 

 >15 years 33 16.6% 

Residence Status Living alone 49 24.6% 

 Living with one parent 126 63.3% 

 Living with sibling(s) 8 4% 

 Living with spouse 3 1.5% 

 Living with other family members 

(grandparents, cousins) 

13 6.5% 



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Moderately, 3 = Very, and 4 = Extremely. The level of an individual's SAD is considered 

high when the obtained total scale score is high, and low when the obtained total scale score 

is low 

The personality hardiness measurement instrument used was the Dispositional 

Resilience Scale (DRS-15) developed by Bartone (2007). Despite its name, the Dispositional 

Resilience Scale (DRS-15) focuses on measuring hardiness, emphasizing dimensions like 

commitment, control, and challenge appraisal. While it draws from the framework of 

(Kobasa, 1979), its broader assessment of resilience highlights its versatility in examining 

adaptive coping strategies. This instrument consists of 3 dimensions, further broken down 

into 15 items that measure an individual’s commitment, control, and challenge when facing 

stress (e.g., “My choices make a real difference in how things turn out in the end”). The scale 

employs a Likert scale with scores ranging from 0 to 3 for each item, where 0 = Not true at 

all, 1 = Slightly true, 2 = Moderately true, and 3 = Very true. The level of an individual's 

hardiness personality is considered high when the obtained total scale score is high, and low 

when the obtained total scale score is low 

All three scales have been translated into Indonesian. Furthermore, a content validity 

test is conducted through a language test, expert judgment, and statistical testing. The 

language test was carried out by determining the participants' understanding of the use of 

words or sentences in the translated instrument. In this study, the researcher conducted a 

language test with 5 participants outside the research sample with similar criteria. After the 

language test, several items underwent minor revisions, such as changes to difficult terms, 

simplification of sentences, and restructuring of sentence structures. Expert judgment 

involves constructive assessments from experts who conduct research or publish scientific 

journals related to the research (Roebianto et al., 2023). In this study, the researcher 

conducted expert judgment with two experts. After expert judgment, several items 

underwent minor revisions, such as sentence simplification and changes in word choices. 

The researcher assessed the reliability of each measurement instrument using the 

Unidimensional Reliability feature in the JASP software. According to Janssens et al. (2008), 

a Cronbach's Alpha value between 0.6-0.8 is considered acceptable or sufficiently good, 

while reliability in the range of 0.8-0.95 is deemed excellent and does not require item 

elimination. The researcher conducted a construct validity test by exploring the correlation 

between the total score of variables and variable items. An item was considered valid if the 

p-value was < 0.05 (Sugiyono, 2014). The results of the reliability and construct validity test 

are shown in  

 

Table 2. 

 

Table 2 

Alpha Cronbach, Total Score and Item Significance 

Assumption Checks 

Before hypothesis testing, four assumption tests were conducted: residual normality, 

linearity, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity. The residual normality test showed a 

normal distribution with a centered histogram curve and aligned Q-Q plot points. Linearity 

was confirmed using partial regression plots, which indicated a significant relationship 

Scale Cronbach’s α Total Score and Item Significance 

The Psychological Well-being Scale 0.92 All items < 0.05 

The Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) 0.94 All items < 0.05 

The Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS-15) 0.66 All items < 0.05 



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Natalie et al. (Psychological well-being among broken home young adults: The role of social anxiety disorder and hardiness)   

between the independent variables (SAD and hardiness) and the dependent variable without 

curvatures. Multicollinearity was assessed through tolerance (0.74) and VIF (1.34) values, 

as shown in Table 5. The heteroscedasticity test, using a residual vs. predicted values plot, 

showed no curve formation, indicating uniform variance across populations. 

Data Analysis 

Multiple linear regression analysis aims to determine the influence of independent variables 

on the dependent variable (Budiastuti & Bandur, 2018). If the regression analysis results 

show a P-value > 0.05, the independent variable has a significant impact on the dependent 

variable, while adjusted R² indicates the percentage of contribution (Goss-Sampson, 2018). 

Results 

To examine the relationships between the variables, pearson correlation coefficients were 

calculated. Table 3 presents the bivariate correlations among the dependent variable and the 

independent variables. 

 

Table 3 

Bivariate Analysis 
  PWB SAD 

SAD Pearson -0.590  

 p value <.001  

Hardiness Pearson 0.709 -0.457 

 p value <0.001 <0.001 

 

Following the bivariate analysis, a multiple regression was conducted to predict PWB 

based on social anxiety disorder and hardiness personality. The regression model was 

statistically significant, F(2, 197) = 117.045, p < .001, and explained 54.3% of the variance 

in PWB (R² = .543, Adjusted R² = .538). 

 

Table 4 

Multiple Regression Analysis Results 

 R R² 
Adjusted 

R² 

Sum of 

Squares 
df 

Mean 

Square 
F p Value 

Regression 0.737 0.543 0.538 119507.576 2 59753.788 117.045 < 0.001 

Residual    100572.299 197 510.519   

Total    220079.875 199    

 

Table 5 provides the unstandardized regression coefficients (B), standardized 

regression coefficients (β), and significance levels (p-values) for each predictor. SAD was a 

significant predictor of PWB (B = -0.728, SE = 0.117, β = -0.347, p < .001). Hardiness was 

also a significant predictor of PWB (B = 2.905, SE = 0.326, β = 0.498, p < .001). The multiple 

linear regression equation used is Y = B1.X1 + B2.X2 + C, where Y represents the dependent 

variable (Psychological Well-being), X1 represents the first independent variable (Social 

Anxiety Disorder), X2 represents the second independent variable (Hardiness Personality), 

B1 represents the unstandardized regression coefficient for X1, B2 represents the 

unstandardized regression coefficient for X2, and C represents the unstandardized intercept. 

From this equation, the resulting multiple linear regression model is: Psychological Well-

being = -0.685 (Social Anxiety Disorder) + 3.526 (Hardiness Personality) + 95.536. Between 

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the two independent variables in this study, the hardiness personality variable has a stronger 

contribution of influence compared to the social anxiety disorder variable.  

 

Table 5 

Influence of Independent Variables 
      Collinearity Statistics 

 Unstandardized 
Standard 

Error 

Standardized 

(β) 
t p Tolerance VIF 

(Intercept) 103.785 13.076  7.937 <.001   

SAD -0.728 0.117 -0.347 -6.211 <.001 0.743 1.345 

Hardiness 2.905 0.326 0.498 8.91 <.001 0.743 1.345 

Discussion 

The research findings indicate that Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and hardiness personality 

collectively influence Psychological Well-being (PWB). These results indicate that each 

change in one unit of SAD and hardiness personality leads to a corresponding change in 

PWB. This discovery contributes to the research on PWB in the context of broken homes, 

as there has been no prior study examining these three variables simultaneously. 

In correlational research, Shahbaz et al. (2021) found a significant negative correlation 

between social interaction anxiety and PWB. Similarly, Wersebe et al. (2018) reported that 

individuals with social phobia exhibit significantly lower levels of PWB compared to those 

without social phobia. Generally, individuals from broken homes experience fear and 

anxiety when facing challenges, difficulty in openness, sensitivity to their surroundings, and 

a potential risk of SAD (Munandar et al., 2020). Based on the study's findings, 83% of 

respondents exhibited moderate (64%) to high (19%) levels of SAD. Regarding its influence 

on the self-acceptance dimension of PWB, individuals with SAD tend to negatively evaluate 

themselves, struggle to accept mistakes or adopt perfectionist attitudes, and believe they will 

fail and receive negative evaluations from others (Brijwani, 2022). In terms of environmental 

mastery, young adults with moderate levels of SAD tend to avoid public speaking or group 

discussions, while those with high levels may experience panic attacks in social situations 

(Alomari et al., 2022). This suggests that individuals struggle to adapt and tend to avoid 

situations or activities that could promote personal growth. 

In terms of autonomy, individuals with SAD tend to rely on others' opinions to avoid 

mistakes or negative judgments (Sushma et al., 2016). Regarding purpose in life, SAD can 

hinder individuals' ability to form romantic relationships, friendships, and even maintain 

optimal performance (Dryman et al., 2016). Consequently, individuals with SAD often feel 

dissatisfied with various aspects of their lives and struggle to find meaning in positive or 

negative experiences. In the personal growth dimension, individuals with SAD are sensitive 

to change and threats to their safety (Meng et al., 2021). This attitude contradicts individuals' 

desire to realize their potential through various challenges and self-exploration, especially 

in social situations. Hur et al. (2020) explained that emotional experiences can reduce stress 

levels in intimate relationships with friends, family, or partners. However, individuals with 

higher levels of SAD spend less time with close individuals. Not only that, but various forms 

of emotional distress such as stress, anxiety, loneliness, and discomfort in social situations 

are also found in individuals with SAD (Russell & Topham, 2012). As a result, individuals 

struggle to form meaningful relationships and face obstacles in their daily lives, such as 

declining social relationship quality, mental health, and physical health (Alsaraireh et al., 

2023). 



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Hardiness personality is described as a commitment to oneself, work, and the world 

despite pressure  (Bartone, 2007; Kobasa, 1979). Research findings reveal that 10% of 

respondents have low hardiness levels, 69% moderate, and 21% high levels. Other studies 

(Hamida & Izzati, 2022; Pambudi & Rusmawati, 2022; Paramita & Huwae, 2023) also 

demonstrate the significant influence of hardiness personality on PWB, with respective 

impacts of 64.3%, 36.4%, and 51.3%. Correlational studies (Anjum, 2022; Ausie et al., 2017; 

Nurjan et al., 2023) have found a positive relationship between hardiness personality and 

PWB. In terms of environmental mastery, individuals with high hardiness can leverage 

societal knowledge, social skills, and motivation to realize their potential and develop 

constructive strategies (Albakova et al., 2020). Similarly, in the autonomy dimension, 

individuals recognize their abilities and actively confront challenges (Hamida & Izzati, 

2022). 

Moreover, individuals can control or overcome unexpected problems (Maeshade et al., 

2023). Thus, socializing with new or close contacts, regulating emotions, and continuous 

self-development remain under individual control. In the purpose in life dimension, hardy 

individuals strive for personal development, future hope, and decision-making based on 

those aspirations (Kinanthi & Jannah, 2016). This indicates their ability to attribute meaning 

to actions, decisions, and life experiences, orienting toward life goals. In terms of personal 

growth, hardiness enables individuals to view daily challenges as opportunities for 

development (Shabrina & Hartini, 2021). Individuals with high hardiness scores adopt 

positive coping strategies, remaining open to activities or experiences fostering self-growth. 

In the self-acceptance dimension, hardiness prevents self-blame and fosters appreciation for 

all experiences (Paramita & Huwae, 2023). Lastly, individuals with high hardiness maintain 

quality interpersonal relationships and are motivated to confront daily challenges, thus 

enhancing their psychological well-being (Ausie et al., 2017; Paramita & Huwae, 2023). 

Several limitations were identified in this study, namely, the social media platforms 

used for data collection were not sufficiently diversified, thus potentially introducing 

subjectivity and hindering the representation of the entire population. Additionally, limited 

comparisons could be made with previous research findings due to the scarcity of literature 

addressing psychological well-being, social anxiety disorder, and hardiness personality 

simultaneously. Consequently, the researcher offers recommendations for future researchers 

and the research subjects. Future researchers are encouraged to concentrate on young adults 

with divorced parents who are still alive compared to those with divorced parents who are 

deceased as they have lower psychological well-being levels while utilizing a random 

sampling technique. Moreover, future researchers could explore the integration of the 

personality hardiness variable to enhance the psychological well-being levels among 

individuals from broken homes. For early adults with a broken-home status, fostering 

hardiness personality traits could be achieved through training or coaching initiatives. 

Seeking professional assistance to detect potential social anxiety disorders is also advisable. 

Conclusion 

This research demonstrates that the variables of Social Anxiety Disorder and Personality 

Hardiness significantly influence Psychological Well-being. Additionally, possessing a 

hardy personality is crucial for individuals from broken homes to navigate through both 

traumatic experiences and daily pressures successfully. Therefore, early detection of the 

potential emergence of social anxiety disorder and the enhancement of personality hardiness 

in individuals from broken homes is essential. 



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Acknowledgment 

The authors would like to thank all of the participants and experts who participated in this 

study. 

 

Declarations  

Author contribution. HN established the research topic, designed the study, collected and 
analyzed data, and wrote the manuscript. JCW supervised the whole study process, reviewed 
research data, and gave constructive feedback on the manuscript. 
Funding statement. This study received no support from any funding agency 
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 
Additional information. No additional information is available for this paper 
 

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