





































Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal  

Vol. 22 (1), February 2025, 13-30 

ISSN:  2598-6368(online); 1693-7236(print)                                                                 

       humanitas@psy.uad.ac.id             http://journal1.uad.ac.id/index.php/Humanitas                                10.26555/humanitas.v22i1.835 

Family functioning and post-traumatic growth among disaster 

survivors: The mediation role of hope 

Intan Masruroh Setiawan, Diana Setiyawati 
 
Faculty of Psychology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia  
Corresponding author: intanmasrurohsetiawan@mail.ugm.ac.id 

 

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license. 

 

 

Introduction 

Indonesia is one of the countries prone to disasters. One of the disasters that often occurs in 

Indonesia is volcanic eruptions. This is due to Indonesia's geographical location in the Ring 

of Fire or the most active tectonic plate convergence zone in the world. One of the major 

impact volcanic eruption disasters is the occurrence of pyroclastic flows from Mount Semeru 

in Lumajang Regency, East Java Province, on December 4, 2021. The eruption of Mount 

Semeru has resulted in 61 fatalities, 4,423 evacuees, 1,107 affected houses, and dozens of 

damaged public facilities (BNPB, 2022; BPBD Kabupaten Lumajang, 2021). Additionally, 

the eruption has also impacted the agriculture and livestock sectors, which are the main 

livelihoods of the people around Mount Semeru. Furthermore, a total of 1.951 households 

of Mount Semeru eruption survivors were relocated to permanent housing due to their 

residences being located in eruption-prone areas (BPBD Kabupaten Lumajang, 2021). This 

has caused the survivors to adapt to a new environment, including seeking alternative 

sources of income to sustain their livelihoods. 

ARTICLE  INFO 

 

ABSTRACT  

 

Article history 

Received: June 4, 2024 

Revised: October 17, 2024 

Accepted: November 6, 2024 

 Post-traumatic growth enables disaster survivors to continue 
functioning in their post-disaster lives optimally, and enables them 
to be better equipped to face difficulties in the future. This research 
aims to test the role of hope in mediating the relationship between 
family functioning and post-traumatic growth in survivors of the 
Mount Semeru eruption disaster. The participants in this research 
were 180 people aged 18-60 years who were survivors of the 
Mount Semeru eruption disaster in 2021. The instruments used 
were the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory-Expanded (PTGI-X), 
Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale IV (FACES-
IV), and Adult Hope Scale (AHS). Simple mediation analysis was 
used to analyze the data. The results show that hope partially 
mediates the relationship between family functioning and post-
traumatic growth in survivors of the Mount Semeru eruption 
disaster. It means that family functioning can influence post-
traumatic growth directly and indirectly through hope as a 
mediator. This finding can provide input for stakeholders 
regarding the development of holistic interventions for disaster 
survivors, both at the individual level related to their hopes and at 
the relational level related to their family functioning. 

    

 
Keywords 

posttraumatic growth 

family functioning 

hope 

disaster survivor 

 

 

 

mailto:humanitas@psy.uad.ac.id
http://journal1.uad.ac.id/index.php/Humanitas
https://doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v22i1.835
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Intan Masruroh Setiawan et al. (Family functioning and post-traumatic growth among disaster survivors:….) 

The eruption of Mount Semeru is a traumatic event for its survivors. Traumatic events 

are specific occurrences characterized by a strong negative attitude, causing distress or 

disruption in individuals (Dell’osso et al., 2022). In this case, experiencing a natural disaster 

firsthand is one of the traumatic experiences because the adverse events related to natural 

disasters are beyond the ability of individuals and communities to cope with (Hackbarth et 

al., 2012). Furthermore, the physical losses, material possessions, and the necessity for 

relocation contribute to the cumulative exposure of traumatic events experienced by 

survivors, accumulative from several adverse events simultaneously over time. This is 

consistent with several previous studies stating that post-disaster relocation can be a 

traumatic experience and trigger additional stress for survivors (Fussell & Lowe, 2014; Kadri 

et al., 2022; Uscher-Pines & Student, 2009). 

As a traumatic event, the eruption of Mount Semeru can have negative impacts on the 

mental well-being of its survivors. The various pressures and sudden environmental changes 

caused by the disaster can lead to various mental health issues or psychological distress in 

survivors, such as anxiety and depression (Dhillon & Sasidharan, 2021; Gissurardóttir et al., 

2019; Kokai et al., 2004; Uscher-Pines & Student, 2009). Eruption disaster survivors also 

often experience the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, such as feeling sad as if 

reliving the eruption event, easily remembering the eruption event even though they do not 

want to remember it, and feeling anxious when the mount experiences increased volcanic 

activity (Ernawati et al., 2020). However, survivors can also experience positive changes 

after experiencing a disaster, such as becoming more efficient in managing and utilizing time 

with family and having stronger beliefs in the power of God (Khatimah, 2022). These 

positive changes are commonly referred to as post-traumatic growth. 

Post-traumatic growth is defined as positive psychological changes experienced by 

individuals after facing traumatic events, such as natural disasters (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 

2004; Joseph & Linley, 2006). Post-traumatic growth refers to a transformative process that 

allows individuals to develop a more positive self-concept, redefine goals, have deeper 

interpersonal relationships, cultivate a greater appreciation for life, and have a stronger 

spiritual life (Calhoun & Tedeschi, 2006). In this regard, post-traumatic growth is a condition 

in which individuals exhibit higher levels of functioning than before experiencing a 

traumatic event. In the context of disasters, post-traumatic growth is important to study 

because it explains the positive self-development of individuals as a result of their struggle 

to adapt and cope with the difficulties arising from disasters (Graziano et al., 2023; Malhotra 

& Chebiyyam, 2016). 

A meta-analysis study of 26 studies conducted by Xiaoli et al. (2019) found that 

approximately 52.58% of individuals have moderate to high levels of post-traumatic growth 

after traumatic experiences. This is consistent with Malhotra dan Chebiyyam (2016) who 

explains that 40-70% of survivors experience positive impacts from the trauma they have 

experienced. In the context of natural disasters, several studies have found that individuals 

can experience post-traumatic growth after experiencing disasters such as fires, tornadoes, 

tsunamis, and earthquakes (Felix et al., 2015; Siqveland et al., 2015; Yuan et al., 2021; Zhang 

et al., 2020). In this regard, having a new life path is considered a key point in post-traumatic 

growth among disaster survivors, such as improving the quality of relationships with others 

and engaging in better life activities (Peters et al., 2021; Graziano et al., 2023). Additionally, 

Uscher-Pines and Student (2009) found that survivors who experience post-disaster 

relocation also feel a stronger sense of community bonding and receive more support and 

assistance related to daily activities. 

Post-traumatic growth can have positive implications for survivors in their post-

disaster lives. In this regard, post-traumatic growth is correlated with lower levels of 



Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 15 

 

   Intan Masruroh Setiawan et al. (Family functioning and post-traumatic growth among disaster survivors:….)  

depression (Helgeson et al., 2006) and better quality of life (Kyutoku et al., 2021). When 

individuals develop meaning and create new and valuable perspectives regarding their lives, 

they tend to have better psychological well-being (Joseph, 2012). In navigating post-disaster 

life, post-traumatic growth also serves as a resource for survivors to view the world in a more 

balanced way after the disaster, where positive and negative experiences are integrated 

(Siqveland et al., 2015). This allows survivors to continue functioning in their daily activities 

and even encourages their abilities and capacities to move towards improvement (Calhoun 

& Tedeschi, 2006). Furthermore, post-traumatic growth enables survivors to be better 

equipped to face difficulties in the future (Tedeschi et al., 2018). 

Given the benefits of post-traumatic growth for survivors in navigating their post-

disaster lives, it is important to understand the factors that affect this growth. One external 

factor that plays a role is the family, as the family is part of the microsystem and the closest 

source of support to the individual (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006). In this regard, family 

members tend to share experiences and provide support to each other when they encounter 

difficulties (Tingvold et al., 2012). The presence of family support during crises is one 

manifestation of family functioning (Feeney & Collins, 2015). Family functioning is the 

ability of a family to fulfill its basic functions effectively, which include providing an 

environment for all family members to develop optimally, both physically, psychologically, 

and socially (Dai & Wang, 2015; Epstein et al., 1978). Lei and Kantor (2021) stated that 

family functioning encompasses how family members interact, react, and treat each other. 

In crisis situations such as disasters, well-functioning families will continue to strive to meet 

the needs of their family members (Li et al., 2021). This can be proven through interactions 

such as family support as part of their efforts to adapt to arising difficulties. Additionally, 

the balance of family cohesion and flexibility supported by effective communication among 

family members also indicates a well-functioning family (Olson, 2000; Olson et al., 1989). 

Well-functioning families can be a driving factor for post-traumatic growth in 

individuals. This is because of their role as a source of support that facilitates the affective 

and cognitive processes within individuals to reconstruct a new belief system that can 

integrate trauma-related information toward growth (Joseph & Linley, 2006; Sun et al., 

2023; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004). In well-functioning families, there is also substantial 

interaction that can bring about positive changes in individuals after experiencing difficulties 

or traumatic events (Mancini, 2019). Furthermore, well-functioning families can alleviate 

stress and depression in individuals and encourage them to actively use emotion regulation 

strategies, which ultimately can create more positive emotional experiences (Feng et al., 

2022). Moreover, Hullmann et al. (2014) also emphasize the importance of examining family 

functioning as one of the factors that can contribute to post-traumatic growth. 

Previous studies also indicate a positive correlation between family functioning and 

post-traumatic growth. Functioning exhibited through family flexibility and communication 

has been shown to have a significant correlation with post-traumatic growth in survivors of 

the tsunami disaster (Augustine, 2014). Qin et al. (2021) also found that more effective 

problem-solving strategies within families are positively associated with post-traumatic 

growth in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Furthermore, Teixeira and 

Pereira (2013) in their study on cancer survivors found that family cohesion, flexibility, and 

communication correlate positively with post-traumatic growth. This is because families 

capable of changing roles and rules within the family system in a healthy manner are likely 

to demonstrate better overall health functioning even in difficult situations. 

Based on several studies, it can be understood that family functioning and post-

traumatic growth have a positive correlation. However, the internal mechanisms of the 

relationship between these two variables have not been extensively researched, especially 



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Intan Masruroh Setiawan et al. (Family functioning and post-traumatic growth among disaster survivors:….) 

among natural disaster survivors. This is also in line with the findings of Khatimah (2022) 

that there might be other variables serving as mediators in the relationship between family 

functioning and post-traumatic growth. Regarding this matter, several other factors also 

correlate significantly with post-traumatic growth. Previous researchers have explained that 

internal factors can serve as predictors of post-traumatic growth in individuals. One 

important internal factor that has a significant positive correlation with post-traumatic 

growth is hope (Confino et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2021; Zhou & Wu, 2018).  

Snyder et al. (1991, 2003) explained that hope is a cognitive set consisting of an 

individual's beliefs regarding their capacity to determine goals, develop strategies to achieve 

those goals (pathways thinking) and maintain motivation to utilize those strategies (agency 

thinking). Hope serves as one of the psychological resources that can affect post-traumatic 

growth. In crisis situations, hope plays a protective role, enabling individuals to quickly rise 

and take further steps to rebuild their lives (Counted et al., 2022; Snyder et al., 2003), while 

also serving as a fundamental resource to support growth (Colla et al., 2022). Furthermore, 

when facing challenges in the process of achieving their goals, individuals with high levels 

of hope tend to have positive self-talk, persevere in overcoming setbacks, and view setbacks 

as opportunities for growth (Pan et al., 2021; Snyder, 2002). 

Hullmann et al. (2014) explain that hope can affect an individual's reactions to events 

in their lives. When facing difficulties or challenges, such as in disaster situations, 

individuals with high levels of hope will continue to seek strategies to achieve their goals or 

find alternative goals as the best decision. Conversely, individuals with low levels of hope 

are more likely to give up on achieving their goals when faced with difficult situations, which 

can lead to maladaptive psychological adjustment. Scheier and Carver (2001) also state that 

hope can redirect an individual's focus from negative events or emotional states. In the 

context of disasters, hope can assist survivors in adapting and overcoming the challenges 

they face to move forward with their lives post-disaster. Additionally, having hope also aids 

individuals in employing active coping strategies to face traumatic events and reconstruct 

their understanding of themselves, others, and the surrounding world, ultimately leading to 

growth (Germann et al., 2015; Zhou & Wu, 2018). 

Several studies also indicate that hope can predict post-traumatic growth. Zhou and 

Wu (2018) in their research on adolescent earthquake survivors found that hope can have a 

direct and positive impact on post-traumatic growth, as well as serve as a driver of post-

traumatic growth through cognitive acceptance and reassessment. Furthermore, in war 

refugees, hope as a resource for adaptation has also been shown to correlate positively with 

post-traumatic growth (Ai et al., 2007). Moreover, hope has been found to act as a mediator 

of post-traumatic growth in COVID-19 patients (Laslo-Roth et al., 2022) and earthquake 

survivors (Zhou et al., 2018). In this regard, individuals' perception of their ability to achieve 

positive outcomes as their goals can serve as a significant motivation for individuals to strive 

to overcome the impacts of the traumatic events they face, and even further foster growth. 

Individuals' hopefulness can also be affected by their relationships with their closest 

ones, such as family. Snyder (2002) explains that individuals can develop attachments 

through quality interactions within their families. This attachment is necessary for 

individuals to develop ways of strategizing and taking action to achieve goals (Shorey et al., 

2003). Additionally, individuals can further develop a positive and hopeful personality 

through interactions within a well-functioning family (Beavers & Hampson, 2000; Feldman 

& Snyder, 2005). In disaster situations, individuals within families that function well, 

characterized by a balance of cohesion and flexibility, also tend to maintain or develop hope 

to continue their lives. This is consistent with research findings that individuals have higher 

levels of hope when they have high levels of family cohesion (Feldman et al., 2018). 



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   Intan Masruroh Setiawan et al. (Family functioning and post-traumatic growth among disaster survivors:….)  

Additionally, when individuals perceive higher levels of family functioning, they also tend 

to have higher levels of hope (Peng et al., 2023; Zarei & Fooladvand, 2022). 

This study adopts the theoretical framework of the post-traumatic growth model 

(Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004) and the thriving through relationship model (Feeney & Collins, 

2015). The post-traumatic growth model emphasizes the cognitive-emotional processes 

triggered by exposure to traumatic or highly stressful events. In this regard, constructive 

cognitive processes are assumed to play a key role in post-traumatic growth, which can also 

be affected by external factors (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004). Meanwhile, the thriving through 

relationship model (Feeney & Collins, 2015) emphasizes the importance of close 

relationships that function well (such as within the family) as fundamental to thriving 

because they enable individuals to successfully navigate difficulties. Feeney and Collins 

(2015) explain that close others such as family can serve as a source of strength (SOS) that 

protects and empowers individuals in challenging circumstances, helping them to grow, 

develop, and achieve well-being. In this regard, family functioning acting as an SOS can 

reassure the development of individuals' internal resources, such as hope, which ultimately 

can lead to growth after experiencing traumatic events. 

Based on the explanation above, it can be understood that post-traumatic growth is 

crucial for survivors of the Mount Semeru eruption to navigate their lives after the disaster. 

In this context, family functioning can be one of the factors affecting this post-traumatic 

growth, with hope serving as a mediating variable. Research on the mechanism of the 

relationship between post-traumatic growth, family functioning, and hope has been limited, 

especially in the context of disaster survivors in Indonesia. Previous studies on post-

traumatic growth have focused on personality traits (Karanci et al., 2012; Owens, 2016; 

Mattson et al., 2018), coping strategies (Henson et al., 2021; Knauer et al., 2022), and social 

support (Ning et al., 2023; Sun et al., 2023) in fostering post-traumatic growth. Additionally, 

there is still a need for exploration regarding cognitive mechanisms (Luu, 2022; Tedeschi & 

Calhoun, 2018), as well as the relationship between external and internal factors in 

individuals that can encourage post-traumatic growth (Augustine, 2014; Feeney & Collins, 

2015).  

Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of hope in mediating the relationship 

between family functioning and post-traumatic growth among survivors of the Mount 

Semeru eruption disaster. The hypothesis of this study is that hope mediates the relationship 

between family functioning and post-traumatic growth. Through well-functioning families, 

it is hoped that survivors can adapt to existing difficulties and develop hope in their post-

disaster lives. With the hope they possess, survivors can envision a positive future, leading 

to the development of post-traumatic growth. This research is expected to provide initial 

input for the development of intervention programs related to post-traumatic growth, which 

is still lacking among disaster survivors in Indonesia. Additionally, theoretically, this 

research is also expected to contribute to the scientific literature on family functioning, hope, 

and post-traumatic growth among disaster survivors in Indonesia. 

Method 

Participants 

The participants in this study were 180 survivors of the 2021 Mount Semeru eruption who 

were residing in permanent relocation shelters. These shelters are located in Sumbermujur 

Village, Candipuro District, Lumajang Regency, East Java Province. Participants were 

selected through purposive sampling, which involves sampling based on specific 

characteristics relevant to the research objectives (Gravetter & Forzano, 2020). The criteria 



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Intan Masruroh Setiawan et al. (Family functioning and post-traumatic growth among disaster survivors:….) 

for participants in this study are a) Survivors of the 2021 Mount Semeru volcanic eruption; 

b) Aged between 18 and 60 years old; and c) Directly experienced the eruption event (being 

at the impacted location during the eruption and/or witnessing/hearing the eruption of Mount 

Semeru). 

Table 1 

Participants Demographic Data (n=180) 

Demographic Frequency Percentage 

Gender Male 74 41.1 % 

Female 

 

106 58.9 % 

Age 18 - 29 Years 39 21.7 % 

30 - 45 Years 95 52.8 % 

 46 - 60 Years 46 25.6 % 

 

Last Education Not Graduated Elementary 

School 

15 8.3 % 

Elementary School 104 57.8 % 

 Junior High School 28 15.6 % 

 High School 25 13.9 % 

 Diploma 1 0.6 % 

 Bachelor's Degree 3 1.7 % 

 Other 4 2.2 % 

 

Occupation Sand Miner 7 3.9 % 

Farmer 48 26.7 % 

Merchant 20 11.1 % 

Housewife 54 30 % 

Unemployed 20 11.1 % 

Others 31 17.2 % 

 

Job Change Experienced 53 29.4 % 

Not Experienced 127 70.6 % 

 

Marital Status Single 10 5.6 % 

Married (No Children) 4 2.2 % 

Married (With Children) 152 84.4 % 

Previously Married 14 7.8 % 

 

Procedures 

Data collection was conducted from January 29th to February 1st, 2024, after obtaining 

Ethical Clearance approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of 

Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, and permission from the Village Government of 

Sumbermujur, Candipuro District, Lumajang Regency, East Java Province. Data collection 

was done offline at the Sumbermujur Permanent Residence by requesting participants' 

willingness to complete the questionnaire after obtaining their consent to participate in the 

study through informed consent.  

 

Instruments 

Post-traumatic growth. To measure the post-traumatic growth experienced by participants, 

the researchers used the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory-Expanded (PTGI-X) scale 

developed by Tedeschi et al. (2017) and adapted by Rahmaningsih (2019). The scale was 



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   Intan Masruroh Setiawan et al. (Family functioning and post-traumatic growth among disaster survivors:….)  

modified by the researchers to fit the research context by changing the main instruction 

("after experiencing the eruption disaster"). The PTGI-X scale consists of 25 items covering 

five dimensions: personal strength, new possibilities, relating to others, appreciation of life, 

and spiritual and existential change. The PTGI-X scale had response options ranging from 0 

(I did not experience any change in this regard) to 5 (I experienced a very large change in 

this regard). Based on the pilot test conducted, this scale had a reliability coefficient alpha 

(α) of 0.94, with the total item correlation values ranging from 0.41 to 0.75, indicating that 

all items had good discriminant power.  

Family Functioning. The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale IV (FACES-

IV) was used in this study based on The Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems 

by Olson (2000). The FACES-IV scale has been adapted into Indonesian by Yeyentimalla 

(2019). The scale used in this study consists of 24 items covering dimensions of cohesion, 

flexibility, and communication. The response options for the FACES-IV scale in this study 

were modified to six response options ranging from 1 (very inappropriate) to 6 (very 

appropriate). Based on the pilot test conducted, this scale had a reliability coefficient alpha 

(α) of 0.92, with the total item correlation values ranging from 0.33 to 0.77, indicating that 

all items had good discriminant power. 

Hope. Hope in this study was measured using the Adult Hope Scale (AHS) developed by 

Snyder et al. (1991) and adapted by Novrianto and Menaldi (2022). The AHS scale consists 

of 12 items covering two components, namely agency and pathways. In this case, four items 

constitute the agency subscale, four items constitute the pathways subscale, and the 

remaining four items serve as fillers intended to divert attention. The response options for 

the AHS scale in this study were modified to six response options ranging from 1 (very 

inappropriate) to 6 (very appropriate). Based on the pilot test conducted, this scale had a 

reliability coefficient alpha (α) of 0.73, with the total item correlation values ranging from 

0.30 to 0.63, indicating that all items had good discriminant power. 
 

Data Analysis 

The data analysis technique in this study was simple mediation analysis. Mediation analysis 

is a statistical method aimed at testing the interaction between independent variables on the 

dependent variable through a mediator variable (Hayes, 2018). This analysis was used to test 

the mediating role of hope in the relationship between family functioning and post-traumatic 

growth among survivors of the Mount Semeru eruption disaster. The entire process of 

mediation analysis was conducted using the statistical analysis software SPSS version 25.0. 

Results 

The hypothesis testing of this study was conducted using PROCESS analysis by Hayes (2018) 

based on the significance of the indirect effect using the bootstrapping method. The results of 

hypothesis testing can be seen in Figure 1. 

Based on Figure 1, it is evident that family functioning has a significant effect on hope 

(β=0.25; p<0.001), and hope has a significant effect on post-traumatic growth (β=0.84; 

p<0.001). The total effect of family functioning on post-traumatic growth also shows 

significant results (β=0.67; p<0.001). Meanwhile, the bootstrap confidence interval does not 

pass through 0, indicating that the indirect effect is statistically significant (β=0.21; 95% CI 

(0.07-0.33)). This means that family functioning affects post-traumatic growth in survivors 

by increasing hope. The results of the mediation analysis indicate that hope plays a mediating 

role in the relationship between family functioning and post-traumatic growth. Thus, it can 

be concluded that the hypothesis in this study is accepted. As for the direct effect between 

family functioning and post-traumatic growth without involving the mediator variable, it still 



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Indirect effect 

 = 0.21, 95%CI(0.07-0.33) 

a 

 = 0.25, p<0.001 

b 

 = 0.84, p<0.001 

c 

 = 0.67, p<0.001 

shows significant results (β=0.46; p<0.001), indicating that the mediating role of hope in this 

study is partial mediation. 

 

Figure 1 

Relationship Between Family Functioning, Hope, and Post-traumatic growth 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The analysis results indicate the R2 values, indicating how much the variables in the 

research model affect post-traumatic growth and hope. The R2 value for post-traumatic 

growth as the dependent variable is 0.5067, meaning that 50.67% of the variance in post-

traumatic growth can be explained by family functioning and hope. Meanwhile, the R2 value 

for the hope variable is 0.5002, indicating that 50.02% of the variance in hope can be 

explained by family functioning. As for the R2 value for the total effect of family functioning 

on post-traumatic growth, it is 0.4603, suggesting that 46.03% of the variance in post-

traumatic growth can be explained by family functioning. 

 

Discussion 

This study aims to examine the role of hope as a mediator in the relationship between family 

functioning and post-traumatic growth among survivors of the Mount Semeru eruption 

disaster. The results indicate that the indirect effect of family functioning on post-traumatic 

growth through hope is significant. This means that hope can mediate the relationship 

between these two variables, thus the hypothesis of this study is accepted. The role of hope 

as a mediator is consistent with previous research indicating that hope can mediate post-

traumatic growth in individuals (Laslo-Roth et al., 2022; Zhou et al., 2018). Hope plays a 

crucial role, not only in explaining the relationship between family functioning and post-

traumatic growth but also as a protective factor for mental health, making it crucial during 

challenging transition periods (Colla et al., 2022). Hope can have relevant effects in 

promoting growth and managing challenges (Shorey et al., 2007), such as its role in 

psychological adjustment when individuals experience difficulties or traumatic events (Liu et 

al., 2017). 

This study shows that hope acts as a mediator in the relationship between family 

functioning and post-traumatic growth, with 50.67% of the variation in post-traumatic 

growth explained by family functioning and hope. In the context of the Mount Semeru 

eruption disaster, the survivors experienced significant life changes due to the losses suffered 

as a result of the disaster. Furthermore, the survivors had to be relocated or move to new 

residences, which affected their livelihoods and required them to adjust to various daily 

activities in the new environment. In this context, a well-functioning family can provide both 

Hope 

Posttraumatic Growth Family Functioning 



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   Intan Masruroh Setiawan et al. (Family functioning and post-traumatic growth among disaster survivors:….)  

instrumental and emotional support to meet the needs of its members even in crises (Li et 

al., 2021). For example, family members who support each other and can adapt to the 

changes they experience will enable survivors to feel stable and reassess their life goals. This 

reassessment allows them to develop steps to achieve these goals for their future survival. 

This means that survivors can develop hope, or the perception of their ability to create 

pathways to achieve their goals, along with the belief in their capacity to follow these 

pathways to reach their goals (Snyder et al., 2003). 

Hope can affect how survivors react to the post-disaster crisis situations they face. This 

aligns with Laslo-Roth et al. (2022) who explain that hope has a particular value during 

periods of stress because it emphasizes future expectations and goals, while also activating 

personal and interpersonal resources as pathways to thinking. Furthermore, agency thinking 

in hope, which relates to an individual's perceived ability to use methods to achieve desired 

goals, can trigger cognitive reappraisal and help individuals transform the meaning of 

traumatic events into a more positive perspective, thereby helping growth (Feldman & 

Snyder, 2005; Zhou et al., 2018). In this context, individuals with high levels of hope tend 

to persist in achieving their goals despite difficulties, or they determine alternative goals as 

the best decision (Hullmann et al., 2014). For example, survivors of the Mount Semeru 

eruption with high levels of hope will strive to achieve their goals despite the challenges 

posed by the impact on their livelihoods or will determine alternatives as the best course of 

action. This could be demonstrated by changing professions or continuing their work with 

consequences such as a longer commute. This also indicates that hope can encourage 

individuals to engage in active coping strategies, thereby facilitating post-traumatic growth 

(Germann et al., 2015).  

The results of this study show partial mediation, as family functioning continues to 

have a significant direct effect on post-traumatic growth even when the variable of hope is 

controlled. Additionally, 46.03% of the total variation in post-traumatic growth can be 

explained by family functioning, indicating that family functioning has a substantial impact 

on post-traumatic growth. These results align with previous research that found significant 

correlations between family cohesion, flexibility, communication, and post-traumatic 

growth (Augustine, 2014; Teixeira & Pereira, 2013). Furthermore, these results indicate that 

post-traumatic growth in survivors of the Mount Semeru eruption is also relational, as it can 

be influenced by the quality of relationships with those around them after the disaster. This 

is consistent with the assertion by Augustine (2014) that in post-disaster situations, an 

individual's ability to function optimally also depends on external factors such as family, 

friendships, availability of job opportunities, and the ability to participate in social activities. 

Thus, it can be understood that the positive changes in survivors after experiencing a disaster 

are influenced not only by personal factors but also by relational external factors such as 

family functioning.  

In survivors of the Mount Semeru eruption, it can be understood that family becomes 

a crucial factor for survivors to overcome the challenges or difficulties arising from the 

eruption disaster. One reason is that survivors are placed in permanent housing randomly 

and lose their social networks in their previous place of residence, so the main source of 

support for them after relocation is their family. This is consistent with the theory of the 

post-traumatic growth model (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004), which emphasizes the significant 

role of external factors in the process of post-traumatic growth formation. Disaster events 

challenge survivors' beliefs or perspectives on their lives, leading survivors to engage in 

rumination or reflection automatically. The presence of a well-functioning family can help 

survivors cope with this. In families that function well, there is a healthy communication 

pattern that allows individuals within it to express themselves (Olson et al., 2019). This self-



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Intan Masruroh Setiawan et al. (Family functioning and post-traumatic growth among disaster survivors:….) 

disclosure is crucial for encouraging post-traumatic growth in crisis situations such as 

disasters because it allows survivors to share their feelings and thoughts, ultimately leading 

to a positive reinterpretation of the traumatic events experienced (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 

2004; Putri, 2023). Additionally, disaster events can also affect family functioning by 

increasing attachment among family members (Lingaard et al., 2009), indicating positive 

changes in interactions between survivors and their families, which is also an indication of 

post-traumatic growth (Tedeschi et al., 2018). 

The finding that post-traumatic growth in survivors of the Mount Semeru eruption is 

also relational and simultaneously confirms the thriving through relationship model (Feeney 

& Collins, 2015). In challenging circumstances, the family's function as a source of strength 

(SOS) emphasizes support as a safe haven that provides a sense of safety and protection, as 

well as alleviating the burden experienced by individuals during difficulties (Collins & 

Feeney, 2000). SOS fulfills these functions by acknowledging the need for dependence from 

individuals, providing emotional comfort, offering assistance or support to alleviate burdens, 

and providing a comfortable environment for the expression of negative emotions in difficult 

situations (Feeney & Collins, 2015). This is in line with the family's ability to fulfill its 

function in meeting individual needs through cohesion, flexibility, and good communication 

(Olson et al., 2019). 

The thriving through relationship model explains that well-functioning social 

relationships such as families providing SOS support can contribute to the development of 

internal resources in individuals experiencing traumatic events (Feeney & Collins, 2015). 

The presence of SOS support functions can encourage survivors to challenge themselves to 

grow, rediscover their purpose in life, and seize every opportunity to achieve their goals. 

Furthermore, these functions can enhance survivors' hope by building and expanding their 

resources even in crisis situations (Snyder et al., 1991) which can then lead to growth 

(Germann et al., 2015; Zhou & Wu, 2018). Thus, this research also confirms the model 

empirically by indicating that family functioning can affect post-traumatic growth, both 

directly and indirectly through hope as a mediator. 

The results of this study indicate that survivors cannot endure post-disaster crises alone 

but also require support from those around them to grow together. This underscores the 

importance of social cohesion, which is indeed one of the critical protective factors in 

collectivist societies, capable of preventing mental health issues and strengthening resilience 

among survivors in post-disaster situations (Sobhaninia, 2024). These findings offer a new 

perspective on addressing psychological issues among disaster survivors, which have 

traditionally been predominantly focused on the individual level. Moreover, post-disaster 

recovery efforts in Indonesia generally have a family-based approach, yet often lack practical 

psychological aspects, instead primarily concentrating on physical or economic aspects. 

Thus, the results of this study can provide insights into the importance of psychological 

interventions for disaster survivors, not only at the individual level but also at the relational 

level concerning the family conditions of the survivors. 

This study has several limitations. First, family functioning in this study refers to 

participants' perceptions as individuals within their families, without considering the actual 

functioning of their families based on the perceptions of all family members. Second, this 

research was specifically conducted on survivors of the Mount Semeru eruption disaster, so 

caution is needed when generalizing the research findings to other individuals who have 

experienced traumatic events. Third, this study did not control for the level of exposure to 

traumatic events, which may potentially affect the dynamics of post-traumatic growth 

experienced by participants. Future research could consider using qualitative methods to 

provide deeper insights into the dynamics of post-traumatic growth, family functioning, and 



Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 23 

 

   Intan Masruroh Setiawan et al. (Family functioning and post-traumatic growth among disaster survivors:….)  

hope among disaster survivors. Additionally, data collection could involve paired family 

members (e.g., spouses) to understand the interdependence within family members through 

dyadic analysis, allowing for a more objective understanding of family functioning. Further 

research could also involve participants in different disaster contexts. Moreover, the level of 

exposure to traumatic events experienced by participants could be incorporated to 

understand the dynamics of post-traumatic growth more comprehensively. 

The results of this research can provide benefits for survivors of the Mount Semeru 

eruption disaster to grow from their traumatic experiences. This can be achieved by 

enhancing hope through pathways thinking and agency thinking. This research also 

highlights the importance of family functioning, which significantly influences the 

posttraumatic recovery process of survivors. This shows the importance of interventions for 

disaster survivors that not only focus on individual management but also relational aspects 

by involving the family. Furthermore, family-based post-disaster recovery efforts are 

expected to not only focus on physical or economic aspects, but also on psychological 

aspects related to family cohesion, flexibility, and communication. In this regard, the results 

of this research can provide input for stakeholders regarding the development of holistic 

interventions for survivors of the Mount Semeru eruption disaster, both at the individual 

level related to their hopes and at the relational level related to their family functioning. 

 

 

Conclusion 

This study aimed to examine the mediating role of hope in the relationship between family 

functioning and post-traumatic growth among survivors of the Mount Semeru eruption 

disaster. The analysis results indicate that hope can mediate the role of family functioning in 

post-traumatic growth among survivors. This mediating role is partial, meaning that family 

functioning can affect post-traumatic growth both directly and indirectly through hope as a 

mediator. The results of this study also indicate that post-traumatic growth among survivors 

of the Mount Semeru eruption disaster is not only individual but also relational, as it involves 

the important role of family functioning. 

 

 

Declarations  

Author contribution. First author contributed to designing the research, collecting and 

analyzing data, and writing the manuscript. Second author contributed to supervising the 

research design, reviewing the data analysis and the discussion of the results. 

Funding statement. This research was supported by scholarship program from Indonesia 

Endowment Fund for Education Agency (LPDP) to the Author. 

Conflict of interest. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors in this 

manuscript. 

 

 

 

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