Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal Vol. 21 (2), August 2024, 157-171 ISSN: 2598-6368(online); 1693-7236(print) humanitas@psy.uad.ac.id http://journal1.uad.ac.id/index.php/Humanitas http://doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v21i2.652 Psychological well-being among broken home young adults: The role of social anxiety disorder and hardiness Helen Natalie1, Jessica Christina Widhigdo1* 1School of Psychology, Ciputra University, Surabaya, Indonesia Corresponding author: jessica.christina@ciputra.ac.id This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license. Introduction A functional family brings positive impacts on a child's development, including the cultivation of good habits (honesty, perseverance, lifestyle patterns, etc), internalization of norms and values, and the development of good social interaction skills within society (Leenders et al., 2017; Mo et al., 2021). This influence extends into adulthood. Conversely, parents who do not practice assertive communication, fail to provide material and emotional support, and lack appreciation for family members can lead to family dysfunction and various conflicts, resulting in divorce (Oktariani, 2021). Central Bureau of Statistic of Indonesia (2023) reported that divorce cases in Indonesia reached 448,126 in 2023, with continuous conflict being the most common reason for divorce (63.4%). Divorce results in children becoming broken homes. Based on previous research (Ardilla & Cholid, 2021; Ariyanto, 2023; Muttaqin & Sulistyo, 2019) broken home is characterized by the incomplete structure of a family or parents no longer residing together due to either divorce or death. The repercussions of a broken home can pose a threat to an ARTICLE INFO ABST RACT Article history Received January 30, 2024 Revised July 1, 2024 Accepted July 7, 2024 In Indonesia, 448.126 divorce cases were reported in 2023. Losing parent(s) as a consequence of parental divorce or death results in children becoming broken-home. In the absence of a parent figure, children experience harmful psychological effects, including ongoing social anxiety until they become young adults. This may disrupt young adults’ developmental task to form intimacy hence leading to poor psychological well-being. Young adults from broken home families must possess hardiness to cope with daily stress and traumatic experiences. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of social anxiety disorder and hardiness in psychological well-being among broken-home young adults. Participants of this study were 200 young adults with broken-home family. The scales used were The Indonesian version of the Psychological Well-being Scale, The Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), and the DRS-15 Dispositional Resilience Scale. Data was analyzed using the Multiple Regression Model. The results showed that there was a significant contribution of social anxiety disorder and hardiness on psychological well-being, with a total contribution of 53.8 percent. It is recommended for future interventions to detect social anxiety disorder potency, as well as to include hardiness variable in optimizing psychological well-being quality, especially in broken- home young adults. Keywords Broken home adults Hardiness Psychological well-being Social anxiety disorder mailto:humanitas@psy.uad.ac.id http://journal1.uad.ac.id/index.php/Humanitas http://doi.org/%20%20%20%2010.26555/humanitas.v21i2.652 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 158 Natalie et al. (Psychological well-being among broken home young adults: The role of social anxiety disorder and hardiness) individual's psychological well-being (PWB). PWB refers to the state in which individuals have life goals and continuously evolve, enabling them to realize their potential and achieve happiness (Bradburn, 1969; Huppert, 2009; Ryff, 1989; Waterman, 1993). PWB consists of six dimensions: autonomy, self-acceptance, positive relations with others, personal growth, environmental mastery, and purpose in life. Individuals with high PWB are characterized by elevated levels of happiness, mental health, and the maximization of their potential. Elevated PWB can be indicated by the achievement of developmental tasks, including the establishment of intimate relationships with friends and partners during early adulthood, typically between the ages of 20-39 (Erikson, 1968). Sharing experiences, mutual support, understanding, and care with a partner can enhance life goals and self-acceptance (Czyzowska et al., 2020; Petegem et al., 2018). Conversely, failure in these developmental tasks can jeopardize an individual's personality, giving rise to aggressive behaviors, reluctance to build interpersonal relationships, and even deep-seated isolation (Erikson, 1968; Santrock, 2011). Ramadhani et al. (2016) found that as many as 52% of vocational high school students with divorced parents exhibited low levels of psychological well-being. In line with Belung (2022), 73.5% of adolescents from broken homes still fall within the moderate to low categories of psychological well-being. During the transition to early adulthood, individuals from broken- home families experience unstable emotions and psychological trauma (Budiman & Widyastuti, 2022). The alteration in family structure can lead to a child manifesting symptoms of depression such as anxiety and inferiority, struggling with trust and forgiveness, and experiencing a loss of purpose in life until early adulthood (Czyzowska et al., 2020; Faisal et al., 2020; Harefa & Savira, 2021; Lie et al., 2019; Purwanto & Hendriyani, 2020; Sha & Desai, 2022). This is attributed to limited communication within the family post-divorce, and societal stigma can cause a child to develop low self-esteem and avoid social interactions (Mistiani, 2018). The impacts of parental divorce, presenting challenges to the daily lives of children, can be felt for at least ten years into the future trauma (Liana & Suryadi, 2018). The condition of a broken home can also affect psychological well-being (PWB) in early adulthood. Limited communication within the family post-divorce and societal stigma can lead children to develop low self-esteem and avoid social interactions (Mistiani, 2018). Gul and Nadeemullah (2017) also found that 72.4% of children and adolescents experience feelings of low self-esteem and an inferiority complex due to their broken home backgrounds. These various conditions can impact an individual's psychological well-being, relating to their sense of autonomy, low self-acceptance due to tendencies of feeling inferior, restricted social relationships, and a general sense of helplessness. Previous studies (Fu et al., 2017; Prusky, 2019) have found that parental absence or negative experiences in childhood indicate higher levels of social anxiety disorder. Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive fear and apprehension due to the perceived judgment of others during specific social activities (Mattick & Clarke, 1998; Morrison & Heimberg, 2013; Nevid et al., 2018). Those with higher social anxiety disorder experience fear or anxiety in social situations, fearing negative evaluation and often avoiding them. These fears persist over six months, causing significant distress or impairment. Individuals with social anxiety show poor self-control abilities after social interactions, leading to diminished quality of interpersonal relationships and worsening symptoms of social anxiety (Blackhart et al., 2015). SAD is also associated with a decline in the quality of life in environmental, social, physical, and psychological domains, where individuals struggle to recognise their abilities, cope with daily stress, and work productively (Alsaraireh et al., 2023; Wersebe et al., 2018). file:///D:/Layout/Huminitas%20UAD/Artikel%20belum%20dilayout/Helen_Natalie__Artikel_5_1.docx%23Mistiani Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 159 Natalie et al. (Psychological well-being among broken home young adults: The role of social anxiety disorder and hardiness) Purwaningsih et al. (2023) found that anxiety contributes to psychological well-being (PWB) by 17.05%. Consistent with a study by Morales-Rodríguez et al. (2020) in Spain, state anxiety showed a significant negative correlation with four dimensions of PWB, namely self-acceptance, environmental mastery, personal growth, and purpose-in-life. Several studies conducted in India and Pakistan (Nagaraj, 2017; Shahbaz et al., 2021; Sushma et al., 2016) have revealed that anxiety, including social interaction anxiety was negatively correlated with well-being, as children feel unworthy and incompetent. Children from broken homes may experience social anxiety disorder (SAD) which is characterized by difficulty in self-expression, fear of social situations, and low self-confidence (Murad, 2020). Moreover, other situations such as engaging in conversations, meeting strangers, being observed, and performing in front of others create pressure on these children. They tend to suppress their feelings and may choose to end relationships to resolve conflicts (Octavian & Cahyanti, 2023). Several factors that can positively influence PWB include resilience, self-knowledge, hardiness, and mindfulness (Anjum, 2022; Fagbenro & Olasupo, 2019; Feldman et al., 2021; Harding et al., 2019). In their daily lives, children from broken homes with low PWB need to adopt an optimistic mindset, be goal-oriented, possess internal motivation, and exhibit good social skills to enhance their enthusiasm for life (Anjum, 2022). These children not only require resilience during traumatic experiences but also need a consistent character even when facing normal stress. This is because individuals tend to exhibit behavior consistent with their personality (Yeung & Hemsley, 1997). Therefore, one of the essential personality traits that promote PWB among broken homes children is hardiness. Kobasa (1979) defines hardiness as a personality that enables an individual to remain healthy or unthreatened when under pressure. Several previous studies (Ausie et al., 2017; Hamida & Izzati, 2022; Nurjan et al., 2023) have found that hardiness has a significant positive correlation with PWB. In the context of a broken home, a hardy personality enables individuals to manage stress levels, be optimistic about the future, view life positively, feel grateful, not avoid problems, and refrain from engaging in harmful behaviors (Agustini, 2019; Anggraeni & Jannah, 2014). The research also discovered that the divorce of one's parents motivates individuals to become independent and use their parents' experiences as learning opportunities. There has been no specific research examining the influence of hardiness and social anxiety disorder on the psychological well-being of broken-home young adults, particularly in the context of Indonesia. Investigating both factors concurrently facilitates an understanding of their interaction and potential for mutual counterbalancing. While social anxiety may adversely affect PWB, a hardiness personality can confer the resilience necessary to manage these challenges. Grasping this dynamic is essential for the development of targeted interventions designed to enhance hardiness traits, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of social anxiety. By examining SAD and hardiness personality traits in tandem, the research aims to offer a more comprehensive insight into the PWB of young adults from broken-home families. This dual focus ensures a holistic understanding, recognizing both the vulnerabilities and strengths inherent in this population. Previous studies that investigated PWB in individuals with social anxiety disorder (Wersebe et al., 2018), the relationship between state anxiety and PWB (Morales-Rodríguez et al., 2020), and social interaction anxiety and PWB (Shahbaz et al., 2021) focused on populations in Spain, Pakistan, Germany, Switzerland, and India, without limiting the conditions to the divorced status of parents. Additionally, there is a discrepancy in research findings, as Aslan and Bilgin (2020) found no significant relationship between well-being and SAD in adolescents. Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 160 Natalie et al. (Psychological well-being among broken home young adults: The role of social anxiety disorder and hardiness) On the other hand, previous research investigating the relationship between hardiness and PWB (Ausie et al., 2017; Hamida & Izzati, 2022; Nurjan et al., 2023) has focused on working participants, such as prospective military officers, Indonesian Migrant Workers, and port security officers, due to high job demands and strict, constantly changing government regulations. Additionally, there were studies examining the impact of hardiness on PWB (Anjum, 2022; Pambudi & Rusmawati, 2022) involving high school students and college students as the population. The novelty of this study lies in its focus on young adults from broken-home backgrounds. This demographic is significant because these individuals not only navigate high demands in their daily lives but also experience increased stress due to changes in family structure, low self-esteem, social anxiety disorder, and other related factors. Furthermore, previous studies have been conducted in countries such as Pakistan, Germany, Switzerland, and India, without specifically considering the divorced status of parents. Based on the exposition and importance outlined above, this research will concentrate on examining the impact of social anxiety disorder and hardiness personality on the psychological well-being of early adults from broken homes. The hypothesis of this study posits that there are effects of social anxiety disorder and hardiness personality on psychological well-being. Method Research Design The research design applied in this study is a quantitative method with a correlational prediction design. Correlational prediction is a non-experimental research conducted to explore causal relationships and to assess the extent to which predictors influence the dependent variable (Mekonnen, 2020). Participants The research participants in this study were 200 young adults aged 20-37 from a broken- home family background. The status of a broken home was indicated by the individual's parents being divorced, either through a parental divorce or death. The sampling technique used in this research was non-probability sampling, specifically convenience sampling. Convenience sampling is a technique where participants are selected based on ease of access or availability while still meeting the criteria adjusted to the research context (Zickar & Keith, 2022). Data collection was conducted through various channels of social media (Twitter, WhatsApp, Line, Instagram, Telegram) and broken-home communities. All participants were given informed consent as an expression of their willingness to participate in the study. As a gesture of appreciation, five lucky participants were offered incentives in the form of e-money. The demographic data of participants are shown in Table 1. Based on the available demographic data, the majority of respondents in this study are female, with most of them being between the ages of 20 and 25. The majority of respondents are college students from divorced families, with the divorces having occurred within the last 1 to 5 years. Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 161 Natalie et al. (Psychological well-being among broken home young adults: The role of social anxiety disorder and hardiness) Table 1 Demographic Data of Participants Instruments Psychological Well-being (PWB) was measured using the Psychological Well-being Scale created by Ryff et al. (2021). This instrument comprises 6 dimensions, further broken down into 42 items that measure purpose in life (e.g., “I have a sense of direction and purpose in life.”), self-acceptance (e.g., “In general, I feel confident and positive about myself.”, positive relations with others (e.g., “Most people see me as loving and affectionate.”), environmental mastery (e.g., “I am quite good at managing the many responsibilities of my daily life.”), personal growth (e.g., “For me, life has been a continuous process of learning, changing, and growth.”), and autonomy (e,g., “I am not afraid to voice my opinions, even when they are in opposition to the opinions of most people.”). The scale employs a likert scale with scores ranging from 1 to 7 for each item, where 1 = Strongly Agree, 2 = Agree, 3 = Somewhat Agree, 4 = Neutral, 5 = Somewhat Disagree, 6 = Disagree, 7 = Strongly Disagree. The level of an individual's PWB is considered high when the obtained total scale score is high, and low when the obtained total scale score is low. The measurement instrument for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) employed in this study was The Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) created by Connor et al. (2000). This instrument comprises 3 dimensions, further broken down into 17 items that measure social avoidance, fear, and physiological discomfort in various social contexts (e.g., “I avoid doing things or speaking to people for fear of embarrassment”). The scale utilizes a Likert scale with scores ranging from 0 to 4 for each item, where 0 = Not at all, 1 = A little bit, 2 = Category Frequency Percentage Gender Male Female 28 172 14% 86% Age 20-22 years old 23-25 years old 26-28 years old 32-34 years old 35-37 years old 79 66 36 20 25 6 39.6% 32.9% 11.4% 6.3% 7.9% 1.9% Occupation College student 122 61.3% Staff/Employee 47 23.6% Freelancer 8 4% Self-employed 8 4% Others (Housewife, State Apparatus) 10 5% Relationship Status Not in a relationship 142 71.4% In a dating relationship 48 24.1% Married 9 4.5% Parental Divorce Status By Divorce 111 55.5% By Death 89 45.5% Parental Divorce Duration < 1 year 13 6.5% 1-5 years 91 45.7% 6-10 years 38 19.1% 11-15 years 24 12.1% >15 years 33 16.6% Residence Status Living alone 49 24.6% Living with one parent 126 63.3% Living with sibling(s) 8 4% Living with spouse 3 1.5% Living with other family members (grandparents, cousins) 13 6.5% Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 162 Natalie et al. (Psychological well-being among broken home young adults: The role of social anxiety disorder and hardiness) Moderately, 3 = Very, and 4 = Extremely. The level of an individual's SAD is considered high when the obtained total scale score is high, and low when the obtained total scale score is low The personality hardiness measurement instrument used was the Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS-15) developed by Bartone (2007). Despite its name, the Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS-15) focuses on measuring hardiness, emphasizing dimensions like commitment, control, and challenge appraisal. While it draws from the framework of (Kobasa, 1979), its broader assessment of resilience highlights its versatility in examining adaptive coping strategies. This instrument consists of 3 dimensions, further broken down into 15 items that measure an individual’s commitment, control, and challenge when facing stress (e.g., “My choices make a real difference in how things turn out in the end”). The scale employs a Likert scale with scores ranging from 0 to 3 for each item, where 0 = Not true at all, 1 = Slightly true, 2 = Moderately true, and 3 = Very true. The level of an individual's hardiness personality is considered high when the obtained total scale score is high, and low when the obtained total scale score is low All three scales have been translated into Indonesian. Furthermore, a content validity test is conducted through a language test, expert judgment, and statistical testing. The language test was carried out by determining the participants' understanding of the use of words or sentences in the translated instrument. In this study, the researcher conducted a language test with 5 participants outside the research sample with similar criteria. After the language test, several items underwent minor revisions, such as changes to difficult terms, simplification of sentences, and restructuring of sentence structures. Expert judgment involves constructive assessments from experts who conduct research or publish scientific journals related to the research (Roebianto et al., 2023). In this study, the researcher conducted expert judgment with two experts. After expert judgment, several items underwent minor revisions, such as sentence simplification and changes in word choices. The researcher assessed the reliability of each measurement instrument using the Unidimensional Reliability feature in the JASP software. According to Janssens et al. (2008), a Cronbach's Alpha value between 0.6-0.8 is considered acceptable or sufficiently good, while reliability in the range of 0.8-0.95 is deemed excellent and does not require item elimination. The researcher conducted a construct validity test by exploring the correlation between the total score of variables and variable items. An item was considered valid if the p-value was < 0.05 (Sugiyono, 2014). The results of the reliability and construct validity test are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Alpha Cronbach, Total Score and Item Significance Assumption Checks Before hypothesis testing, four assumption tests were conducted: residual normality, linearity, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity. The residual normality test showed a normal distribution with a centered histogram curve and aligned Q-Q plot points. Linearity was confirmed using partial regression plots, which indicated a significant relationship Scale Cronbach’s α Total Score and Item Significance The Psychological Well-being Scale 0.92 All items < 0.05 The Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) 0.94 All items < 0.05 The Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS-15) 0.66 All items < 0.05 Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 163 Natalie et al. (Psychological well-being among broken home young adults: The role of social anxiety disorder and hardiness) between the independent variables (SAD and hardiness) and the dependent variable without curvatures. Multicollinearity was assessed through tolerance (0.74) and VIF (1.34) values, as shown in Table 5. The heteroscedasticity test, using a residual vs. predicted values plot, showed no curve formation, indicating uniform variance across populations. Data Analysis Multiple linear regression analysis aims to determine the influence of independent variables on the dependent variable (Budiastuti & Bandur, 2018). If the regression analysis results show a P-value > 0.05, the independent variable has a significant impact on the dependent variable, while adjusted R² indicates the percentage of contribution (Goss-Sampson, 2018). Results To examine the relationships between the variables, pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. Table 3 presents the bivariate correlations among the dependent variable and the independent variables. Table 3 Bivariate Analysis PWB SAD SAD Pearson -0.590 p value <.001 Hardiness Pearson 0.709 -0.457 p value <0.001 <0.001 Following the bivariate analysis, a multiple regression was conducted to predict PWB based on social anxiety disorder and hardiness personality. The regression model was statistically significant, F(2, 197) = 117.045, p < .001, and explained 54.3% of the variance in PWB (R² = .543, Adjusted R² = .538). Table 4 Multiple Regression Analysis Results R R² Adjusted R² Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p Value Regression 0.737 0.543 0.538 119507.576 2 59753.788 117.045 < 0.001 Residual 100572.299 197 510.519 Total 220079.875 199 Table 5 provides the unstandardized regression coefficients (B), standardized regression coefficients (β), and significance levels (p-values) for each predictor. SAD was a significant predictor of PWB (B = -0.728, SE = 0.117, β = -0.347, p < .001). Hardiness was also a significant predictor of PWB (B = 2.905, SE = 0.326, β = 0.498, p < .001). The multiple linear regression equation used is Y = B1.X1 + B2.X2 + C, where Y represents the dependent variable (Psychological Well-being), X1 represents the first independent variable (Social Anxiety Disorder), X2 represents the second independent variable (Hardiness Personality), B1 represents the unstandardized regression coefficient for X1, B2 represents the unstandardized regression coefficient for X2, and C represents the unstandardized intercept. From this equation, the resulting multiple linear regression model is: Psychological Well- being = -0.685 (Social Anxiety Disorder) + 3.526 (Hardiness Personality) + 95.536. Between file:///D:/Layout/Huminitas%20UAD/Artikel%20belum%20dilayout/Helen_Natalie__Artikel_5_1.docx%23_Table_4 Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 164 Natalie et al. (Psychological well-being among broken home young adults: The role of social anxiety disorder and hardiness) the two independent variables in this study, the hardiness personality variable has a stronger contribution of influence compared to the social anxiety disorder variable. Table 5 Influence of Independent Variables Collinearity Statistics Unstandardized Standard Error Standardized (β) t p Tolerance VIF (Intercept) 103.785 13.076 7.937 <.001 SAD -0.728 0.117 -0.347 -6.211 <.001 0.743 1.345 Hardiness 2.905 0.326 0.498 8.91 <.001 0.743 1.345 Discussion The research findings indicate that Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and hardiness personality collectively influence Psychological Well-being (PWB). These results indicate that each change in one unit of SAD and hardiness personality leads to a corresponding change in PWB. This discovery contributes to the research on PWB in the context of broken homes, as there has been no prior study examining these three variables simultaneously. In correlational research, Shahbaz et al. (2021) found a significant negative correlation between social interaction anxiety and PWB. Similarly, Wersebe et al. (2018) reported that individuals with social phobia exhibit significantly lower levels of PWB compared to those without social phobia. Generally, individuals from broken homes experience fear and anxiety when facing challenges, difficulty in openness, sensitivity to their surroundings, and a potential risk of SAD (Munandar et al., 2020). Based on the study's findings, 83% of respondents exhibited moderate (64%) to high (19%) levels of SAD. Regarding its influence on the self-acceptance dimension of PWB, individuals with SAD tend to negatively evaluate themselves, struggle to accept mistakes or adopt perfectionist attitudes, and believe they will fail and receive negative evaluations from others (Brijwani, 2022). In terms of environmental mastery, young adults with moderate levels of SAD tend to avoid public speaking or group discussions, while those with high levels may experience panic attacks in social situations (Alomari et al., 2022). This suggests that individuals struggle to adapt and tend to avoid situations or activities that could promote personal growth. In terms of autonomy, individuals with SAD tend to rely on others' opinions to avoid mistakes or negative judgments (Sushma et al., 2016). Regarding purpose in life, SAD can hinder individuals' ability to form romantic relationships, friendships, and even maintain optimal performance (Dryman et al., 2016). Consequently, individuals with SAD often feel dissatisfied with various aspects of their lives and struggle to find meaning in positive or negative experiences. In the personal growth dimension, individuals with SAD are sensitive to change and threats to their safety (Meng et al., 2021). This attitude contradicts individuals' desire to realize their potential through various challenges and self-exploration, especially in social situations. Hur et al. (2020) explained that emotional experiences can reduce stress levels in intimate relationships with friends, family, or partners. However, individuals with higher levels of SAD spend less time with close individuals. Not only that, but various forms of emotional distress such as stress, anxiety, loneliness, and discomfort in social situations are also found in individuals with SAD (Russell & Topham, 2012). As a result, individuals struggle to form meaningful relationships and face obstacles in their daily lives, such as declining social relationship quality, mental health, and physical health (Alsaraireh et al., 2023). Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 165 Natalie et al. (Psychological well-being among broken home young adults: The role of social anxiety disorder and hardiness) Hardiness personality is described as a commitment to oneself, work, and the world despite pressure (Bartone, 2007; Kobasa, 1979). Research findings reveal that 10% of respondents have low hardiness levels, 69% moderate, and 21% high levels. Other studies (Hamida & Izzati, 2022; Pambudi & Rusmawati, 2022; Paramita & Huwae, 2023) also demonstrate the significant influence of hardiness personality on PWB, with respective impacts of 64.3%, 36.4%, and 51.3%. Correlational studies (Anjum, 2022; Ausie et al., 2017; Nurjan et al., 2023) have found a positive relationship between hardiness personality and PWB. In terms of environmental mastery, individuals with high hardiness can leverage societal knowledge, social skills, and motivation to realize their potential and develop constructive strategies (Albakova et al., 2020). Similarly, in the autonomy dimension, individuals recognize their abilities and actively confront challenges (Hamida & Izzati, 2022). Moreover, individuals can control or overcome unexpected problems (Maeshade et al., 2023). Thus, socializing with new or close contacts, regulating emotions, and continuous self-development remain under individual control. In the purpose in life dimension, hardy individuals strive for personal development, future hope, and decision-making based on those aspirations (Kinanthi & Jannah, 2016). This indicates their ability to attribute meaning to actions, decisions, and life experiences, orienting toward life goals. In terms of personal growth, hardiness enables individuals to view daily challenges as opportunities for development (Shabrina & Hartini, 2021). Individuals with high hardiness scores adopt positive coping strategies, remaining open to activities or experiences fostering self-growth. In the self-acceptance dimension, hardiness prevents self-blame and fosters appreciation for all experiences (Paramita & Huwae, 2023). Lastly, individuals with high hardiness maintain quality interpersonal relationships and are motivated to confront daily challenges, thus enhancing their psychological well-being (Ausie et al., 2017; Paramita & Huwae, 2023). Several limitations were identified in this study, namely, the social media platforms used for data collection were not sufficiently diversified, thus potentially introducing subjectivity and hindering the representation of the entire population. Additionally, limited comparisons could be made with previous research findings due to the scarcity of literature addressing psychological well-being, social anxiety disorder, and hardiness personality simultaneously. Consequently, the researcher offers recommendations for future researchers and the research subjects. Future researchers are encouraged to concentrate on young adults with divorced parents who are still alive compared to those with divorced parents who are deceased as they have lower psychological well-being levels while utilizing a random sampling technique. Moreover, future researchers could explore the integration of the personality hardiness variable to enhance the psychological well-being levels among individuals from broken homes. For early adults with a broken-home status, fostering hardiness personality traits could be achieved through training or coaching initiatives. Seeking professional assistance to detect potential social anxiety disorders is also advisable. Conclusion This research demonstrates that the variables of Social Anxiety Disorder and Personality Hardiness significantly influence Psychological Well-being. Additionally, possessing a hardy personality is crucial for individuals from broken homes to navigate through both traumatic experiences and daily pressures successfully. Therefore, early detection of the potential emergence of social anxiety disorder and the enhancement of personality hardiness in individuals from broken homes is essential. Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal 166 Natalie et al. (Psychological well-being among broken home young adults: The role of social anxiety disorder and hardiness) Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank all of the participants and experts who participated in this study. Declarations Author contribution. HN established the research topic, designed the study, collected and analyzed data, and wrote the manuscript. JCW supervised the whole study process, reviewed research data, and gave constructive feedback on the manuscript. Funding statement. This study received no support from any funding agency Conflict of interest. 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