




































 Humanities and Social Science Research; Vol. 7, No. 1; 2024 
ISSN 2576-3024   E-ISSN 2576-3032 

https://doi.org/10.30560/hssr.v7n1p1 

 1 Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Developing Community Identity in a Rapidly Changing Community 

Annabel Cuff1, Andrew Azzopardi2, Olga Formosa1 & Paulann Grech3 
1 Research Support Officer II, Faculty for Social Wellbeing, Room 117, Ground Floor, Humanities B, University 
of Malta, Msida MSD 2080 
2 Dean, Faculty for Social Wellbeing, Room 117, Ground Floor, Humanities B, University of Malta, Msida MSD 
2080 
3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Malta 

Correspondence: Paulann Grech, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Malta. E-mail: annabel.cuff  
um.edu.mt, andrew.azzopardi um.edu.mt, olga.formosa um.edu.mt, paulanngrech gmail.com 

 

Received: January 23, 2024; Accepted: February 6, 2024; Published: February 7, 2024 

 

Abstract 

The significance of a sense of community is widely acknowledged in the literature. Communities bring their 
members networks of connections that can shape aspects of their behaviour, social interactions and identities. 
However, development and modernity are challenging the roles of communities, with weaker social bonds and 
less neighbourly behaviours on the rise. In a young community known for its terraced family homes, as well as 
its villa area, recent changes in construction permits are bringing rapid changes, not only to its aesthetics, but 
also to the density and nature of its residents. This paper, which is based upon a study of the community of Iklin, 
examined the impact that recent changes are having through the views of the residents via a questionnaire, 
interviews and a focus group. Using the Iklin study as a model for a mid-sized town or village in Malta, this 
paper examines which factors contribute to a sense of community cohesion and identity. This discussion posits 
that, like Iklin’s residents, when faced with an ever-changing community of inhabitants that do not feel like they 
belong, the inhabitants of our towns and villages, will value green spaces as amongst the most sought-after 
factors within communities, along with a desire for shared spaces and activities. A craving for a sense of 
community remains present, coexisting with an appreciation for a level of anonymity and distance that is also 
valued by many. 

Keywords: community identity, community cohesion, access to green spaces, desire for shared spaces and 
activities, place attachment 

1. Introduction 

In 2021 the Faculty for Social Wellbeing at the University of Malta, commissioned by the Local Council of Iklin, 
carried out a community profiling project on Iklin, which is a relatively young town in the Maltese Islands. The 
issue that led to this research concerned this town’s identity and cohesion. Although the earlier Iklin generations 
and their descendants have resided in the town for longer periods, the second generation of inhabitants who were 
raised there frequently rely on neighbourhood ties for services such as education due to the lack of internal 
resources and services in a town that is still in its developmental phase. This has resulted in the establishment of 
local relationships remaining more tenuous and progressing at a slowed pace. As the town expanded and 
establishments such as a church and grocery store appeared in Iklin, the local populace encountered novel obstacles 
arising from an abrupt surge in construction activities within the vicinity. When the original inhabitants were in 
their infancy and just beginning to form a sense of community, they were confronted with a sudden influx of new 
inhabitants and alterations to the environment they once cherished. 

In this view, the Local Council wished to evaluate the different identity groups and stakeholders that constitute the 
community in order to get insight into the community's issues, challenges, and assets.  

This paper’s discussion is informed by the data provided by residents, local councillors, business people and 
stakeholders, living or operating in Iklin, which will form a springboard for the broader discussion examined in 
this paper. Based on the study findings, this paper will examine the following research questions:  

1. What factors do residents perceive to contribute or hinder community cohesion and sense of belonging?  

2. To what extent, and in what ways do these factors impact the community’s sense of cohesion?  



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Further to this introduction, this paper’s discussion will review the context, as well as a selection of perspectives 
and findings of the Iklin research study, to inform the larger discussion. This paper will examine what factors 
residents and stakeholders perceive as conveying a sense of belonging in modern urban conurbations, in the face 
of an ever-changing landscape. The discussion will proceed with an exploration of the concepts that inform the 
framework of the paper, a description of the research design that yielded the findings discussed in this paper; 
followed by the presentation and discussion of findings.  

2. Context  

A fruitful urban environment sets the stage for a sense of belonging and a shared sense of community. Researchers 
agree that traditional neighbourhoods acquire their distinctiveness through natural organisation into districts, 
streets, and open spaces (Oktay, 2002). Conversely, contemporary urban projects are creating a contrasting scenery 
of similar buildings and designs, resulting in a decrease in available public areas. The relatively recent township 
of Iklin, situated at the intersection of the older, long-established towns of Naxxar, Lija and Birkirkara, is typical 
of a modern development that has not yet morphed into a fully-fledged town (Bonanno, 1981). It is also under 
pressure from the demands of present-day population expansion and the resultant needs for increased construction 
coupled with limited space for expansion. Consequently, Iklin is experiencing a swift increase in population 
density, leading to a rapid transformation of its urban environment (Buttigieg, 2013). In a freshly established town 
that sprang from neighbouring areas, the effects of these developments on the town’s identity and the well-being 
of its citizens can have far-reaching consequences. The concept of community identity shall be explored in detail 
in the following section. 

2.1 Community Identity 

Obst & White (2005) describe community identity as “a set of people with some kind of shared element, which 
can vary from a situation, such as living in a particular place, to some kind of interest, beliefs or values” (p.127). 
Community identity is that collective sense of affinity that characterises and distinguishes that particular group of 
people from other groups (Ratanakosol et al., 2016). Communities offer their members a platform of opportunities 
that can impact various parts of their experience, such as social connections, and identities (Brown et al., 2003; 
Devine-Wright, 2009), and provide chances for significant interactions (Easterbrook & Vignoles, 2015). 
Community offers a wide range of characteristics that influence the identities and social connections of its 
inhabitants, and subsequently, dictate their behaviour within that area (Devine-Wright, 2009; Dixon & Durrheim, 
2000).  

The location of birth and length of time living in a certain area play a role in forming a sense of connection to that 
place (Casakin et al., 2015; Hui et al, 2012). However, these factors are not the only ones that contribute to the 
establishment of community identity (Cuba & Hummon, 1993; Feldman, 1990; Ng, 1998). For example, Casakin 
et al. (2015) discovered that there were similar patterns between individuals feeling connected to and emotionally 
invested in specific places. These connections are present among both natives and individuals who moved to a 
community later on in their life, despite the fact that the development of identity is gradual and intricate (Hernández 
et al., 2007; Hidalgo & Hernández, 2001; Vidal et al., 2012). Deener (2010) stated that for individuals who are not 
native residents, developing a strong connection to a community is most effectively achieved by actively 
participating in regular events and celebrations with other local people. This involvement fosters a sense of 
belonging. 

Place attachment promotes civic engagement, benefiting both individuals and the broader community (Brown et 
al., 2004a; Kyle et al., 2004). Shao et al. (2017) discovered four factors that contribute to community identity: 
environmental/structural characteristics, which may change periodically; backgrounds and heritage; functionality, 
referring to the town's success to meet the needs of various activities; and connections among its members, which 
foster unity across different races, ethnicities, and social classes.  

The visual characteristics of a locality, such as its shape, contribute to its distinct identity (Lewicka, 2011; 
Manahasa & Manahasa, 2020; Swanwick, 2009). The identity of a location is formed by a reciprocal interaction 
between the physical attributes that shape the collective personality of its residents, and the expression of their 
wants and self-interpretations within the urban environment (Haapala, 2003). Community identity is not only 
shaped by the distinctive visual or social characteristics of a place, but also by its ability to enhance the mental and 
emotional well-being of its residents (Carmona et al, 2003; Council of Europe, 2000; Jacobs, 1961). Nevertheless, 
the swift progress of contemporary urbanisation and industrialization is diminishing these communal bonds 
(Bradshaw, 2008). Oktay (2002) emphasises the need to cultivate an awareness of public spaces in rapidly 
developing urban areas, particularly where population densities are rising. This is because the quality, design, and 
architecture of urban spaces are vital in shaping the identity of a place (Bonaiuto et al., 1999; Madanipour, 1996). 



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When a community fosters a sense of purpose and belonging among its members, it can lead to favourable 
psychological outcomes (Haslam et al., 2009), as well as an elevated level of altruism and engagement in society 
(Grey & Stevenson, 2019; Wang et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020). Community participation refers to the voluntary 
engagement of individuals in community affairs and group activities (Xin, 2020). It fosters a sense of community, 
subjective well-being, and promotes community development (Christens, 2012; Christens et al., 2016). The 
presence of a strong community identity can be crucial under challenging situations, like the COVID-19 pandemic 
(Gillespie et al., 2016; Kwok et al., 2020). The significance of community identity in the welfare of its citizens 
and populations should not be overlooked especially in relation to community cohesion, which shall be explored 
as follows. 

2.2 Community Cohesion 

A cohesive community is characterised by the interaction between its constituent groups (Clarke et al., 2007; 
Wetherell et al., 2007). Cohesive societies possess a significant amount of what sociologists, like Putnam (2000), 
define as 'bridging social capital'. This refers to the presence of links between different groups, in addition to the 
associations within each individual group. Community attachment is a psychosocial phenomenon that involves 
meaningful and active social relationships. It is characterised by feelings of satisfaction with one's local area. 
Florida (2002) argues that in recent years, there has been a growing preference for weak social connections instead 
of robust community and family networks. Homeowners are increasingly opting for privacy and personal space, 
over social connections with neighbours (Blackshaw, 2010). Tam (2007) suggests that one reason for this is the 
decrease in engagement in collective activities beyond work, leading to a decline in involvement in activities that 
unite individuals around common interests. Furthermore, significant societal and economic transformations, along 
with substantial technical progress, have altered the configuration of human surroundings, and therefore, the 
locations we live in, frequent, and cherish (Vidal et al., 2012). Rorty (2007) proposed substituting and instituting 
the notion of community through alternative cultural practices. This would establish a collective basis for the post-
modern society by presenting an alternative viewpoint on community and the intricacies of cultural politics. 

The influence of modernity is clearly evident in Malta, particularly in our swiftly evolving urban areas, 
characterised by the proliferation of construction projects and the growth and variety of residential communities. 
The presence of immigrants in an established area has a significant effect on the social connections within the 
community, thereby diminishing the sense of trust and selflessness that contribute to the unity of the 
neighbourhood (Putnam, 2007; 2001). However, the diversification of residential areas also presents opportunities 
for good interaction, which in turn, increases levels of trust and unity (Laurence, 2009; Savelkoul et al., 2015; 
Sturgis et al., 2014). In general, individuals living in neighbourhoods undergoing diversification may encounter a 
range of outcomes, both advantageous and disadvantageous, contingent upon the nature and progression of social 
interactions. Establishing connections between older residents and more recent ones is crucial in minimising social 
isolation and lower levels of trust among neighbours (Stolle & Harell, 2013). In addition, considering the attributes 
of new individuals while evaluating a town's identity might result in the development of constructive interactions 
within the group (Haslam et al., 2003; Reicher et al., 2006). Local governments have the ability to exert a 
significant impact in fostering possibilities for community engagement. Despite their active involvement, local 
authorities have seen diminishing levels of trust from their citizens in recent years, primarily due to limited 
resources and governing authority (Kersting & Vetter, 2003; Lidström et al., 2016; Schaap & Daemen, 2012). 
Community identity and cohesion were two areas of interest in the study that shall be presented in this paper. Prior 
to delving into the study method and findings, basic information about Iklin shall be provided so as to set the 
context. 

2.3 The Community of Iklin 

Iklin, established in 1964, is located in a central area of Malta, bordered by major towns including Naxxar, San 
Ġwann, and Birkirkara. It is located in close proximity to important landmarks, such as the national hospital, Mater 
Dei Hospital, the University and several business establishments (Bonanno, 1981). The construction of Iklin's first 
house took place in 1954, making it the sole structure in the area for the subsequent 15 years. However, in the 
1960s and 1970s, the development of opulent villas began in the top section of the region. During the late 1970s 
and 1980s, additional advancements were made, notably in the lower region of the valley. One of the actions taken 
was the building of a bypass, which involved replacing a large amount of fertile land (Malta Local Government, 
n.d.).  

Despite experiencing significant growth since its establishment, Iklin still lacks many of the amenities commonly 
found in other cities and villages. The town does not possess any educational establishments and instead depends 
on schools located in nearby towns (Bonnici, 2009; Iklin Scout Group, n.d.). This holds significance that extends 



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beyond education, as schools not only provide education to the children of a community, but also serve as a crucial 
factor in uniting local families and promoting social unity (Engel, 2013). The parish church of Iklin, along with its 
pastoral centre, offers regular mass services and social activities (Quddies, 2020). However, unlike some other 
Maltese localities, Iklin does not organise its own annual feast dedicated to the local patron saint. This event, which 
fosters community cohesion and brings the community together, is held in various localities in Malta. The region 
is home to various businesses and coffee shops, however the coffee shops' opening hours mostly accommodate the 
offices and stores in the vicinity. Consequently, after regular working hours, residents must venture beyond their 
immediate area to fulfil their needs. 

According to the National Statistics Office (NSO) in 2022, Iklin had a population of 3,399 in 2021. In the 1960s 
and 1970s, the construction of high-end villas began in the region referred to as Upper Iklin. Further development 
took place in the latter end of the seventies and during the eighties. Iklin's footprint has been altered by recent 
modifications in construction legislation. The ongoing construction projects in the town are altering its aesthetic 
character and attracting a significant number of new people, resulting in rapid shifts within the community.  

This occurrence is widespread throughout a substantial part of Malta. Historically, towns and villages were 
established in close proximity to a central church that oversaw the town square, which served as the focal point of 
the community (Agius, 2018; Boissevain, 1986). Later, contemporary growth occurred on the outskirts of existing 
regions and typically followed a pattern of circular roads and intersecting streets, which were convenient for car 
travel but lacked distinctiveness (Boissevain, 1986). The emergence of these new urban areas has significantly 
influenced the characteristics of these towns. In the past decade, these towns have faced additional challenges due 
to a substantial increase in population and the substitution of typical two-story houses with taller buildings (Saliba, 
1998). These modifications have an impact on the utilisation of space in residential areas, hence influencing the 
individuality and social unity of these towns, as observed in Iklin and other places. 

3. Methods 

The research that guided this paper’s debate adopted a mixed-methods methodology. This comprised a three-fold 
data-gathering approach via questionnaire, interviews and focus group, through which this study sought to explore 
the trends, experiences and perceptions of major figures and citizens within this town.  

Quantitative data was collected via a questionnaire that was designed specifically to meet the objectives of the 
study, and which was distributed among residents. The questionnaire investigated resident demographics, 
participants’ civic and social participation in their community, and the meanings they attributed to this. The 
questionnaire was distributed via email through the Local Council, and was promoted on the Local Council’s social 
media channels. Additionally hard copies were also available from the Local Council offices and via the parish, 
and it was also publicised during mass. A total of 231 valid responses were received.  

Qualitative data was collected via interviews and a focus group. 15 interviews were held with residents and 
stakeholders, from formal and informal community groups, aiming to get insight into the community's identity and 
interest groups, as well as to uncover any pertinent issues and difficulties affecting the community. In addition, a 
focus group comprising residents and stakeholders was also held with 6 attendees. This was aimed at understanding 
the community from the views of its participants.  

Data gathered through interviews and focus groups was pseudonymised, and throughout the research, provisions 
were made for encrypted data handling and storage. Data was analysed using Excel and word. The qualitative data 
was analysed following guidance by Braun & Clarke (2006) to extract codes and themes and the main results shall 
be presented in the subsequent section. 

4. Findings 

Quantitative questionnaire data (data extracted from the original report of the study by Azzopardi & Formosa, 
2022) 

4.1 Demographic Findings  

231 replies were received to the resident questionnaires. Although not a representative sample, the reply rate was 
satisfactory and allowed the research team to examine trends among inhabitants. The Preliminary Report of the 
Census of Population and Housing held in 2021, places the current population of Iklin at 9318 in 2021, with an 
almost equal number of males as females (NSO, 2022). The gender split among respondents was also virtually 
equal, with 51% female participants, and 49% male participants. The largest age group amongst participants was 
61 to 80-year-olds (37%), none of whom had been brought up in the community of Iklin, although the majority 
had lived there for more than 8 years. This was followed by 31 to 40-year-olds (18%), 76% of whom were brought 
up in the community itself (Figure 1 refers). The majority of respondents were of Maltese nationality, while three 



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participants (i.e. 1.3%), stated that they were from Russia, Italy and Belarus respectively. Feedback from the 
interviews conveyed that a community of non-Maltese nationals is also present in Iklin, however these groups 
were not captured in the data. Meanwhile the National Statistics Office preliminary report on the 2021 population 
census (NSO, 2021) places the number of foreign-born persons living in Iklin at just under 12%. NSO 2021 also 
states that in 2011, just under 2% of the population of Iklin were foreigners, further testifying to the rapid changes 
that this township is going through.  

 

 
Figure 1. Age group distribution of questionnaire participants* 

 

In the main, residents of this area are educated, and in employment. Participant level of education was relatively 
evenly spread between postgraduate level of education (25.5%), secondary level of education (24%), post-
secondary/ vocational level of education (23%), and tertiary level of education (22.5%). Only 4% had a primary 
level of education, while 1% had a doctoral level of education. (Figure 2 refers). The majority of respondents were 
either in employment (45%) or retired - i.e. past employees (26%), while 10% were self-employed. Figure 3 refers.  

 

 
Figure 2. Levels of Education across questionnaire participants* 



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Figure 3. Employment status across questionnaire participants* 

 

46% of respondents reside in a household with children, followed by couples living together with no children 
(35%). 6% were from households caring for another family member, while 5% were individual occupants. Figure 
4 refers.  

 
Figure 4. Household Status of questionnaire participants* 

 

Since religion is a powerful connector, residents were also asked about their religion. 85% of participants were 
Roman Catholics, 10% reported that they did not practice a religion or were non-believers, and 3% were Christian, 
but not Catholic, such as Orthodox, Protestant, etc. Less than 1% of participants reported being from: Muslim, 
Buddhist or Humanist (non-religious), while less than 1% did not state their religious affiliation.  

4.2 Civic Participation and Social Spaces  

The questionnaire also examined patterns of civic participation among residents, and their attitudes towards social 
activities within their community. The majority (54%) of respondents did not participate in any civic activities, 
although 38% stated that they participate in activities related to the church, while 12% reported that they 
participated in civic activities organised by Local Government.  

Given that Iklin is divided into a number of rather different areas, each with their own diverse building 
characteristics and corresponding concerns, participants were asked what area they lived in. Figure 5 below, 
illustrates the areas that constitute the locality. The majority (52%) live in Area 5 – one of the more densely 
population areas of this community, where most of the town’s businesses are located. 28% live in Area 6, i.e. an 



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area housing a number of commercial stores, and which is also densely populated. The remaining participants live 
in the central or upper parts of the locality where larger residences such as villas are located, with less commercial 
buildings. None of the participants live in Area 2, which is mostly rural land.  

Since, as shown above, longevity of residence in a locality is correlated with a sense of belonging (Casakin et al., 
2015; Hui et al, 2012), length or residence was also explored. Over three quarters of participants (77%) reported 
having resided in the community for eight years or longer, 14% had resided there for 3-8 years, while 9% had lived 
in the locality there for less than three years. None were living in Iklin temporarily. Figure 6 refers. 84% of 
participants were born and bred in Iklin. All of these were of Maltese nationality and had spent their entire life 
living in Iklin. Amongst these, 38% were between 19-30 years old, 27% were aged 31-40, and 22% fell within the 
41-50 age range. Among the native Iklin residents, 5% were aged 51-60, while only 8% were below 18 years of 
age. Figure 7 refers.  

A number of reasons were given for choosing to live in Iklin. The most frequently cited reasons were its centrality, 
and a liking for its characteristics – as it was previously seen as clean, quiet and peaceful, however these comments 
were also accompanied by expressions of dismay for the changing character of Iklin. Proximity to family, 
accessible property prices (in the past), and the fact that services could easily be accessed in nearby towns were 
also mentioned as reasons for choosing the locality. Figure 8 refers.  

 

Figure 5. Distribution of participants according to the map presented to questionnaire participants to indicate 
which area they reside in* 

 
Figure 6. Length of period of residency in Iklin as reported by questionnaire participants* 

7% 0% 

11% 2% 

52% 28%



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Figure 7. Age group distribution of questionnaire participants who were brought up in the community of Iklin* 

 

 
Figure 8. Reasons for living in Iklin as expressed by questionnaire participants in order of frequency of reason* 

 

4.3 Levels of Satisfaction 

When asked how satisfied they were with where they live and also with their life in general, the majority of 
respondents stated that they were overall satisfied with both their place of residence (Iklin) and with life in general, 
although life satisfaction scores were higher than locality satisfaction scores. Table 1 refers.  

 

Table 1. Distribution of respondents’ self-evaluation of their level of satisfaction with living in their locality and 
with their life in general* 

Participant Levels of Satisfaction with their Locality vs Life in General  
Attitude  Satisfaction with chosen locality of 

residence - % 
Satisfaction with life in 
general % 

Positive Attitude 
(Most satisfied + Satisfied) 
 

56.5% 64.5% 

Neutral Attitude  
(Neither Satisfied nor 
Dissatisfied)  
 

27% 22.5% 

Negative Attitude 
(Least satisfied + Dissatisfied) 

16.5% 13% 

Total 100% 100 % 
 



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Despite high place of residence and life satisfaction, relatively low civic participation indicates that a lack of sense 
of community is present among residents of Iklin. In order to examine what changes residents may wish to see in 
their chosen locality of residence, they were asked to select what amenities or features they wish to see more of in 
future. By far the most resounding response was that residents wished for more access to green spaces. Almost 
90% of participants replied that they wish to see more green areas in their locality, which was followed by almost 
70% who stated that they wished for more open spaces. This suggests that the low civic participation is driven by 
a lack of common open spaces where residents can interact and get to know each other in informal non-structured 
activities. Additionally, 35% expressed a desire for an outdoor gym and 28% reported wanting more amenities and 
outdoor spaces for children. 24% said that they would like to have more cafes in the area, while a further 24% 
requested better public transport, and 21% expressed a wish for more services for youths. Figure 9 refers. 

 

Figure 9. What Iklin residents would like to see more of according to questionnaire responses* 

 

Although not representative of the general population, the quantitative data captured by the questionnaire reveals 
patterns about the residents of Iklin. Similar to the gender split within the general population, residents were pretty 
equally divided between male and female respondents, the largest age group was that of 61 to 80-year-olds, 
followed by 31 to 40-year-olds, and residents are mainly of Maltese nationality (98.7%). The majority are Roman 
Catholics (85%). The questionnaire also revealed that most residents live in family groups or couples (46% living 
in a household with children and 35% living as couples with no children), and that in the main they are educated, 
and employed or retired. The extent of residents’ civic participation is however relatively low, indicating a lack of 
community cohesion despite high levels of satisfaction with their locality and their life in general.  

The questionnaire data hinted at a lack of community spirit among residents of Iklin. Although most of the 
questionnaire respondents (84%) were native inhabitants, the town was often referred to as one that lacks a 
collective identity. Despite high self-reported levels of satisfaction with their chosen locality of residence, and 
high life satisfaction rating, low civic participation indicates that the factors that contribute to community cohesion 
are lacking. 

These indications were examined more closely via the qualitative data captured through the focus groups and 
interviews, during which residents and stakeholders expressed their views, experiences and voiced their concerns 
and desires for their locality. This data shall be presented as follows.  

Participants’ perspectives – Findings from the focus groups and interviews with residents and stakeholders (themes 
extracted from the original report of the study by Azzopardi & Formosa, 2022) 

The interviews and focus groups engaged with residents to explore their views and experiences of community 
identity and cohesion. Thematic examination of the data revealed four themes that residents and stakeholders 

Green Areas
87%

Public Spaces

69%

Outdoor Gym & 
Amenities for Children

35% & 28%

Cafés
24%

Public Transport & 
Services for Youth

24% & 21%



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considered to be at the root of this sense of lack of community identity: A lack of shared activities and shared 
spaces; family ties outside the community; a division into areas or districts having different urban organisations 
and reflecting different lifestyles; the rapidly changing nature of the township to accommodate a new, more densely 
packed way of living. These shall be explored in the forthcoming sections. 

4.4 Lack of Shared Spaces and Activities 

Across both the interviews and the Focus Group a common theme was the lack of shared activities and lack of 
shared public spaces. By far the greatest lament was a lack of access to green spaces.  

“We don’t have enough trees. [...] There’s a considerable lack”. (Participant 5) 

[We would like to see] “Green spaces, because they bring people together. Picnic areas, places to walk 
out dogs, where to have a seat in the sun” (Participant 4) 

Several participants described how the area was originally largely rural in nature, and how streets used to be fronted 
by gardens but that now the whole town is being built up. They expressed their dissatisfaction with the current 
lack of available spots for walking, children's play areas, meeting places for young people, and spaces for families 
to assemble for recreational and social activities. 

“We were so proud of our road, the whole road had long front gardens with the houses behind. Now 
at the gardens are being built up. Next door there is a wall so instead of being able to enjoy the view, 
it is all built up. My neighbours have moved out. I hope the property won’t be bought up by a 
contractor who will turn it into a condo. From here to the bottom, all the properties have been built 
up, all the way to the street.” (Participant 17) 

“I would like to see Iklin full of trees, everywhere green, with more places for people to go out and where 
they can have a place for entertainment, like gardens. And I’d like that we have at least one place - not 
like a bar - but where people can meet, like a social club”. (Participant 10) 

This echoes findings from the questionnaire, where the overwhelming majority listed having more green spaces 
as one of their most sought-after desires for their town. Several participants felt that the lack of spaces to mingle 
was impacting stress levels and mental wellbeing, on top of exposure to noise and air pollution.  

Additionally, a number of of community features that are staples in other towns and villages in Malta and Gozo 
are either lacking in Iklin or very limited. Often, enterprising community leaders and residents work very hard to 
expand nascent organisations; however, they face the hurdles of lack of community interest and competition from 
larger competitors in neighbouring towns. For example, Iklin does not really hold a local festa. This is a major 
civic event, deeply embedded in Maltese culture, and is a notable opportunity for socialising. The traditional Maltese 
village festa is a celebration of the local patron saint, organised by the parish (Malta.com, 2019). Iklin does not have 
a festa in the traditional sense, with marching brass bands, fireworks, street food vendors and town-wide celebrations. 
Iklin’s festa, was described by participants as a humble, indoor celebration. Moreover, although there was consensus 
that this event can help with community cohesion, participants were undecided about the need for a traditional type 
of festa and, a number seemed to be quite satisfied with the status quo, or even preferred to do without. 

"Festa is non-existent. Festas bring even kids together. It’s an excuse for kids to go out. You get to know 
people, even adults" (Participant 4) 

Likewise, although Iklin does have a small football club and Scouts group, both face a lack of potential members 
due to the small population of Iklin, and competition from other larger football clubs in neighbouring areas. In fact, 
participation figures for both entities, are below the expected figure for the size of the community, both in terms 
of young participants, as well as adult volunteers. 

“We thought that there would be far more intertest in children’s football, especially since there are a number 
of young families in the area. We expected that more children from Iklin would participate, but in fact this is 
nto the case, because we only have about 10 children out of a group of about 102-130. WE only have a small 
number of participants from Iklin.” (Participant 2) 

The parish serves as the primary catalyst of the town's collective endeavours, accommodating various age 
demographics. For example, the parish-run Żgħażagħ Azzjoni Kattolika (Catholic Action Youth) known as ŻAK, 
is geared towards youth and currently serves about 60 youngsters. Remarkably, in a town where residents 
consistently perceive a lack of community spirit, participants believed that this group fostered a sense of 
community specifically for young people. The Group 60 Plus, which is run by elderly volunteers, organises weekly 
social gatherings, mass, light snacks, and other initiatives, and currently caters for about 25-30 people. This is 



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currently the only ongoing initiative catering for elderly town citizens. Participants expressed how more activities 
aimed at the elderly were needed, as these would help reduce loneliness and create connections. 

“The Catholic Action Youth Group] brings people together. It tries to give youth circumstances and exposure, 
as much as possible, and there is appreciation for youth. […] The youngsters feel more like they are part of 
the community”. (Participant 5) 

“[Through the Catholic Action Youth Group], it has become more of a community, from the perspective of 
a parish”. (Participant 5) 

Moreover, participants reported that the town does not have public spaces for residents to gather, and several stated 
that the small playground in the village centre was not enough.  

“It doesn’t have a village core […] You can’t go to a square, Even Balzan has this, and Attard, and 
there’s the community there. Here there is a little church, but it’s kind of between 2 roads. It lacks a 
heart.” (Participant 9) 

“There aren’t areas for entertainment. Not even gardens, for example, clubs, shops where you can 
go for a coffee or something, we don’t have this ... I think for older people, so that they can meet up 
for example after mass and go for a coffee, it would help.” (Participant 14) 

Although the Local Government organises cultural and social events, as does the Parish Church, these were also 
considered by many as not being sufficient or adequate to bring residents together, highlighting the need for these 
to be developed further. Several respondents said that they would appreciate it if more activities such as exhibitions 
and talks were to be organised. 

As evidenced by their statements, the residents do wish for more spaces and activities that would bring them 
together. However, interestingly, some participants did express a contrary opinion by opting to appreciate the 
privacy and relative anonymity that the town provides.  

“Here people are independent, everyone takes care of their own affairs, like. ‘Hello’ and ‘goodbye’, 
you speak, maybe you see someone, say a few words and that’s it. Like there is no need for a lot of 
confidences. You come and go into you house” (Participant 6) 

Buys & Bow (2002) found that high levels of trust among inhabitants increase social capital and community 
cohesion, but also that high levels of privacy can serve to reduce social bonding and place attachment within 
communities. The authors argue that a lack of community cohesion can result when neighbours place more value 
on their privacy than on shared experiences.  

4.5 Ties Outside the Locality 

Another theme that emerged from the data was its connection with neighbouring localities. A number of 
respondents explained the deficiency in community identity as being brought about by the fact that many families 
still have connections to family, friends and services in other localities. The central location of Iklin in Malta is a 
great advantage to residents; however it comes at an uncomfortable price. While several participants identified the 
town’s centrality as being one of the main reasons for their choice of residence, they also pointed out that the town 
is well-serviced by the adjacent localities and amenities such as San Anton Gardens, and that this easy availability 
drives them outside their community to satisfy several needs. Yet conversely, this also creates a lack of demand 
for these services or amenities within their community, with the result that potential connections are lost. Some 
participants expressed a desire for more in-house facilities, particularly among older residents, who hoped to see 
more services such as butchers, greengrocers, hairdressers and others. However, residents generally tended to 
prioritise having open, green and public spaces, which they place above having services directly in-town. 

“And this is one of the difficulties we face in Iklin. A lot of things – if it’s a bank, we don’t have a bank, I 
have to go elsewhere. Now we don’t even have a butcher, you have to go elsewhere to buy your meat. There 
are things that are missing” (Participant 5) 

The town’s centrality also has a major drawback, echoed unfailingly by all participants: traffic. Particularly among 
older people, this aspect seems to significantly affect their quality of life. Participants frequently expressed 
concerns over noise and air pollution, emphasising both health concerns and immediate problems such as reckless 
driving and continuous traffic congestion.  

4.6 Division into Distinct Districts 

Participants also mentioned that the community of Iklin is made up of very distinct areas, each with its own 
characteristics, which in turn affects the lifestyle of the residents. 



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“I see Iklin divided into 3 or 4 different parts…there is the part by the Church, that’s by itself, there 
is the part near JB, that’s isolated from the rest. And there is upper Iklin, also set apart. So the 
community is already more divided that other localities”. (Participant 10) 

“There are different strata of people who live in Iklin. […] Even, their way of living. […] The 
difference between the people from up there and those that live in the area around the Church can be 
felt…”. (Participant 2) 

The upper portion of Iklin is primarily comprised of expansive villas featuring driveways, high walls demarcating 
residences, and potentially reduced neighbourly interaction. In contrast, the lower portion of Iklin features 
residential buildings that may be more compact and that experience congested parking concerns, abundant 
commercial activity, and the rapid development of apartment blocks. Inhabitants tended to differentiate between 
three types of zones: the 'villa' zone (located in the upper portion of the town), the 'Church' zone (located in the 
heart of Iklin), which is more domestic, and the commercial zone (located in the lower portion of the city). Each 
of these regions possesses unique attributes. Participants residing in the central and lower regions, characterised 
by dense commercial activity and close proximity to major roads, frequently highlight concerns pertaining to traffic 
congestion, debris, parking, and road maintenance, in addition to the resulting effects on the market value of their 
properties. To a lesser extent, residents of the Central region shared some of these, and were unconcerned by any 
underlying disparities that existed between the regions. Conversely, inhabitants residing in the upper region, 
although still profoundly appalled by the evolving character of the town, experienced comparatively lesser 
repercussions from concerns such as the changes induced by extensive construction. Nevertheless, the mere 
perception of separate regions failed to foster community unity or a shared sense of identity. 

4.7 A Changing Urban Landscape 

In addition to all the factors listed above, several participants also mentioned that, like several other areas in Malta, 
Iklin is experiencing rapid changes. Changes in construction permits have enabled a denser urban development 
(Debono, 2022), so that in Iklin, as elsewhere, new construction practices have changed the character of the town, 
particularly with the erection of buildings that are higher than the traditional two-storeys.  

“When I moved here, all the buildings were the same height … there was a very pretty aspect. The 
bottom part of Iklin was made up of terraced houses, there was a certain uniformity, so in the 
streetscape and skyscape there as a certain tranquillity, a serenity, a peace, with the back gardens, it 
was very pretty. Then suddenly, the terraced houses were demolished, unfortunately, and blocks of 
flats are being put up in their place” (Participant 2) 

“The beautiful houses that made l-Iklin, I don’t know, in the 80’s and 90’s - one after the other, they just go 
down” (Participant 1) 

Additionally, this has resulted in a surge in the number of inhabitants, giving rise to a community dynamic 
characterised by individuals whose levels of affiliation with the locality vary. A number of participants stated that 
the town's original topography consisted almost exclusively of terraced dwellings embellished with private gardens. 
They also noted that the region had a number of pristine rural areas until recently. Several people lamented the 
absence of urban planning and believed that the town was progressively eroding the distinctiveness and aesthetic 
that were once associated with the area. 

The widespread and rapid changes also brought a sequence of other transformations. New developments have 
exacerbated the already strained parking situation, while also impacting the town’s sense of community. Similarly, 
the changing town composition and population increase, have given rise to issues such as litter and further pressure 
on the infrastructure. In the following section, these findings shall be explained against a backdrop of extant 
literature. 

5. Discussion 

The importance of having a sense of community is one that features extensively in the literature. As seen from the 
review of literature, place attachment and aesthetics are drivers of community identity (Kyle et al., 2004; Manahasa 
& Manahasa, 2020), fostering community cohesion through functionality and connection (Shao et al., 2017). 
Changes in urban development, planning and density are bringing new challenges to our towns and villages and 
to the preservation of community identities. The case study of Iklin sheds light on the values to which residents 
attach significance, and what connectors they perceive as leading to a functional community, as opposed to merely 
living in a locality.  

The study of Iklin revealed several areas of importance – these shall be discussed in this section and exemplar 
quotes shall be included, which have been extracted from the original report of the study by Azzopardi & Formosa 



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(2022). Primarily the findings showed that the most sought-after value was a request for green spaces. The 
prominent desire for green spaces was consistent and to such a degree that any decrease in the limited, available 
greenery is immediately noted, such as the pruning or cutting down of trees. Another significant request was for 
more public spaces and places of leisure, where residents could relax, entertain themselves, and interact.  

“... or a small picnic area, four benches, so that our lings can get some air, because there were four trees, 
they uprooted them and paved everything over” (Participant 17) 

Residents felt that the fast pace of recent developments was depriving them of open spaces, greenery and shared 
areas. This is compounded by an accompanying absence of home-grown celebrations, which leaves them feeling 
unconnected to their locality. A sensitivity to residents’ needs, and effort to include space for shared activity is 
vital, particularly given the fast pace of current development in the Maltese islands, in order to preserve and 
strengthen the social bonds of the locality.  

The example of Iklin also shows that when residents are forced, by necessity or convenience, to seek services and 
amenities outside their town of residence, they miss out on the chance to create meaningful connections within 
their community. A further factor that impacts community cohesion and sustains the setting up of boundaries 
between people, is variance in typology within localities. When residents perceive different areas as having 
different values, distinct from the main or more densely populated area, it becomes more challenging to maintain 
feelings of concord. This could intensify the lack of integration instigated by a lack of common spaces in which to 
interact, and by the large-scale seeking of services outside the locality of residence. These views are significant in 
view of the fact that although in Iklin, satisfaction with place of residence and life in general was found to be high, 
participation in civic life was wanting. The experience in Iklin shows that inhabiting common spaces and activities 
with others in one’s locality prompts the creation of networks within the community, which research shows is vital 
to mental as well as physical wellbeing (Hodges & Gore, 2019; Ortiz-Ospina & Roser, 2020). On the other hand, 
however, the Iklin study also highlighted that privacy and anonymity are also valued features of modern life. 
Although initially the two may seem to be contradictory, the dichotomy of private house and public shared space 
can certainly coexist since they inhabit different spheres of life. The Australian Government (2010) defines 
territorial privacy as limiting intrusion into the home or other areas, including public areas. Buys and Bow (2002) 
add that in the context of communities, privacy means granting selected access to one’s self. This idea of granting 
controlled access and setting boundaries upon outside intrusion into the private sphere of one’s life, fits well with 
the experiences described by Iklin’s residents. Rather than desiring to not have contact with neighbours, persons 
living in Iklin expressed a clear wish for more shared public spaces where they can interact with their neighbours. 
Thus, instead of wishing to reduce trust and social capital, they rather aspire to have designated spaces, where the 
urban infrastructure can lead to safe interactions with neighbours.  

Hence, the sense of community and togetherness among a population of people is influenced not only by 
external circumstances, but also by a considerable number of internal elements. Creating a feeling of togetherness 
among a group of varied persons can be difficult if the members of that community lack common interests. Mere 
proximity in a neighbourhood is insufficient to develop a meaningful relationship. It is crucial to consider common 
experiences and ideals. Furthermore, although many inhabitants crave a sense of community, they also strongly 
prioritise the importance of privacy and personal space which clearly clashes with the strong push for urban 
development, not just in this specific community but all over the Maltese Archipelago. The effectiveness of 
cultivating a sense of community in this particular situation may rely on innovative and original methods of 
understanding and delineating the qualities and characteristics that form that community. The establishment of a 
novel community notion can be accomplished by employing alternative cultural activities that incorporate 
traditional initiatives and re-evaluating them in the context of contemporary circumstances. For instance, online 
tools can adapt to the rapid changes in society and digital environments, allowing for the formation of community 
ties in a virtual setting. This may be particularly attractive to younger individuals and organisations who want a 
more secluded approach. Additional innovative options could involve the implementation of roof or vertical 
gardens on newly constructed buildings, which could be used to hold discussions and events. Whilst traditional 
activities such as the village festa, may be one way of enhancing the community identity and cohesion, this may 
not necessarily be aligned with what the residents want, as per the mixed feelings about this event that emerged 
from the findings of the study. Hence, contemporary and diverse activities that cater for different age groups and 
constituents need to be considered and planned carefully to avoid overwhelming the residents. These may be ways 
of facilitating community interaction whilst ensuring that the residents’ highlighted need for privacy is not 
threatened, as that would have a negative impact on any initiative for interaction.  



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In the end, communities, whether geographical, virtual or otherwise, provide opportunities for connection. These 
interactions, especially given the rising rates of loneliness and mental health challenges, are vital for individuals' 
quality of life.  

5.1 Recommendations 

Throughout this paper, several recommendations have already been provided within each area of discussion. 
Additionally, as guided by the Community Cohesion and Participation Framework by Involve (2024), other 
initiatives may be considered, such as the need of:  

- Charting the area of the locality in a comprehensive manner in order to ensure that no group in the 
community is unintentionally excluded from the scheduled activities. This is particularly important in 
relation to groups whose perspectives may be presently being marginalised in decision-making 
processes, such as non-Maltese residents, commuters who are unable to attend events during the day, 
young people and newcomers. 

- Integration of input from the community into policy cycles and establishing mechanisms for public 
participation in policy consultations and community planning. 

- Identification of the formal and informal networks, including residents' associations, faith groups, 
parent groups, sports organisations, and community activists, that are present in the area. Importantly, 
any interactions or overlaps amongst these entities need to be considered, as well as the identification of 
ways of facilitating the interaction between diverse networks and organisations. 

- Identification of catalyst-figures in the community, referring to individuals who play a pivotal role in 
uniting people. The networks, expertise, and experiences of these individuals may be a great asset in 
enhancing community cohesion. 

- Increased awareness of where individuals are currently engaging in social interactions within the 
community and subsequently considering how these social hubs could serve as connecting points for 
community organisations seeking to collaborate with residents or as locations to bring community 
members together.  

Additionally, the findings of this study shed light on the need for future research in this area. Primarily, there is a 
dire need for action research to design, implement and evaluate techniques and activities that could enhance the 
community identity and cohesion of this particular town. Using pragmatic and enjoyable research methods such 
as the World Cafe may be an effective way of bringing residents together whilst eliciting recommendations for 
improving their town and its identity. Finally, this study has shown how important it is to explore residents' 
perceptions of a community's identity and cohesion, as well as the impact on their quality of life. It would also be 
beneficial if this study is replicated across other communities since it is an effective way of getting in touch with 
what people need and want to lead a satisfactory life within their area of residence.  

5.2 Limitations of the Research Design 

Despite best efforts, the questionnaire response rate was not high enough to be statistically representative of the 
community of Iklin. However, although the questionnaire data cannot statistically be deemed to represent all of 
the township’s population, it reveals trends among them. Additionally, although the questionnaire was open to 
participation by all of the community’s residents, participation was on a voluntary basis, therefore was dependent 
on individual choice. Furthermore, the selection of interview and focus group members was mostly based on initial 
consultations with the Local Government and Parish Church of the town. In order to ensure representation of 
different sectors within the community, such as from local business, small enterprises and community groups, 
efforts were made to reach out to such entities, however unfortunately these did not result in increased participation. 
The views represented may therefore not be wholly representative, or inclusive of all sectors of the community. 
Thus, despite every attempt to ensure representation of a wide variety of community players and stakeholders, 
harder-to-reach groups may not be entirely represented.  

6. Conclusions 

Informed by the findings of a case study of Iklin, this discussion argues that among the values that residents hold 
most dear are access to green spaces, common areas for shared activities, dedication of planning attention to urban 
cohesion, and integration of older typologies in urban planning. A consequence of the construction of the apartment 
blocks that replace the more traditional terraced houses of the past, is a changing of the layout and character of the 
locality, together with changing demographics. The rapid influx of new residents may bring difficulties but it also 
offers opportunities. Despite the quantitative data showing that residents enjoy a high place of residence and life 
satisfaction, relatively low civic participation indicates that a lack of sense of community is present among 



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residents of Iklin. Initiatives such as cultural events may enhance community cohesion and create opportunities 
for regular socialising amongst the older and newer residents.  

This paper recommends that future urban developments keep the keen demand for green spaces at the heart of any 
changes to the urban fabric, as well as prioritising the creation of spaces for leisure which would allow residents 
to meet and interact. Creating scenarios for resident interaction would help preserve community identity and assist 
cohesion notwithstanding demographic changes in the locality. Additionally, engaging residents and local 
government in planning, and giving local government greater jurisdiction over new developments or town 
extensions would encourage civic participation, as well as increasing the likelihood of preserving community 
cohesion. Consideration also needs to be given to the presence of basic services and amenities within the 
community, as otherwise localities remain little more than a collection of dwellings that do not offer residents 
much beyond a roof over their head.  

This paper has examined how diverse factors may make the residents of Malta’s towns and villages feel integrated 
with or estranged from their communities. Given that human beings are social animals that seek to create bonds 
with their environments and communities, preserving and strengthening these bonds and imparting a sense of 
belonging, would make our towns cohesive and fruitful environments that go beyond being mere conglomerations 
of dwellings.  

Acknowledgements 

This paper was produced following a research project carried out by the Faculty for Social Wellbeing at the 
University of Malta and commissioned by the Iklin Local Government. Special acknowledgement goes to the Iklin 
Local Council and Council members Dr Dorian Sciberras, Mayor; Mrs Yvonne Bartolo, Deputy Mayor; 
Councillors Ms Bernice Farrugia, Mr Emanuel Zammit and Mr Godwin Catania; and Executive Secretary Mr 
Etienne Montfort. The authors would also like to thank all the residents of Iklin and the stakeholders who took 
part in the research. 

*Note: These figures were obtained from the research report of this study, available from 
https://localgovernmentdivision.gov.mt/ and https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/100334 

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