




































 Humanities and Social Science Research; Vol. 2, No. 4; 2019 
ISSN 2576-3024   E-ISSN 2576-3032 

https://doi.org/10.30560/hssr.v2n4p34 

 34 Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

The Holistic Rehabilitation Model for Drug Addicts, Phubbing and 
Conduct Disorder in Boarding Schools 

Adhi Iman Sulaiman1, Agoeng Noegroho2, Suryanto3 & Sri Weningsih4 

1 Department of Communication Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia 
2 Master Program of Communication Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia 
3 Departement of Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia 
4 Indonesia Open University in Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia 
Correspondence: Dr. Adhi Iman Sulaiman, Departement of Communication Science, Jl. HR Boenyamin No.993, 
Purwokerto Sub-District, Central Java Province. E-mail: adhi.2005unsoed gmail.com 
 
Received: October 22, 2019; Accepted: November 18, 2019; Published: November 23, 2019 
 
The research is financed by Institute for Research and Community Service in Jenderal Soedirman University. 
 
Abstract 
Human resources are important for the process of achieving development goals in addition to natural and economic 
resources, but by the cases of drug abuse and addiction as well as phubbing and conduct disorder among children 
and adolescents make serious problems and threats to the progress of national development. The boarding school 
has the function as an educational and social institution that actively carries out prevention and rehabilitation of 
drug abuse and conduct disorders. The research aims to creat the holistic rehabilitation models for drug addicts, 
phubbing, and conduct disorder in boarding school. The study used qualitative research method of phenomenology 
by determining informants purposively including foundation management, clients or rehabilitation patients, and 
counselors or assistants. The research location took place at the Nurul Firdaus Islamic Boarding School as 
rehabilitation center in Kertaraharja Village, Panumbangan District, Ciamis Regency, West Java Province of 
Indonesia. Data were collected by direct observation, dialogue and documentation. Data analysis is carried out 
through interactive models with stages of data collection, reducing, verification, triangulation, categorization and 
making conclusions. The results of the study showed that Nurul Firdaus Islamic Boarding School (1) Categorize 
and accept clients affected by drug abuse and addiction, phubbing, also conduct disorder. (2) Perform persuasive 
and therapeutic communication in holistic rehabilitation methods including medical, non-medical such as spiritual, 
herbal, cupping, and acupuncture, as well as therapeutic methods with psychotherapy and hypnotherapy. (3) Post 
rehabilitation as an important part in preventing further reusing of drugs, phubbing and conduct disorder by 
providing positive and productive media of interaction such as activities in the fields of education, entrepreneurship, 
sports, and becoming social activist organizations. 
Keywords: drug addicts, education, boarding school, holistic rehabilitation, spiritual 
1. Introduction 
Human resource development becomes a determining factor in the process and achieving development goals in 
addition to natural, social and economic resources. Susanto (2009), Widodo et al. (2012) and Notoatmodjo (2015) 
stated that a nation's important and primary capital are human resources and natural resources, but human resources 
are more important in determining to utilize other resources and improve the welfare of the community.  
However, there are obstacles and threats in development, one of which is drug abuse among adolescents and is 
included in the category of extraordinary crime that threatens the world and can be used as a weapon in the proxy 
war to paralyze the nation's power, because the average number in Indonesia is 40-50 people die per day (RRI 
2018) or 15,000 people per year in 2018. According to the 2017 of National Narcotics Agency executive summary 
survey of drug abuse Indonesia had an estimated number of narcotic abusers of 3.8 million to 4.1 million people 
or around 2.10% to 2.25% of the total population and 3,376,115 people in the 10-59 year age group in 2017 and 
in 2018 the age range was between 15-35 years, and specifically among students in a sample of 13 provincial 
capitals in Indonesia, 2.29 million people (source: bnn.go.id). 



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Drug abuse has major implications for the health and social and economic losses of the country. All the informants 
had willing to quit by rehabilitation, but it was still difficult and they reused drugs. That was because they were 
still influenced by the environment in which they lived. According to Hawari (2006), Martono and Joewana (2008) 
and Noegroho et al. (2018) an individual who has a narcotics dependency will experience a mental disorder and 
no longer be able to control himself naturally in his life that is the destruction of the social function to interact with 
society normally, loss of work, school, and unable to control himself or being frustrated. 
People are prone to drug abuse and become worse at narcotics abuse. Narcotics abuse has attacked the generation 
of children and young people (Nur'artavia, 2017) who are the successors of development, thus this becomes a 
threat in the weakening of the nation. According to study results done by Salatun and Mina (2019) it is found that 
teenagers are vulnerable for drug abuse. Sinring and Aryani (2013) argues that the reasons are: (1) they are unstable, 
and quickly affected; (2) they have urge to try things; (3) they want to be accepted among their friends, (4) they 
get frustrated easily; (5) they want to escape from the problem. 
Therefore the context of the study in this article is the importance of prevention as early as possible not only by 
strict law enforcement, but also by providing counseling and community empowerment from the government and 
civil society to provide motivation, understanding mindset and mental attitude for the general public, and addicts 
or ex addicts so as to prevent the danger of drug abuse. According to Kurniawansyah (2014) it is impossible to 
carry out development individually especially in remote area, instead there must be colaboration between the 
government that must accommodate the aspirations and the community.  
The government has issued a serious policy in preventing narcotics abuse, namely Presidential Instruction No. 12 
of 2011 concerning the Implementation of National Policies and Strategies for the Prevention and Eradication of 
Drug Abuse and Circulation in 2011-2015 to achieve "Indonesia a Drug-Free Country" by issuing program on the 
prevention and eradication of drug abuse which stands for national policy and strategy Prevention and Eradication 
of Narcotics Abuse and Circulation. This is a form of seriousness and joint commitment of all elements of society, 
nation and state that focus on drug prevention so that students have mindset, mental attitude, and are able to reject 
and prevent the circulation of drugs. Furthermore this implements empowerment to create an educational and 
campus environment that free from drug abuse and circulation. 
The research focuses on solving the problem of the drug abuse that is not only resolved by law enforcement but 
also by preventive efforts as early as possible both before and after the incident. On one side, former drug addicts 
as victims must be helped or rescued, they should not be exiled, given a negative stigma and become a marginalized 
community. If this continues, the former drug addicts will be increasingly distant, trapped and frustrated and 
become enemies of the community.  
The prevention for former drug addicts is not only through treatment with psychology and health rehabilitation, 
but also through social and economic rehabilitation in the form of implementing empowerment and mentoring 
programs that can restore the spirit of life, mental attitude, willing or life expectancy, creativity and productivity 
to continue a new, better life. Based on this the author is interested in analyzing medical, non-medical (spiritual 
and herbal) holistic rehabilitation, psychology and hypnotherapy for drug abuse and addiction, social media and 
juvenile delinquency in the Boarding School of Nurul Firdaus Panumbangan, Ciamis Regency, West Java Province. 
The author has conducted a preliminary and advanced study on the prevention of drug abuse and addiction based 
on the results of the study and research of the author from 2016 to 2018. There are boarding school namely the 
Nurul Ichsan Al Islami Foundation led by KH Achmad Ichsan in Kalimanah and An Nur Foundation led by KH 
Supono Mustajab in Bobotsari, Purbalingga Regency, Central Java, that play a role in the prevention, control and 
rehabilitation of drug abuse and mental disorders caused by technology negative influence. Nurul Ichsan Al Islami 
and An Nur rehabilitate drug addicts and mental disorders by means of (1) Medical where the drug addicts are 
examined by a special doctor and treated overnight or can also be treated routinely in a hospital that has been 
appointed by the National Narcotics Agency and the Ministry of Social Affairs. (2) Rehabilitation of drug abuse 
is conducted in institutions, foundations and boarding schools that have been officially appointed and become 
partners National Narcotics Agency and the Ministry of Social Affairs, both in-patient and outpatient and non-
medical patient are given herbal and spiritual handling. (3) Social and economic rehabilitation for former drug 
addicts who have been declared no longer addicted to narcotics, they are given theraphy of social and economic 
activities so that they have enthusiasm, knowledge and skills and can be accepted or resocialized with family, 
groups and communities. 
Thus the main arguments can be made based on background, context and focus as well as preliminary studies that 
show rehabilitation with psychology, psychotherapy, medical and non-medical herbal and spiritual is a holistic 



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rehabilitation that is important and comprehensive which needs to be examined specifically in the boarding school 
of Nurul Firdaus Panoongan, Kertaraharja Village, Panumbangan District, Ciamis Regency, West Java Province. 
2. Method 
Research methods that are appropriate for the situation and condition of the subject as well as the research location 
at the Islamic Boarding School Foundation for drug rehabilitation, are the constructivist paradigm and 
phenomenological methods so as to construct the meaning of reality experienced by research subjects in a 
dialogical and in-depth manner (Kuswarno, 2009); (Ghony & Almanshur, 2012).  
The location of the study was determined based on preliminary study results, that was the rehabilitation of narcotics 
in Nurul Firdaus boarding school at Kertaraharja Village, Panumbangan District, Ciamis Regency, West Java 
Province of Indonesia as an alternative place for non-medical and spiritual rehabilitation of Narcotics addicts. 
Research subjects are determined by purposive sampling included the chairman and administrators of the 
foundation or boarding school, drug addict clients who were in the process of rehabilitation, former addicts and 
assistants such as addiction counselors and volunteer counselors. Data collection is taken through persuasive and 
informal (dialogical) approaches and communication, documentation, and direct observation. Research analysis is 
done through interactional analysis (Miles & Hubermen, 2013) by collecting data, reducing, verification, 
triangulation, categorization and drawing conclusions. 
3. Results 
The danger of drug abuse is a serious obstacle and threat to the development process, especially the development 
of Human Resources that will damage the mental psychology, common sense and behavior or character, especially 
generation of the nation and create increasingly massive marginal groups namely drug addicts and ex-addicts. 
Therefore the responsibility of overcoming the problem of narcotics abuse is not only the responsibility of the 
government in this case the National Narcotics Agency in the region and the Police , but also the universities.  
The active role of universities is needed as an educational institution that prevent and control the narcotics through 
studies, research and community service as well as partnerships with National Narcotics Agency and social 
education institutions such as Islamic boarding schools. The result is that boarding school is not only an educational 
institution but also a social institution that has an important role in helping to overcome community problems in 
this case the problem of drug abuse and addiction, phubbing and psychiatric disorders. 
Nurul Firdaus Islamic Boarding School (Ponpes) is located in Panoongan, Kertaraharja Village, Panumbangan 
District, Ciamis Regency, West Java Province. Nurul Firdaus Islamic Boarding School is a type of Boarding Based 
School that was inspired by Shaykh Abdullah bin Nur Muhammad, founder of Suryalaya Islamic Boarding School. 
Nurul Firdaus was led by Dr. Gumilar in 2000 and was only able to open a formal education institution in 2009 by 
recruiting religious teachers from Suryalaya Islamic Boarding School. 
Nurul Firdaus Islamic Boarding School not only provides a place for narcotics rehabilitation and addiction to social 
media and mental disorders but also has complete educational institutions (school) from Early Childhood Religious 
Education, Elementary School, Junior High School, and Teaching Training Schools and Islamic Boarding Schools . 
Nurul Firdaus Islamic Boarding School handles drug addiction rehabilitation and psychiatric disorders as in 
previous research (2016-2018) Nurul Ichsan Al Islami Kalimanah and An Nur Bobotsari Purbalingga District 
(Noegroho et al., 2018).  
Nurul Firdaus accepts clients who are so addicted to social media such as online games and chatting that they 
forget time, duties or rights and obligations. They rarely interact directly and barely do activities in the real world. 
Symptoms of social media addiction according to Nurul Firdaus is a dangerous disorder similar to drug addiction 
called Phubbing. Phubbing is a term refering to individuals who do not want to interact and mingle with families, 
groups, and communities with daily activities in the real world due to addiction in cyberspace or virtual with social 
media through the internet network on cellphones and computers or laptops. Excessive dependence on social media 
or phubbing can cause other psychiatric illnesses such as cyberchondria, social addiction, nomophobia, 
pornography, and phobosocial.  
According to Ahmadi and Sulaiman (2009) the power of the mass media with its setting agenda can influence the 
thinking, attitudes and behavior of the public. Hanika (2015), Youarti and Hidayah (2018), Normawati et al. (2018) 
and Guazzini, et al. (2019) state phubbing is an abbreviation of phone and snubbing as an attitude of hurting 
opponents of interaction by using smartphones excessively because he or she is addicted to cellphone and ignores 
direct social interaction. Phubbing can damage interactions with others, this is the impact of new media with 
information technology and communication that affect people's culture. Al-Saggaf and O'Donnel (2019) stated 



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that phubbing is a negative impact of the addiction to use mobile phones that violates the basic needs of humans 
to interact socially. Therefore it affects social change in the era of modern technology. 
Nurul Firdaus also categorized the misbehavior of children who were out of control as a form of threat of 
psychiatric danger and social interaction that had to be rehabilitated. So that Nurul Firdaus Islamic Boarding 
School deals with clients who have deviant behavior disorder from children aged 6-8 years called Conduct 
Disorder. It is a distorted behavior that violates ethics and norms both in the family and school environment, the 
examples are lying, stealing, committing acts of violence, and destructive behaviour.  
Conduct Disorder is generally carried out by children to their own friends than to their families, the cause is an 
unstable mentality, lack of attention and affection, wrong relations, venting out of revenge or disappointment. 
Furthermore Conduct Disorder can also be caused by thoughts and mental attitudes influenced by free viewing on 
social media, especially in movies, YouTube and games or online games. The formation of a free character without 
rules of value, the lack of communication or direct interaction with family and others, the almost unlimited freedom 
to freely release emotions in cyberspace (the internet) will make children rebel and disobey the rules in interacting 
in the real world where there are real norms, ethics, rights and obligations. 
As according to Kearney (2003) Conduct Disorder is the behavior of children or adolescents that is repetitive but 
not in accordance with the values of truth, norms, and ethics that exist in society. Novitasari and Kumala (2009) 
stated that behavioral disorders in children and adolescents who are anti-social caused difficulties in interacting 
and following existing rules.  
They do not want to go to school and often experience conflict. Rini (2010) explains conduct disorder violates 
ethics, norms and even laws. The examples are uncontrolled emotions by hitting and damaging (vandalism), 
fighting, and taunting. Further Wenar and Kerig (2011) stated Conduct Disorder indicates the attitude and 
aggressive behavior towards humans and animals, damaging, lying, stealing and violating the rules. 
4. Discussion 
4.1. The Role of Nurul Firdaus Boarding School in Holistic Rehabilitation 
Based on research results, The Nurul Firdaus categorizes drug abuse and addiction and phubbing, as well as deviant 
behavior of children and adolescents (Conduct Disorder) as symptoms of social and psychological illnesses that 
must be anticipated, dealt with and seriously rehabilitated. This is caused by curiousity, negative influence of the 
invitation of friends and social groups, lack of self restraint, lack of social control both in the family, community 
environment and other environmental activities such as at school or work, have personal problems, stress and 
frustration , running from reality, the negative impact of influence and freedom of social media. Based on the 
identification and analysis results, Nurul Firdaus handles rehabilitation as shown in Figure 1. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Figure 1. Categories of Handling Rehabilitation in Nurul Firdaus Boarding School 
 

Prevention of drug abuse is not only resolved by law enforcement, but also by early prevention, because it will 
damage the generation and the future of the nation. Prevention of Drug Addicts, Phubbing and Conduct Disorder 
is not only done by the therapy of mental and health or medical and psychological rehabilitation factors, but also 
by social and economic rehabilitation such as empowerment and assistance programs that can restore motivation, 
productivity and life expectancy. Former drug addicts, including marginalized groups are isolated because of 



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negative stigma, thus as victims they must be helped. If they aren’t given positive activities, former drug addicts 
will be trapped and frustrated and potentially cause social resistance in the community.  
The rehabilitation process at Nurul Firdaus Ciamis for the initial stage is the same as the Foundation that has been 
previously studied from Noegroho et al. (2018) namely in the Islamic Boarding School Nurul Ichsan Al Islami in 
Kalimanah Purbalingga which only rehabilitates non-medical with spiritual and herbal. While An-Nur Clinic in 
Bobotsari Purbalingga in Central Java Province mixes medical and non-medical treatment with spiritual and herbs. 
The similarities are the testing or checking process, each prospective patient or client of a drug addict who is going 
to be rehabilitated is examined first in a designated hospital as a reference for handling or rehabilitating Narcotics 
or Regional Hospitals in the district. However, if Nurul Ichsan Islamic Boarding School Kalimanah Purbalingga 
is not too strict about this, the prospective patients will be immediately accepted and processed in the second stage : 
approach and dialogue.  
After a client had done a medical check-up, he got a doctor's certificate from the regional hospital that was 
officially appointed, in order to confirm and give more detail information and define diagnosis of the client's 
condition using the type of Narcotics, the duration of using the Narcotics and the impact that has been experienced. 
Thus the patient gets an important note for the rehabilitation process.  
Although according to the counselor, assistant and facilitator at the three research sites, the physical characteristics 
of drug addict clients can be known just by looking at the body condition, eyes and hands and body language, 
including from the recognition of the person closest to the client and the doctor who examined.  
Nurul Firdaus Islamic Boarding School as a rehabilitation place for drug addicts is still independent, has not yet 
become a Report Obligatory Recipient Institution which is officially appointed or a partner of the District National 
Narcotics Agency and or the Ministry of Social Affairs. Nurul Firdaus has a social and independent role that not 
only rehabilitates drug addicts but also clients who are addicted to online games (Phubbing) and Conduct Disorder 
that have the same behavior changes caused by drugs. 
Personal and dialogical approach are conducted by the facilitators and counselors to approach, communicate or 
persuade dialogue with the people closest to the client who knows the history and events of the client falling into 
drug abuse and phubbing and mental disorders. The process starts from identifying the client about personality or 
personality traits, family circumstances, friends or groups of friends, causes and motives for drug use, social media 
and mental disorders to the impacts that have been experienced and the healing process that has been sought. After 
the personal history data had been collected, the causes and motives of the client, the companion, counselor, and 
facilitator focused on persuasive communication and therapeutic communication to the client or patient by 
introducing and passing an approach so that the patients will get to know each other, accept and feel close as well 
as build solidarity.  
According to DeVito (2016) the purpose of persuasive communication is to persuade and influence or change 
beliefs, thoughts, perceptions, opinions, attitudes and behaviors, by verbal and non-verbal behavior to the 
communicant. Important elements that determine persuasive communication are the credibility and competence of 
the communicator, the message and information conveyed must be easily understood and rational so that it can be 
easily accepted by the communicant and environment. Purnawan (2002) stated that the term persuasion came from 
the Latin language that was persuasion and persuader which mean to persuade, invite and seduce. Effendy (2009) 
describes persuasive communication in the form of messages that motivate, build good relations and opinions with 
individuals and groups. 
At this stage the facilitators and concelors carry out therapeutic communication that provides motivation, 
understanding and care in order to build close, open and confortable relation between between the client and his 
partner, advisor, and facilitator. Persuasive and therapeutic communication done by counselors are very helpful in 
the rehabilitation process of patients, creating mutual respect and trust (Kulikowski, 2013).  
Therapeutic communication cannot be separated from informal persuasive communication with an emphasis on 
building motivation, advice and interaction accepting, trusting, being open, and comfortable in the context of 
building hope or optimism to recover, to resist, and be patient. Concelors provide knowledge, understanding, and 
real examples of the causes and effects of health problems and the healing process that fosters optimism and 
healing advice.  
Therapeutic communication according to Mundakir (2006) and Zen (2013) includes personal communication with 
the starting point of mutual understanding and needs between nurses and clients with the principles of open 
dialogue, empathy, lots of listening and understanding slings. 



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Therapeutic communication has the function of helping clients to reduce the burden of feelings and thoughts, and 
further foster mental and attitude to take action, eliminate doubts and fears in changing situations for healing. Next 
the patients can influence himself, others and the physical environment (Evans & Lindsay, 2014). Therapeutic 
communication is very helpful in the rehabilitation process of a drug addict healing program to change the mindset, 
behavior, and lifestyle that is better, well organized and free of drug abuse. 
Therapeutic communication is carried out with the principles of respect, sincerity, empathy, trust, and patient 
confidentiality (Prasanti, 2017). Therapeutic communication is related to spiritual communication as a strategy to 
train clients through verbal and nonverbal communication interactions in personal communication when guiding 
and consulting, as well as group communication when implementing Naqsabandiyyah Tariqat Naqsabandiyyah, 
namely; talqin dhikr, bathing repentance, prayer, dhikr and completing reading Al Qur'an, in a hope that patient 
can create and regrow awareness, comfort and calm (Muliawan, 2017). 
The next stage of persuasive and therapeutic communication process to the person closest to the client and 
especially to the client himself takes time, depending on the psychological and medical characteristics of the client 
himself, the more severe the experienced condition the longer the process will be. Thus the main key of the 
rehabilitation process are determination and high motivation and client awareness to recover, including the support 
and attention of those closest to client that help to ensure comfort and healing at the rehabilitation site. Therefore 
in the second process, it is very important and unseparated to conduct persuasive communication and therapeutic 
communication to those closest to the client and the client himself, the role, support and care of the people closest 
to the client with the counselor, mentor and facilitator. 
Further the counselor and facilitator team identify and analyze the medical results, dialogue, observation and 
evaluation of the client specifically to determine the type of rehabilitation method that is suitable for the client. 
Nurul Firdaus has a rehabilitation method called SHOT (Spiritual Hypnosis Therapy), a method that combines 
spiritual, hypnotherapy and psychological approaches in a holistic way to provide, build and increase motivation 
for clients who are addicted to drug abuse, social media (phubbing) and juvenile delinquency (conduct disorder).  
4.2. Holistic Rehabilitation Model in Nurul Firdaus Boarding School 
The stages of the approach taken for rehabilitation are:  
(1) Medical methods by doctors in the regional hospitals that are officially designated for drug rehabilitation by 

giving medicines strictly and gradually according to doctor's prescription. 
(2) Non-medical rehabilitation as a spiritual approach such as disciplining the obligatory prayers in congregation 

and sunnah prayers, dhikr, chanting and following spiritual cleansing and Ruqyah Syar'iyyah by reading and 
or listening to verses of the Qur'an Healing or Islamic Exorcist to stimulate the brain simultaneously.  

(3) Non-medical method with cupping or called hijamah (cupping blood) which function is to prevent blood clots 
and remove toxin in the blood.  

(4) Non-medical methods with a full-blooded chines or acupuncture to improve blood circulation so that the 
body tissue can work normally.  

(5) Non-medical methods with herbal therapies from certain plants as alternatives and substitutes for medicines. 
(6) Hypnotherapy methods to enter, control and manage the subconscious mind to build positive suggestions and 

correct psychological disorders. 
(7) Method of psychological rehabilitation by using persuasive and cognitive approaches, improving mindset, 

mental attitude and behavior, to foster awareness of the rights, obligations and responsibilities, in order to 
form and stimulate normal behavior. 

However, from various rehabilitation methods, it depends on the condition and suitability of the client to be 
successfully cured, for example with spiritual and medical therapy, there is also a spiritual method with Ruqyah 
Syar'iyyah (according to the purity of Al Qu'an) by using water, honey and olive oil as media of prayer that should 
be drunk, and salt to be sown. Rehabilitation with the Ruqyah Syar'iyyah method is used for patients who are 
usually detected as affected by magic and negative aura so that their psyche is disturbed.  
This is as Tambusai et al. (2013) and Qodariyah (2015) mention that Ruqyah Syar'iyyah is a method of 
rehabilitation therapy and similar to the method of psychotherapy and become an integral part of holistic therapy 
that can reduce and cure anxious patient because of faith and belief that foster a sense of calm and optimism 
becomes stronger. 



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The Ruqiyah method as a form of religious therapy based on religious teachings for patients can be done by a 
mentor or counselor as well as done independently accompanied by a counselor or companion. Ruqyah's goal as 
a spiritual accomplishment is to be able to deepen belief (faith), motivation, to worship regularly, and to form good 
behavior, the material is like tausiah morals, worship (praying and reciting), remembrance and prayer (Said & 
Syafiah, 2017); (Sya’roni & Khotimah, 2018). The goal is to change negative thought patterns, mental and 
behavior into positive and productive behaviour. According to Triantoro et al. (2019) rehabilitation with ruqyah 
syar'iyyah approach is an alternative form when medical treatment cannot cure the patient, Muslim belives that 
there is the presence of unseen attacks.  
Rehabilitation is conducted by psychotherapy and hypnotherapy methods. In this process the recovery of the client 
depends on the intention, determination and sincerity of the client who wants to recover, the support and assistance 
of those closest to him and his family, as well as the appropriate rehabilitation approach method which is usually 
medical and non-spiritual rehabilitation becomes the main method and requirements. Nurul Firdaus in 
rehabilitation of drug abuse and addiction as well as online games (phubbing) also conducts psychotherapy and 
hypnotherapy through a spiritual or Islamic medical and non-medical approach.  
According to Adz Dzaky (2004), Arifin (2009), and Munir (2013) psychotherapy is the treatment and cure of an 
illness, whether mental, spiritual, moral or physical. In Islam there is psychotherapy with the guidance of the 
Qur'an and Sunnah. Corey (2009), Bakri and Barmawi (2017) state that psychotherapy helps patients to develop 
self-awareness on the reality that must be faced, treat depression by sharing experiences and feelings with 
counselors in order to find meaning and struggle to achieve a better life.  
Vanderplasschen et al. (2014) stated that rehabilitation of drug addicts and psychiatric disorders can be done with 
a therapeutic approach that can not be separated from the psychological approach. Muhtar (2014) emphasized the 
relationship between Islamic psychotherapy methods and the functions of doing (1) Understanding, (2) Control, 
(3) Prediction, (4) Development, (5) Education, (6) Prevention, (7) Treatment and healing, (8) Sterilization, and 
(9) Purification. These efforts help in rehabilitation by increasing monotheism, sincerity and loving the existence 
of oneself and the purpose of life. Rajab et al. (2016) emphasized that psychotherapy can be a method of 
rehabilitation for psychiatric disorders such as stress, depression, phobia and traumatic by doing identification of 
the cause or background of the patient, personal approach, dialogue, following spiritual activities with prayer, 
dhikr, listening to lectures and reciting the Al Qur’an. 
Moreover Nurul Firdaus conducted rehabilitation with medical, spiritual and psychotherapy, as well as 
hypnotherapy approaches. According to Novrizal (2010) approach to hypnotherapy methods effectively reduce 
anxiety on patients. Gunawan (2012) stated that hypnosis was an art of exploration of the subconscious and 
building conditions of the mind produced by suggestions to change certain perceptions and behavior. Rakhmawati 
et al. (2014) stated that hypnotherapy was a persuasive and personal communication process to foster positive 
suggestions in patients in order to stimulate positive and constructive behavior that reduce and deal with post-
traumatic stress. The hypnotherapy stage consists of (1) Identifying and analyzing or studying, (2) inducing 
findings and facts, (3) deepening and exploring (deeping) into the subconscious, (4) cognitive or thought therapists 
by providing positive beliefs that eliminate trauma and stress, (5) incorporation, conclusions and decisions 
(termination). 
The stages of holistic rehabilitation both medical and non-medically such as spiritual, ruqyah, cupping, 
acupuncture and herbs, hypnotherapy and psychotherapy are complementary and holistical treatments conducted 
by Nurul Firdaus Islamic Boarding Schools in Ciamis and Nurul Ichsan Al Islami Kalimanah and An Nur Bobosan 
in Purbalingga. The boarding schools not only accept clients addicted to narcotics but also psychiatric disorders 
such as depression, stress and frustration. However, there is difference.  
Nurul Firdaus has campaigned that acute social media addiction is as dangerous as drug addiction, therefore the 
patient needs prevention through rehabilitation. Because of addiction to social media by accessing the internet can 
cause people to forget about reality, forget about the time and will not carry out activities in the real life such as 
studying, going to school, working and interacting directly in the real world. This happens because people are to 
lost in cyberspace or in the virtual world, to play online games, watch youtube and movies and chat.  
According to head of Nurul Firdaus boarding school, the term social media addiction is called Phubbing, which 
means busy with playing mobile phones and forgetting the activities and people around them. Phubber (the subject 
of phubbing) become asocial or do not interact and do not mingle with others in social reality. 
Watkins (2009) said that the development of social media technology networks decreased direct interaction 
because people prefer to use social medical that is easy, practical, and flexible. However, there is negative impact, 
namely : anti-social, addiction, misunderstanding, pornography, crime, and ignoring the environment. Khairuni 



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(2016) said that the negative impact of uncontrolled use of social media was that children were less socialized with 
direct activities, lazy, addicted to online games, imitating scenes of violence, and pornography. Anstadt et al. (2013) 
emphasized that the development of information and communication technology should be able to be used for 
positive activities such as the development of knowledge, seeking information and references, becoming a medium 
for distance education, developing social networks and public services. In addition, Flavián, et al. (2016) said that 
the development of information and communication technology media influences and changes individual and 
social interactions. 
Therefore the rehabilitation method in Nurul Firdaus is holistic, both scientific through medical methods and 
psychotherapy and natural with a spiritual or divine approach (religious) such as Ruqyah Shari'yyah, prayer, 
remembrance and recitation, acupuncture, cupping, herbs as well as hypnotherapy methods. However, the herbal 
approach of using plants is not the main method, this is a complement and assistance to the Ruqyah Shari'yyah 
method to overcome the interference of magic and witchcraft. The herbal plants are recommended to be planted 
around the house to reject reinforcements to prevent attacks or disturbances of magic and witchcraft, the example 
of the plants are palm dates, bidara and moringa trees, yellow bamboo, red roses, cactus, and olive tree. 
Nurul Ichsan Al Islami Kalimanah Purbalingga uses herbal methods as the main treatment. Herbs are procecced 
as drink. The ingredients are red coconut water (coconut for medicine) mixed with honey wasps, red ginger, 
turmeric, cardamom, betel leaves wulung and Ajwa dates. The ingredients are mixed into drinks such as herbal 
medicine which is useful for treating patients who experience sakau or drug addiction, a substitute for drugs and 
vitamins. The similarity of the three Islamic Boarding Schools rehabilitation is that there is a targeted standard of 
time, ranging from four to six months. Patients can be cured if they follow the requirements of the rehabilitation 
phase on a regular basis. 
The boarding schools have similar process of assisting clients in post-rehabilitation phase. Nurul Firdaus can 
provide assistance through social media such as telephone and WhatsApp with the clients and interact with the 
closest people or closest family assigned to provide assistance and monitoring clients at home and their activity 
environment. At this stage it becomes very important to determine the client's recovery. Because if there is no 
assistance, especially in daily activities, both interaction with the friend environment and through social media that 
has no limits as long as it has devices and access, the client will easily fall back addicted to drug abuse and social 
media without control.  
Clients who have just returned from rehabilitation are still vulnerable and addicted to potential, so they must be 
accompanied and provide a medium of interaction in the family and friendship environment that is open, close and 
harmonious. Moreover they should be provided other media activities such as economic business activities or 
entrepreneurship namely: trade, agriculture, plantations, fisheries, opening cafes, and restaurants, or participating 
in sports activities, channeling hobbies such as arts, music and holidays. The point is the client should not be alone 
and lost himself or choose the wrong group of interactions. 
The causes of drug abuse and addiction, social media and deviant behavior, especially in the young generation 
(Muhtar 2014) are curiousity, recognition from their friends, wrong relationships, negative influence of friends, 
escaping from personal and family or environmental problems, frustration , depression, free influence and easy 
access to social media and lack of family attention and the weak social control. 
Therefore there must be an important concern in post rehabilitation. Patients should be provided a medium of 
positive activity to keep busy or no longer fall to drug abuse, social media and choosing the wrong friends. In 
addition there should be provided space for interaction to be active and productive in educational activities in 
schools and boarding school, to participate in spiritual activities such as religious studies, spiritual lectures and 
social activities, conduct business activities, entrepreneurship and work. Even clients who have recovered can 
actively become counselors, mentors and facilitators in rehabilitation institutions to share experiences, motivate 
and help rehabilitate.  
This stated in Windyaningrum's research (2014) that commitment and support of patients' families are very 
important and needed not only during the rehabilitation process but also after rehabilitation or recovery even 
former patients can become role models and addiction counselors that help other patients.  
Yolanda (2014) emphasizes that therapeutic communication in rehabilitation creates openness and closeness 
between counselors or companions and patients that are created on an ongoing basis. Kulikowski (2013) stated 
that in rehabilitation there are six important elements, namely (1) informing patients, (2) organizing nursing, (3) 
communication models to patients, (4) care and service to patients, (5) physiotherapists, and (6) decision-making. 



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Based on the identification and analysis of the rehabilitation process at Nurul Firdaus, a rehabilitation model can 
be made as in Figure 2. 

 
Figure 2. Nurul Firdaus Rehabilitation Model 

 
5. Conclusion 
Drug abuse, social media addiction and deviant behavior, especially among children and young people can be a 
threat in improving the quality of human resources for development progress, thus it enters into extraordinary 
crimes that need serious prevention and treatment from various parties. 



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Nurul Firdaus boarding school has categorized and accepted clients to be rehabilitated aside from drug abuse and 
addiction as well as clients of social media addiction (Phubbing), including deviant behavior of children and young 
people (Conduct Disorder). 
Drug abuse and social media addiction (phubbing) and deviant behavior (Conduct Disorder) especially in the 
young generation are caused by curiousity, negative influence of friends, choosing wrong friends, wanting 
recognition from friends, unable to face personal and family problems, escaping from frustration, disappointment 
or depression, the influence of easy and free access to social media and lack of family attention and weak social 
control. 
Nurul Firdaus boarding school has the SHOT (Spiritual Hypnosis Activity) method, which is a method that 
combines spiritual, hypnotherapy and psychological approaches, so that it uses holistic rehabilitation that is not 
only medical but also non-medical aspects such as spiritual, ruqyah, cupping, and acupuncture, and herbs. 
The process of medical and non-medical rehabilitation is very effective by using persuasive communication and 
therapeutic communication, so that clients can be open, close, comfortable and harmonious, as well as foster 
motivation, desire to heal and optimism. 
Post-rehabilitation stages become an important part that cannot be separated in the whole process of the 
rehabilitation stages so that they do not fall back into drugs and social media and deviant behavior, which are the 
result of the assessment after being declared healed and returning home, so there is assistance, and monitoring of 
clients by counselors, mentors, especially people closest to clients and family. 
The post-rehabilitation stage will further provide media for active and productive activities such as opening an 
economic or entrepreneurial business, sports activities, channeling hobbies, entertainment and other spiritual 
activities such as recitation, schooling or boarding school, actively participating in social organization activities, 
becoming activists, counselors, and companion in the rehabilitation of drug addicts, Phubbing and Conduct 
Disorder. 
Acknowledgments 
Thank you to Institute for Research and Community Service in Jenderal Soedirman University for providing 
opportunities and supporting research, then to the management and counselors at Nurul Firdaus Islamic Boarding 
School in Ciamis West Java for their cooperation so that the research can be carried out well. 
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