




































 Humanities and Social Science Research; Vol. 3, No. 2; 2020 
ISSN 2576-3024   E-ISSN 2576-3032 

https://doi.org/10.30560/hssr.v3n2p10 

 10 Published by IDEAS SPREAD 
 

Alleviating the Material and Health Challenges of Young Internally 
Displaced People in North-East Nigeria: The Impact of Sexual and 

Reproductive Health Program 
Ali Johnson Onoja1, Chris Olusola Ogedengbe2, Felix Olaniyi Sanni3, Paul Olaiya Abiodun4, Monday Okeme1, 

Sheila Iye Onoja1 & Ayorinde Samuel Lemah1 

1 Research Department, African Health Project, Abuja, Nigeria 
2 Alpha Research and Development Centre Limited, Abuja, Nigeria 
3 Department of West African Breast Cancer Study, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, 
Nigeria 
4 Department of National Integrated Specimen Referral Network, AXIOS International, Utako, FCT, Abuja, 
Nigeria 
Correspondence: Ali Johnson Onoja, Research Department, African Health Project, Abuja, Nigeria. Tel: 234-805-
679-3961. E-mail: onojaali yahoo.com 
 
Received: May 31, 2020; Accepted: June 12, 2020; Published: June 12, 2020 
 
The research is financed by authors. 
 
Abstract 
The increasing rate of attack in the North-Eastern parts of Nigeria has caused the deaths of thousands and thereby 
forcing many of the residents, including children to abandon their comforts zones. This study assessed the material 
and health challenges of young IDPs and the impacts of sexual and reproductive health programs in improving the 
conditions of these young ones. The study was conducted in sixteen local governments of three states (Borno, 
Adamawa and Yobe) in the North-East of Nigeria using mixed methods. The quantitative data were obtained by 
the administration of a structured questionnaire to the young IDPs in the three states. The quantitative data were 
analyzed and were complemented by the qualitative data {Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)} that were obtained 
from the young IDPs. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. The majority (78.5%) of the young internally 
displace persons (IDPs) were within the age group of 10-14 years with 51.8% males and 59.1% have attained 
primary. The major material challenges facing the young IDPs include lack of food (31.6%), clothing (28.7%), 
Soap/cream (19.8%) and medicine (13.1%). The most common health problems include Malaria (28.9%), cough 
23.1%, diarrhea (18.3%) and cholera (13.1%). The IDPs confirmed that they were fully protected in the camp with 
no experience of rape. They affirmed that their needs were met by the intervention programs provided for them; 
71.7% affirmed that their situation was “Good” since they came to the camps and more than half (55.2%) 
confirmed a better situation. The training in the IPD camps was mostly artisan related while only 31.7% were 
schooling. This study found that young IDPs are being faced with material and health-related challenges as well 
as the lack of proper training and education. However, the outcome of the SRH project is a manifestation of the 
efficient utilization of the resources of the project. More intervention programs to alleviate the challenges of IDPs 
are advocated. 
Keywords: insurgency, challenges, internally displaced, boko haram 
1. Introduction 
1.1 Background 
For almost three decades, a large number of people worldwide have been forced to abandon their homes and 
livelihoods due to civil conflict, insurgency, or other problems. Since these displaced people do not cross an 
international border, they are referred to as ‘internally displaced persons’ (IDPs) and not refugees (Hines & Balletto, 
2002). It was estimated in 2016 that about fifty million persons have been displaced worldwide with the majority 
of these people in Africa and Asia (Obaji & Alobo, 2016). The increasing communal violence, internal armed 
conflicts and natural disasters have been the main reasons for internal displacement in Nigeria (Akuto, 2017).  



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The devastating impacts of insurgency are felt in all sectors in the North Eastern Nigeria and sub-regions in general. 
In 2014, a total of 19 out of the 65 Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the three states (Adamawa, Borno and 
Yobe), including 338 schools were destroyed. Also, 196 teachers, 314 learners were killed while over 276 learners 
were abducted in Borno, Yobe and Adamawa (Obaji & Alobo, 2016). The nature and pattern of the operation of 
insurgency, with attacks on health facilities and other social services, have forced health workers to flee the States.  
1.2 Material and Health Needs of the IDPs 
The IPDs, especially the young ones are faced with both the material and health challenges in the camps. Several 
studies have documented the various challenges being faced by the IDPs.  
Findings of the inter-agency assessments indicate various humanitarian needs and the provision of essential health 
care was among the top priorities. There was also the need to put in place measures to ensure that survivors get 
the support and care needed to facilitate physical, mental and psychological recovery. A study conducted in 2018 
in two IDP camps (Abuja and Yola) revealed that the IDPs are being faced lack of adequate care, freedom, family 
separation, financial challenges, and lack of proper education (Olanrewaju et al., 2018). Food and non-food items, 
water for washing and cooking, sanitations and hygiene, security, drinking water, medical services and shelter 
were also identified as major needs of IPDs in Nigeria in 2019 access to education for young IDPs was estimated 
as 50% (DTM NIGERIA, 2019). Several other studies have also documented the challenges being faced by IDPs 
including severe food insecurity and nutrition problems (Akuto, 2017; Olanrewaju et al., 2019; Prince et al., 2019), 
health challenges (Elfaituri, 2016; Olanrewaju et al., 2019; UNPFA, 2016), sexual exploitations, and violence 
against young women and girls (Borton et al., 2005; Gwadabe et al., 2018; Obaji & Alobo, 2016; OPARA, 2019; 
USAID, 2016), human trafficking (Gwadabe et al., 2018; Olanrewaju et al., 2019), family separation (Akuto, 2017; 
Gwadabe et al., 2018; Mohammed, 2017), rape and prostitution (Akuto, 2017; Borton et al., 2005; Prince et al., 
2019; USAID, 2016), sexually transmitted diseases (Akuto, 2017; Prince et al., 2019; USAID, 2016), education 
challenges (Akuto, 2017) among other challenges. 
Several studies have emphasized on the need for humanitarian assistance to alleviate the food and non-food, shelter, 
and health needs if the IPDs (Borton et al., 2005; Mohammed, 2017) and there have been efforts to improve the 
security, stabilization, health, education, financing and provide vocational training for the IDPs through 
collaboration between government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The displaced persons in camps 
were being served through integrated facility-based and outreach services. However, reaching displaced people 
living in host communities with health services is challenging due in part to the state of health care delivery systems 
including health facilities that are non-functioning. To respond to the reproductive health needs of the affected 
people UNFPA, UNICEF and WHO with assistance from United States Agency for International Development 
(USAID) launched a response project that targets approximately 1.1 million people in three most affected States.  
Several studies have highlighted the needs and challenges of IDPs but little attention has been given to the young 
IDPs in particular. This survey was carried out to identify the material and health challenges of young IDPs (age 
10-24 years) in the three states most affected states in Nigeria (Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe) and to evaluate the 
impact of ‘Strengthening Sexual and Reproductive Health Services (SRH) Provision in Conflict-Affected 
Communities Program’ carried out in the IDP camps. 

 
Figure 1. Map of North-eastern Nigeria showing the three states - Adamawa, Borno and Yobe 



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2. Method 
2.1 Study Location 
The study was conducted in three states (Borno, Adamawa and Yobe) in the North-East of Nigeria due to increased 
insurgency activities and the increased challenges faced by the population in these states since 2014. The project 
covered the following LGAs in the three states: Adamawa State: Mubi North, Mubi South, Hong, Yola South, 
Yola North, Maiha, Fufore, and Gombi LGAs; Borno State: Biu, Jere and Maiduguri Metropolitan Council (MMC); 
Yobe State: Bade, Damaturu, Fika, Fune, Potiskum and Tarmuwa. 
2.1 Study Design 
The study was conducted by using qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative data were obtained 
by the administration of a structured questionnaire to the young IDPs in the three states. The quantitative data were 
analyzed and were complemented by the qualitative data {Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)} that were obtained 
from the young IDPs. The young people (10 - 24 years) were reached through the IDP Camps. The consultants 
were supported by a field supervisor and 18 Data collectors who were selected in the three states. Eight data 
collectors worked in Borno state while five data collectors worked in each of the other two states (Adamawa and 
Yobe) based on the distribution of IDP camps in each of the states.  
2.2 Sample Size 
The sample size of the young IDPs interviewed in the three states was estimated by using the assuming confidence 
interval of 95%, Margin of Error (ME) of 2.5% and that proportion of the population sampled is 7%. A sample 
size of was estimated 120 from each of the three states, giving an estimated total sample size of 360. However, 
335 young people were successfully interviewed by data collectors, which represents 93.1% response rate. 
2.3 Focus Group Discussions Sessions 
Two Camps of the IDPs were visited in Adamawa and Yobe states while 4 IDP camps were visited in Borno state 
for the FGD sessions among the young IDPs. In each Camp, 1 FGDs session was carried out per category 
(male/female) in each of the selected states. To take into consideration of homogeneity, males and females were 
interviewed separately. Eight children were selected in each category from each camp in Adamawa and Yobe 
while 4 were selected in each category from Borno. 
2.4 Data Analysis 
The data collected with the questionnaires were cleaned before data entry was carried out with the Statistical 
Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20). The computer package was also used for data processing and 
analysis. Frequencies tables, charts, and graphs which were used for report generation. On the qualitative data, the 
notes taken with the audio at Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) sessions were transcribed to form part of the report. 
3. Results 
3.1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Young IDPs 
The distribution of the sample of young people as shown in Table 1 indicated that over half (56.1%) of the sample 
of young people were interviewed in Adamawa state. The age distribution of the young people revealed that 42.1% 
were in the age group of 10-14 years and age 15-19 years constituted 36.4%. 
The sex ratio of the young group is about 1:1 with the proportion of the males (51.9%) slightly higher than that of 
the females. Among the young over half (59.1%) of them attained primary school education while about a quarter 
(24.2%) had Qur’anic education. Almost all the young people (95.5%) were not married at the time of assessment. 
 
Table 1. Socio-demographic Characteristics of Young People in the IDP Camps 

Characteristics Frequency Percent (%)
State   
Adamawa 188 56.1 
Borno 38 11.3 
Yobe 109 32.5 
Age category   
10-14 141 42.1 
15-19 122 36.4 
20-24 72 21.5 



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Gender   
Male 174 51.9 
Female 161 48.1 
Level of Education   
No Formal Education 26 7.8 
Qur’anic Education 81 24.2 
Primary Education 198 59.1 
Secondary 30 9.0 
Marital Status   
Single 320 95.5 
Married 15 4.5 
Total  335 100.0 

 
3.2 Material and Health Challenges in IDP Camps 
Table 2 shows the common material challenges in the IDP camps as enumerated by the young IDPs during the 
quantitative survey. The greatest need the young IDPs stated as the challenge was food (31.6%), followed by 
clothing (28.7%), Soap/cream (19.8%) and medicine (13.1%). The general challenges mentioned in FGD apart 
from the ones represented in Table 2 include lack adequate care, freedom and financial aid. Others include 
lack/poor education family disintegration.  
The young IDPs who have acquired some basic skills for livelihood were also facing the challenge of lack of 
necessary equipment to carry out what they have learnt. Besides, they wanted to leave the camps (freedom) to 
enable them to earn their living and help others to acquire such skills in future. The males also complained that 
they were mostly marginalized while girls were being focused in most empowerment programs, so they needed 
more empowered initiatives to avoid idleness. 
The most common health problems among young IDPs are shown in Table 2. Malaria (28.9%) was the highest, 
followed by cough 23.1%, diarrhea (18.3%) and cholera (13.1%). 
 
Table 2. Material and health challenges of young IDPs 

Challenge Frequency Percent
General/Material challenges   
Food 296 31.6 
Clothing/Blankets 269 28.7 
Soap/Cream 186 19.8 
Medicine 123 13.1 
Others 64 6.8 
Total response 938 100 
Health challenges of young IDPs   
Malaria 249 28.9 
Cough 199 23.1 
Diarrhea 158 18.3 
Cholera 113 13.1 
Catarrh 105 12.2 
Others 38 4.4 
Total response 862 100.0 

 
3.3 Security in IDP Camp 
During the focus group discussion, the young IDPs confirmed that they were fully protected in the camp. When 
asked about the activities of insurgence groups in the camp, they all echoed that there was none because they well 
fully protected by the security agents assigned to their camps. 
3.4 Impacts of the Intervention in IDPs Camps 
The respondents were asked to evaluate the relevancy of the intervention to the IDPs provided in the camps, they 
gave an affirmative response that their needs were met by the programs provided to them.  



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The young IDPs affirmed that there were not rape cases among them because the organizations taking care of them 
were always on the ground and working. “If any of the IDPs is sick the NGOs responded by treating the person 
immediately and they also made a referral to bigger hospitals in case they were unable to handle the cases at the 
community clinic” - A young male discussant at FGD session. 
The young people were aware of the various donors that supported humanitarian support to the camps but neither 
identify the USAID funded program nor able to identify the specific organizations that brought the commodities. 
They could identify with the male safe space where there is provision for table tennis and other games. Participants’ 
capacity has been built on HIV/AIDs prevention and care. They affirmed that their conditions have an 
improvement in the past six months (Table 3) and that the NGOs in the camps have been so supportive. They did 
not know anyone infected with HIV but that if there is anyone that is HIV positive, they would not discriminate 
against them. 
To find out from the beneficiaries their situation since they came into the camps, table 10 reflects their responses 
on the situation. Among the young people, over three quarters (71.7%) agreed that the situation was at least “Good” 
to the situation of IDPs since they came to the camps. However, one young respondent among young people 
indicated that the situation was unbearable which implies that there is still a need for improvement in the situation 
in the camps.  
As a way of confirming if the situation in camps was improving, the survey asked respondents to compare the 
situation when they came to the cam with what obtained at the time of the survey. Over half (55.2%) of the young 
IDPs responded that their situations have greatly improved in the IDP camps but 5 (1.5%) indicated that the 
situation was deteriorating. This is an indication that there is room for improvement. 
 
Table 3. Situation of young IDPs since they came to the Camp 

Situation Number Percent
The situation of young IDPs 
since arrival in the Camp 

  

Excellent 94 28.1 
Very Good. 99 29.6 
Good. 47 14.0 
Fair 54 16.1 
Poor 23 6.9 
Very Poor 17 5.1 
Unbearable 1 0.3 
Total 335 100.0 
Compare the current situation 
with when arrived in the camp 

    

There is a great improvement 185 55.2 
There is little improvement 114 34.0 
There is no improvement 31 9.3 
The situation is deteriorating 5 1.5 
Total 335 100.0 

 
3.5 Training Provided for Young IDPs 
Table 4 shows the training provided for young people. Based on the responses received, the majority of the training 
in the IPDs were artisan related while schooling accounted for 31.7%. 
Capacity building is key to sustainability as the skills acquired by the IDPs will go a long way in sustaining them 
when they eventually leave the camp. However, the finding from the FGD sessions revealed that most of the 
benefits of the intervention were tailored towards girl child at the detriments of boys. More importantly, the skill 
acquisition which is been implemented by Ministry of Women Affairs (MoWA) has relinquished the boy child to 
no importance.  
 
 
 



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Table 4. Training provided to IDPs as reported by young IDPs 
Training No. of response Percent
Artisan 206 45.0 
Schooling 145 31.7 
Cream Making 60 13.2 
Others 46 10.1 
Total response 458 100.0 

 
4. Discussion 
The increasing rate of attack in the North-Eastern parts of Nigeria has caused the deaths of thousands and thereby 
forcing many of the residents, including children to abandon their comforts zones. This study assessed the material 
and health challenges of young IDPs and the impacts of sexual and reproductive health programs in improving the 
conditions of these young ones.  
Age 10-19 years constituted the majority (78.5%) of the entire population of young people interviewed. This is a 
clear indication that the majority of children in this region were deprived of foundational education due to the 
insurgency that ravaged the regions. Besides, these young ones were being exposed to danger and life challenges 
bigger than their ages. This corroborates the fact that the majority of the young ones only attained primary 
education with those who attained secondary education accounted for only 9%. The proportion of 7.8% without a 
formal education is significant when compared with the situation in other parts of Nigeria. These findings are in 
agreement with previous studies that have documented the vulnerability of women and children to the challenges 
associated with insurgency (Borton et al., 2005; Gwadabe et al., 2018; Obaji & Alobo, 2016; Opara, 2019; USAID, 
2016).  
4.1 Challenges of Young IDPs 
Food and clothing top the needs or material challenges facing the young IDPs while general challenges include 
lack of adequate care and resources, freedom and financial aid, lack/poor education, and separation from family. 
Similar challenges have been reported in previous studies (Akuto, 2017; Cohen, 2001; Hamzat, 2013; Olanrewaju 
et al., 2018). The most common health problems among young IDPs include Malaria fever, cough, diarrhea, and 
cholera. Previous studies have shown that malaria is the most common sickness among IDPS (DTM NIGERIA, 
2019; Gwadabe et al., UNPFA, 2016; WHO, 2018). Malaria, cough, diarrhea and cholera are very common 
because of exposure to mosquito bites, lack of good water and unhygienic environment of the IDP camps. Similar 
finding has also been reported in Cameroun (Eweka & Olusegun, 2016). Some studies have also reported outbreak 
of cholera in some IDP camps in the North where nearly 100% of toilets were reportedly not good/hygienic (DTM 
NIGERIA, 2019; Eweka & Olusegun, 2016; Gwadabe et al., 2018; Prince et al., 2019). 
4.2 Impacts of the Intervention in IDPs Camps 
This study found that the NGOs through the SRH program were providing both the material and medical needs to 
the IDPs to alleviate the challenges being faced by the IDPs. Material such as food, clothing, soaps/creams, 
blankets, and medicines were being supplied to meet the need of the IDPs. Unlike some previous studies that have 
reported lack of security and high rates of rape in IDP camps (Akuto, 2017; Borton et al., 2005; Prince et al., 2019), 
the young IDPs confirmed that they were fully protected in the camp and did not experience any issue of rape. 
However, the young IDPs laid emphasis on their willingness to gain freedom and live their lives out of IDP camps. 
Previous studies have reported that regardless of tight security in IDP camps, they are deprived of their freedom 
of movement (Olanrewaju et al., 2018).  
Comparing their conditions since the inception of the SRH program, the young IDPs affirmed that their conditions 
have improved due to the supports they have been getting from the NGOs in the camps. However, one young 
respondent among young people indicated that the situation was unbearable which implies that there is still a need 
for improvement in the situation in the camps. Few studies have reported occasional humanitarian interventions 
interventions in some IDP camps in Nigeria and further called for regular intervention (Akuto, 2017; Mohammed, 
2017; Olanrewaju et al., 2018; USAID, 2016). 
Apart from security and improved conditions, the young IDPs were trained on some artisan skills such as sewing, 
knitting among others though a very few of them were attending schools. This was due to the high rate of killing 
of teachers in the region, so, no adequate number of teachers to teach the young IDPs. This finding is in agreement 
with a recent study that reported lack of teachers and terrible classrooms being experience in IDP camps 
(Olanrewaju et al., 2019). Also, killing and kidnapping of teachers and students by the insurgents have been 



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reportedly responsible for lack of teachers in schools which makes many young IDPs drop out of school and opt 
for vocational training (Gwadabe et al., 2018). 
Capacity building is key to sustainability as the skills acquired by the IDPs will go a long way in sustaining them 
when they eventually leave the camp. However, the finding from the FGD sessions revealed that most of the 
benefits of the intervention were tailored towards girl child at the detriments of boys. More importantly, the skill 
acquisition which is been implemented by MoWA has relinquished the boy child to no importance. This finding 
reflects the recommendation from previous studies that evaluated the challenges of IDPs which highlighted the 
need for empowering the IDPs with vocational training and skill acquisition in order to avoid idleness (Akuto, 
2017). 
4.3 Conclusion 
This study found that young IDPs are being faced with material and health-related challenges as well as the lack 
of proper training and education. However, the outcome of the SRH project as revealed by the group discussions 
with these young beneficiaries is a manifestation of the efficient utilization of the resources of the project. The 
young people interviewed submitted that UNFPA and MoWA had carried out lots of awareness activities in all the 
components areas of the intervention, namely, STI treatment and management, HIV/AIDS, Psychosocial supports, 
provision of dignity kits and safe space. The project has raised the awareness of the state Governments of the need 
for counterpart for the funding. Also, capacity building has been very effective during the implementation of the 
project and this will promote the sustainability of the project. The effects of the project were felt by all the young 
beneficiaries of the project in all the camps where the data were collected. On the issue of sustainability, the girls 
commended ministry of women affairs for the opportunity given them to acquire basics skill in the camp but 
stressed the need to increase the seed grant due to inflation rate in the country, but they were happy with the 
privilege since they are now self-reliant. More intervention programs to alleviate the challenges of IDP, especially 
the young ones are advocated to enable them to fulfil their dreams in life, regardless of the activities of the 
insurgency in the country. 
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