594 © 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. The role of parent’s commitment in preventing drug abuse: Evidence from high-risk areas of Malaysia Siti Salina Abdullah1 Nor Hayati Saat2 Khuzaimah Mustapa3 Nur Azura Sanusi4+ 1,2,3Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. 1Email: ctsalina@umt.edu.my 2Email: norhayati@umt.edu.my 3Email: khuzaimahmustapa@gmail.com 1,4Higher Institution Centre of Excellence, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. 4Email: nurazura@umt.edu.my (+ Corresponding author) ABSTRACT Article History Received: 10 January 2023 Revised: 26 March 2024 Accepted: 16 June 2024 Published: 19 July 2024 Keywords Analysis of education Drug abuse Health behavior Interest Parent’s commitment Well-being. Youth drug usage is caused by insufficient parental support. Lack of dedication, decreased communication and poor family connection describe inadequate family support. In addition to parental support, self-efficacy, employer support and community support have been shown to promote addiction and relapse. Substance addiction among youth is alarming and could harm the next generation if not handled. Thus, family and parents strongly impact teenage drug usage. Drug dependence prevention begins with parents. Parents affect their children by offering advice, setting explicit drug use restrictions and emphasizing good communication skills as part of their commitment. Thus, this study aims to determine the significance of family participation particularly parental involvement in reducing juvenile substance addiction in Malaysia. We use Hirshi's social bond theory to link a parent's willingness to participate in a drug prevention programme to their social bonding which includes their attachment, devotion and academic involvement. Additionally, proportionate sampling was used for stratified sampling. Two criteria were used to choose participants: parents with children aged 13–18 and drug-free families. The survey has 515 respondents, 103 per state: Kelantan, Kedah, Kuala Lumpur/Selangor, Johor and Sabah. NADA lists it in high-risk states. Study results indicate that attachment (ATT) and participation (INV) do not affect interest (INT). The study also found that commitment (COM) affects interest (INT). Additionally, the commitment (COM) f² value has a minor impact on interest (INT), an endogenous variable. Agencies must collaborate and exchange resources to promote drug awareness and a drug-free family culture. Contribution/Originality: This study uses Hirshi's bond theory to empirically assess the effectiveness of parents in handling drug-related issues within their families while residing in a red-spot location with a high prevalence of drug use and a larger student population. 1. INTRODUCTION The prevalence of drug addiction among adolescents in Malaysia is increasing despite the implementation of numerous drug prevention initiatives by the government and private organisations. The National Anti-Drug Agency (NADA) Malaysia has released data indicating a notable rise in reported instances of drug addiction. In 2018, the total number of recorded cases was nearly 130,788 whereas in 2021, it decreased to 123,139. From January to December, there were 103,760 reported cases accounting for 84.26% of the total for the same period in Humanities and Social Sciences Letters 2024 Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 594-607 ISSN(e): 2312-4318 ISSN(p): 2312-5659 DOI: 10.18488/73.v12i3.3812 © 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2872-847X https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2091-9335 https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8330-8041 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1656-0320 mailto:ctsalina@umt.edu.my mailto:norhayati@umt.edu.my mailto:khuzaimahmustapa@gmail.com mailto:nurazura@umt.edu.my https://www.doi.org/10.18488/73.v12i3.3812 Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 2024, 12(3): 594-607 595 © 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 2021. The statistics reveal a concerning trend in reported cases involving adolescents aged 13 to 18. In 2018, there were 4,918 reported cases which decreased to 1,961 in 2021. From January to December 2023, there were 396 reported cases accounting for 20.19% of the total reported cases in the same period in 2021. The Ministry of Health Malaysia states that the most alarming situation is that 60,000 adolescents are involved in drug use based on data from the National Health and Morbidity Survey which was conducted between June 12 and July 8, 2022. The numbers that have been reported are extremely important as a warning signal in order to address the problems of drug abuse among adolescents in the most efficient manner possible in spite of the fact that the number provided by NADA is deemed to be smaller in comparison to the data given by MOH. Identity conflicts that occur frequently in the adolescent stage are associated with difficulties that teenagers face in defining their adaptive behaviours. Erikson (1968) and Baruth and Manning (2016) state that children at this age are stable and are in the process of learning who they really are. The teenage years are considered to be the years that are the most crucial and difficult for both the adolescent and their parents. They have a tendency to easily experience failure and to be easily impacted by delinquent symptoms if they are unable to discover their actual identity. Family plays a crucial role in addressing the aforementioned challenges. A study conducted in Malaysia by Ibrahim and Kumar (2009) provided empirical evidence that insufficient parental support leads to drug usage among youngsters. Inadequate family support is characterized by a deficiency of dedication, manifested by reduced communication and inefficient interaction among family members. The empirical data from a study of 400 drug addicts revealed a noteworthy inverse relationship between family support, drug addiction and the propensity for relapse. In addition to parental assistance, other characteristics that have been scientifically demonstrated to facilitate addiction and the inclination to revert to drug use include self-efficacy, employer backing and community support. The prevalence of substance addiction among young people has become a significant cause for alarm and if not addressed effectively, it has the potential to severely harm the future generation. Hence, family members and parents exert a significant influence on the youth's inclination towards drug misuse. The American Academy of Pediatrics advocates that parental involvement is the initial step in preventing drug dependence. Parents exert significant influence over their children by providing guidance and establishing explicit rules about the prohibition of drug use. The academy places significant emphasis on training parents in effective communication skills as part of their commitment. Parents acquire the skills to effectively converse with their children and foster active involvement by means of communication. Hence, the objective of this study is to ascertain the extent of family engagement, particularly parental involvement in mitigating substance abuse among teenagers in Malaysia. We establish a connection between a parent's willingness to participate in a drug prevention programme and their social bonding which includes their attachment to their parents, their devotion to their parents and their involvement in academic activities using Hirshi's social bond theory as a basis. Following is the framework of the organizational structure of this paper: The upcoming section will provide a literature review that examines the roles of attachment, commitment and involvement. The third section will focus on the methodology while the fourth section will present the results and discussion. The study will conclude in the final section. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Adolescent development is influenced by knowledge. Parents have a responsibility to teach their children about drugs and other subjects. Adolescents develop within familial and communal environments. They will acquire knowledge both within the home and in outdoor environments. Adolescents' lack of familial and environmental knowledge leads to a significant deficiency in their overall knowledge hence amplifying the likelihood of drug usage (Rachman et al., 2022). Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 2024, 12(3): 594-607 596 © 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. The aforementioned study corroborates the findings of Kabir, Goh, Kamal, and Khan (2013) who concluded that knowledge has a significant influence on drug consumption, education and teenage age, hence affecting knowledge and comprehension. Adolescents with a greater understanding of substances are less inclined to engage in substance abuse. Insufficient drug literacy among adolescents and parents heightens the likelihood of engaging in substance addiction (Rachman et al., 2022). Furthermore, family and environmental factors contribute to the propensity of adolescents to engage in substance abuse. The family is the most basic and fundamental element of society. Parents exert a significant influence on their children and children who abuse drugs experience unhappiness, neglect and familial difficulties (Rachman, Syafar, Amiruddin, Rahmadania, & Gerung, 2020). According to Kusumastuti and Hadjam (2017) teenage boys and girls spend twice as much time with their peers as they do with their parents within a span of one week. The influence of society on culture adolescent companions has the ability to exert a detrimental influence on parental values and control. Adolescents can also be influenced by their peers to engage in alcohol consumption, drug use, criminal activities and other negative behaviours (Santrock, 2003). Multiple studies indicate that adolescents of both genders are susceptible to drug abuse. Adolescents may be more susceptible to drug use due to external factors such as family and peer influences. The study attributes drug abuse to social control theory. Bahr, Hoffmann, and Yang (2005), Bègue and Roché (2009), Chris (2007), Durkin, Wolfe, and Clark (1999); Giordano (2012), Krohn and Massey (1980), Lin and Dembo (2008), Marcos, Bahr, and Johnson (1986), Nakhaie, Silverman, and LaGrange (2000), Ozbay and Ozcan (2006), Yu and Gamble (2010) and Wiatrowski, Griswold, and Roberts (1981) employed control theory to examine the relationship between abusive behaviour and drug use. According to the norms and rules prevalent in these social contexts, Hirschi's social control and bonding theory posits that social control within the family and peer groups regulates an individual's behaviour by influencing their internal and external environment (Booth, Farrell, & Varano, 2008; Ozbay & Ozcan, 2006; Wester, 2008). According to Hirschi (1969) adherence to established societal norms acts as a deterrent against engaging in deviant activities such as drug usage. Disrupting the social tie grants individuals, the freedom to partake in drug use and other forms of deviant behaviour but they may choose not to do so. Hirschi (1969) introduced four social bond elements that when robust are expected to restrict adolescent drug consumption. The four characteristics include interpersonal attachment, adherence to traditional norms, engagement in conventional pursuits and belief systems. Attachment pertains to the affective connections established between individuals. According to the concept, stronger parent-adolescent relationships lead to a decrease in drug consumption among adolescents. Adolescents with a strong bond are more inclined to take parental viewpoints into account prior to taking action, hence diminishing the likelihood of engaging in drug use. Furthermore, social ties necessitate regular and commonplace engagement. Individuals with aspirations for conventional success are unlikely to employ medicines due to the potential risks they pose to their goals and investments. Specifically, numerous traditional ambitions necessitate education, so young people emphasize attending school. Devotion to academic pursuits may diminish drug consumption. According to Kubrin, Stucky, and Krohn (2009) adolescents who engage in various conventional activities will have limited opportunities to engage in drug use. Belief is an essential component that strengthens social connections. Adolescents who have a belief in the ethical principles of the legal system and acknowledge their parents' authority to establish regulations are less inclined to partake in substance abuse and other detrimental activities. Projections indicate that drug usage is likely to increase due to diminished social relationship characteristics. Varma, Moore, Cataldi, Estoup, and Stewart (2017) found that religiosity is linked to reduced rates of marijuana use among teenagers. However, limited research has been conducted on the influence of religiosity on the perceived danger of marijuana use. There is substantial evidence to suggest that the perceived danger associated Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 2024, 12(3): 594-607 597 © 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. with marijuana usage is inversely related to the frequency of its use. The study investigated the relationship between religiosity, perceived risk and marijuana use using a nationwide survey of American adolescents. The survey included inquiries about lifetime, weekly and past-month substance use, social support, religious engagement and beliefs and the perceived level of risk associated with marijuana use. The study employed a structural equation model to examine the relationships between latent variables of religiosity and perceived risk as well as an observed variable of total days of marijuana use within the past year. The findings demonstrated that the model accurately represented the data and revealed that perceived risk of marijuana use acted as a mediator between religiosity and marijuana use. Religiosity seems to operate as a safeguard against marijuana usage and commencement. Furthermore, Sanchez, Opaleye, Chaves, Noto, and Nappo (2011) asserted that religion appears to function as a "social controller" by establishing and enforcing moral norms. The study seeks to investigate religious beliefs that may serve as deterrents to drug use among young individuals through the utilization of a focus group, in-depth interviews and observation. Catholics and Spiritists regarded the intake of legal drugs as less detrimental compared to illegal ones and had a particular level of acceptance towards alcohol use. Protestants expressed more emphasis when characterizing all substances as detrimental to one's well-being. The findings revealed that young individuals who engage in religious practices employ various religious principles to rationalize their decision to abstain from drug use. Moreover, they attribute this stance mostly to the influence of their familial heritage rather than their level of religious devotion. The statements of the young individuals indicated that their "anti-drug" stance was shaped by the family principles instilled in them throughout their upbringing rather than the teachings they received from their religious communities despite placing significant stress on religiosity as a defining feature in their mindset. Therefore, all the participants agreed that the family plays a crucial role in preventing drug use. The study conducted by Neitzke-Spruill and Glasser (2018) investigated the relationship between religion and the occurrence of mystical experiences. This was achieved by employing linear regression analysis using SPSS software to handle online survey data. The majority of participants were Caucasian males who exhibited a minimum degree of tertiary education. The study revealed a strong and statistically significant relationship between an individual's religious beliefs and their likelihood of having mystical experiences while using psychedelic substances. There was a substantial relationship between religious beliefs, the use of psychedelic substances for religious purposes and the intensity of mystical experiences after psychedelic drug use. In their study, Móró, Simon, Bárd, and Rácz (2011) investigated a group of drug users who did not experience any problems related to their drug usage. The aim was to gain a deeper understanding of a self-enhancing phenomenon related to the effects of drugs on the mind. The study analysed a sample of 667 participants who had used psychedelic substances, other substances or no substances at all. The data was collected through online questionnaires. The Psychological Immune Competence Inventory, Purpose in Life Test and Intrinsic Spirituality Scale were used to evaluate coping, life purpose and spirituality. The use of psychoactive drugs exhibited significant variation, even within participant groups sharing similar sociodemographic characteristics. Alternatively, the results indicate that drug users and non-users may primarily vary in terms of factors such as the purpose and significance of drug usage. Elsey (2017) conducted a comprehensive assessment of existing research on the effects of psychedelic drugs on individuals without any medical conditions examining both the neurobiological and subjective consequences. Studies indicate that psychedelic compounds have the potential to enhance mental well-being in individuals who are not experiencing any mental health disorders. The incongruity between the minimal risk associated with drug use and the severity of drug laws that penalize such usage is evident. An evidence-based drug policy that considers the costs and benefits of drugs can potentially aid in the treatment of mental health issues and facilitate the safe and beneficial use of psychedelic substances. McLaughlin, Campbell, and McColgan (2016) employed a qualitative methodology to examine the risk and protective factors within families that contribute to teenage substance use. The purpose of their study was to gather Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 2024, 12(3): 594-607 598 © 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. insights that may be used to develop interventions focused on the family unit. Thematic analysis revealed three main subjects: the bonds between parents and children, the approach to parenting and the presence of substance misuse among parents and siblings. Research has shown that establishing a strong link between parents and children can effectively protect teenagers from engaging in substance use. Parenting interventions aimed at preventing or reducing teenage substance use should prioritize fostering strong parent-child relationships and highlighting the need to dedicate quality time to children as a means of counteracting the effects of peer groups. Effective parenting particularly authoritative parenting that includes parental supervision and strong parent-child communication promotes children's disclosure. Tsang (2011) highlights the significance of parental engagement in drug prevention among Hong Kong youth. The effectiveness of the program was assessed by randomized controlled trials conducted on both typical parents, parents at risk and parents with a history of drug use. The evaluation was based on qualitative data. The effectiveness of the program was assessed using many measures including the parenting stress scale, the dyadic relationship with children subscale, child management self-efficacy, parenting competence, family cohesion and drug knowledge and attitudes. These findings indicate that the intervention effectively reduced parenting stress, enhanced parent-child connections, improved parental competence and increased awareness about drug prevention. The findings demonstrated the essential role of parents in combating teenage drug abuse a role that is frequently disregarded. Parents have a crucial impact on the overall well-being and prevention of drug use in young people. Therefore, it is necessary to create more parent program that are based on well-founded theories and supported by data. Additionally, there is a need to train more capable individuals in parent education. Parent education activities can be enhanced by a parent-adolescent parallel program, particularly given the availability of robust parent and adolescent courses. In their study, Al-Hail, Al-Fagih, and Koç (2021) employed a design-thinking methodology to analyze the existing practices of the parental educational system in governmental schools. They also explored the concerns and requirements of local stakeholders, including teachers and parents with regards to parental involvement in schools. Furthermore, the researchers proposed solutions and recommendations to enhance parental engagement in Qatari schools. The interview data and insights were analyzed using grounded theory methodology. The findings indicate that Qatar's public schools employ both home-based and school-based parental involvement strategies. Although many parents acknowledge the significance of parental engagement and express interest in serving on the 'Board of Trustees', only a small number actively participate or volunteer in school events and seldom visit classrooms or schools as a result of their growing work obligations. Moreover, the majority of parents’ desire is increased communication flexibility with the school in order to enhance their level of engagement. Teachers observe a deficiency in parental engagement regarding comprehension, addressing and enhancing students' academic performance and sustainable lifestyles. Ultimately, the decline in parental engagement in schools can be attributed to various factors resulting in a decrease in student academic performance. Leonhardt et al. (2022) conducted a study to investigate the levels of satisfaction and commitment in partner relationships as well as the changes that occur when individuals become parents. They employed a statistical method called dyadic latent class growth analysis (DLCGA) to analyze the data. A decline in the overall quality, satisfaction and commitment of relationships was seen. 46% of couples maintained a significant level of satisfaction and commitment while 35% maintained a fairly high level of satisfaction and commitment within the context of group-based assessments. High relationship satisfaction and commitment during the transition were linked to reduced avoidance of attachment, increased self-expansion within the partnership and greater perceived commitment from the partner throughout pregnancy. Pilgrim, Abbey and Kershaw (2004) found that the middle school transition of rural children is influenced by the quality of their relationships with parents, schools and peers. A total of 225 adolescents and their mothers participated in this research where they answered similar questions regarding family cohesion, school attachment, Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 2024, 12(3): 594-607 599 © 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. and minor substance use. Adolescents and mothers also cited the importance of friendship support and family religious involvement. The findings from the structural equation modelling indicate that family continues to play a substantial role in the lives of middle and junior high school students. Additionally, it is evident that friends do not possess exclusive influence over early adolescents. The data further corroborate the concept that strong early parental bonds instill in children a propensity to emphasize education and cultivate a network of supportive peers, thereby fostering unfavorable attitudes towards substance use. Adolescents who lack supportive companions are more inclined to have unfavorable school experiences and feel less connected to their educational institution contrary to commonly held beliefs. Strong family unity is also indicative of religious engagement which in turn may discourage non-participation. Engaging in religious activities can facilitate constructive interaction between adults and young individuals as well as instill adolescents’ values such as refraining from substance use. Engaging in religious activities can potentially decrease unregulated and unsupervised socializing with peers. Eecken, Spruyt, and Bradt (2018) investigated the educational objectives that middle- and working-class parents associated with their adolescents' recreational pursuits. The researchers conducted 32 interviews with parents in Belgium to gather data for their study. The study employed content analysis to identify five educational objectives that parents associate with their adolescents' leisure activities. These objectives include the acquisition of life skills and talents, the imparting of societal values and standards, the cultivation of peer group membership, the promotion of independent thinking and the facilitation of relaxation. Furthermore, the survey revealed that there were only slight socio-economic disparities in priorities. The majority of working-class parents seemed to appreciate the same qualities as middle-class parents. Figure 1. The theoretical framework from Hirshi’s social bond theory. Figure 1 illustrates the theoretical framework of this study which is derived from the preceding theoretical and empirical analysis of Hirshi's social bond theory. To be more precise, the empirical survey includes 5 question items for the independent variables of attachment factors. However, for this study, only 4 of these question items were used. Out of the four factors related to commitment, only two were used in the study. This study used 3 out of the 4 question items regarding the involvement variable. The dependent variable can be assessed in this study through the use of all eight question items. The items were rejected due to their failure to meet the minimum factor loading value criteria for assessing the validity and reliability of the study items. The specifics of the items are elaborated on in the subsequent section (methodology). Attachment Commitment Involvement Interest Independent variable Dependent variable Indicator: Direct effect Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 2024, 12(3): 594-607 600 © 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 3. METHODOLOGY Sampling is the act of choosing individuals from a certain group to represent a larger population that has been selected (Noraini, 2013). This research technique is known as a census, when researchers gather information about a topic from the complete population of participants (Konting, 2005). The sampling approach employed in this article is probability sampling. The probability sampling technique was selected based on the presence of features in the sample that are representative of the population (Chua, 2006). The sample technique employed in this study was stratified random sampling. Chua (2006) suggests the use of stratified random sampling in studies including a large geographic area and a diverse range of participants such as the entire population of a country, when the researcher does not have access to a comprehensive list of subject names. Stratified random sampling involves selecting samples in such a way that every individual in each stratum of the population has an equal chance of being chosen as a respondent. The details layer and description are as presented in Table 1. Table 1. Steps to prepare samples for multiple layers by areas. Layer Description First layer (State) This study will involve states located in high-risk areas in Malaysia. These states were selected based on high drug addiction statistics for each zone in Malaysia. The list was obtained from the national anti-drug agency (NADA). Second layer (District ) Districts within high-risk areas were selected. The lists of districts were also obtained from the national anti-drug agency (NADA) in Malaysia. Third layer (Sub-district) Sub-districts within high-risk areas were selected. The list of sub-districts was also obtained from the national anti-drug agency (NADA). Fourth layer (Village) Villages within high-risk areas were selected. The list of villages obtained from the headman of each area. Fifth layer (Individual or respondents) Individuals or household heads residing in high-risk areas were selected. The list of names will be obtained from the village head. Furthermore, this paper employed proportionate sampling as the method for stratified sampling. Proportional sampling is a technique where subjects are selected according to predetermined criteria established in the study, specifically from the designated stratum. The participants were selected based on two predetermined criteria: (1) parents with children between the ages of 13 and 18 and (2) parents who do not have children engaged in drug usage. The selection of the participants was conducted using a roster provided by the village leader which contained the names of participants who had been identified as being present at the site. The survey included a total of 515 respondents with a sample size of 103 for each state: Kelantan (n = 103), Kedah (n = 103), Kuala Lumpur/Selangor (n = 103), Johor (n = 103), and Sabah (n = 103). According to the National Anti-Drug Agency (2022) the place is situated in states categorized as high-risk areas. The questionnaire is segmented into three distinct components. Section A provides an analysis of the characteristics and traits of the people who responded to the survey. Section B concentrates on the emotional connection, participation, conviction and dedication within the family unit. Section C pertains to the level of parental engagement in family drug prevention activities. Section A comprises questions pertaining to the demographic characteristics of the household head, including gender, age, ethnicity, marital status, residential location, type of settlement and educational attainment. Section B has nine questions pertaining to the respondent's participation in the family drug prevention plan depending on the parents' interest in the initiative. The initial inquiry pertains to the respondents' inclination towards participating in initiatives orchestrated by entities such as the National Anti-Drug Agency (NADA), the Malaysian Ministry of Education (MOE), the Ministry of Youth and Sports (MYS), the National Population and Family Development Board (LPPKN), the Department of Information, the Department of National Unity and National Integration, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and Parents and Teachers Associations (PTA). This programme was established by the National Drug Policy. This section consists of five Likert scales namely strongly Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 2024, 12(3): 594-607 601 © 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. disagree, disagree, undecided, agree and highly agree. The purpose of this section is to determine the extent of parental involvement in drug prevention measures conducted by different organisations involved in such endeavors. Section C categorizes the three constructs into attachment, involvement and commitment. The construct attachment has 10 items on a Likert scale with five stages that assess the strength of parent-to-child ties as a preventive measure against drug misuse. The measurement of this attachment was conducted using questionnaires that were modified and used by three prior researchers: Yurino (2012), Hanafi (2004) and Smith (1996). The involvement construct has seven items rated on a Likert scale with five levels. These items reflect the extent to which parents are engaged in supporting activities at home, at school or outside of the child's school as a preventive step against drug usage. The level of participation was assessed using questionnaires that were modified and used by three prior researchers: Lin and Dembo (2008) and Kawashima (2012). The commitment construct comprises seven items rated on a Likert scale with five levels that assess the parent's dedication to monitoring or supervising the child as a preventive step against drug misuse. The measurement is derived from questionnaires that have undergone moderation by three esteemed scholars: Hanafi (2004), Kawashima (2012) and Shyny (2017). From the theoretical framework in section 2, the general regression equation is: 𝐼𝑁𝑇𝑖 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1𝐴𝑇𝑇𝑖 + 𝛽2𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑖 + 𝛽3𝐼𝑁𝑉𝑖 + 𝜀𝑖 (1) Where 𝛽0 is the constant. 𝛽𝑖 represent the regression coefficients. INT is interest. ATT is an attachment. COM is commitment. INV is an involvement. 𝜀 is the disturbance term. Equation 1 was derived from the theoretical framework established in the literature review section. We employed structural equation modelling (SAM) using the partial least squares (PLS) estimation technique to test the hypothesis. The alternate hypothesis for the regression equation is: Hypothesis 1: The variable ATT has significant effects on the variable INT. Hypothesis 2: The variable COM has significant effects on the variable INT. Hypothesis 3: The independent variable (INV) has significant effects on the dependent variable (INT). 4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION We used partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) through SmartPLS 4 software (Ringle, Wende, & Becker, 2022) to test the research hypothesis (Hair, Risher, Sarstedt, & Ringle, 2019). We divide the PLS-SEM analysis into two stages: (1) evaluating the measurement model for convergent validity and discriminant validity and (2) testing the structural model to test the research hypothesis. The Mardia's Normality Test using Web Power software performs the normal distribution analysis before the research analysis begins. The results indicate that the data in this study is anomalous where the Mardia multivariate skewness value is (β = 10.20851, p < 0.01) and the Mardia multivariate kurtosis value is β = 35.69217, p < 0.01). The β value on Mardia's multivariate skewness which is more than +/- 1 and Mardia's multivariate kurtosis which is more than +/- 7 show that the data distribution is not normal (Hair, Hollingsworth, Randolph, & Chong, 2017). Therefore, the use of SmartPLS software in this study is appropriate because the study data is not normal. Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 2024, 12(3): 594-607 602 © 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 4.1. Collinearity Analysis (Common Method Bias) The data collection method for this study uses data from one source only where exogenous variables and endogenous variables are obtained from the same respondent and answered simultaneously. The problem of collinearity (common method bias) needs to be overcome before testing the research hypothesis (MacKenzie & Podsakoff, 2012). According to MacKenzie and Podsakoff (2012) a statistical method is used to overcome the collinearity problem by using the full collinearity test method. This method involves reducing all research variables to a common variable and the required value of the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) is less than or equal to 3.3 (Kock, 2015). The results of the full collinearity test conducted in this study show that all VIF values are lower than 3.3 (see Table 2). This finding shows that common method bias (CMB) is not an issue in this study. Table 2. Full collinearity test. Variables VIF value Attachment 1.336 Commitment 1.158 Involvement 1.263 Interest 1.027 4.2. Measurement Model Evaluation According to Hair et al. (2019) the measurement model shows the relationship between the items (indicator) and the study construct and two measurements are used to test the measurement model, namely convergent validity and discriminant validity. The evaluation of the measurement model is to determine whether the level of validity and reliability of the items (indicators) used can test the relationship between exogenous and endogenous variables in the model (Hair et al., 2019). 4.3. Convergent Validity Table 3 shows the convergent validity analysis. The factor loading value above 0.5 indicates that the items for each construct satisfy the established criteria for convergent validity analysis (Hair et al., 2017). Next, the measurement scale has high internal consistency when the value obtained is above the minimum value of 0.7 for the composite reliability value (Hair et al., 2019). In addition, the value of Average Variance Extracted (AVE) exceeds the value of 0.5 (Hair et al., 2017). A total of four question items were discarded from the total number of research question items because they did not meet the condition of the factor loading value. Table 3. Convergent validity. Construct Item Factor loading Composite reliability AVE Attachment (ATT) ATT2 0.752 0.827 0.544 ATT3 0.743 ATT5 0.682 ATT6 0.771 Commitment (COM) COM3 0.783 0.773 0.631 COM4 0.805 Involvement (INV) INV1 0.760 0.752 0.508 INV3 0.800 INV4 0.554 Interest (INT) INT1 0.991 0.999 0.990 INT2 0.994 INT3 0.995 INT4 0.994 INT5 0.996 INT6 0.995 INT7 0.997 INT8 0.997 Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 2024, 12(3): 594-607 603 © 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. The Heterotrait-monotrait value (HTMT) must be lower than the value of 0.85 (Franke & Sarstedt, 2019) for discriminant validity. Table 4 shows that the range of HTMT values is 0.110 to 0.643. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the respondents to this study can understand the differences between the seven constructs according to each variable. Table 4. Heterotrait-monotrait discriminant validity (HTMT). Variables ATT COM INV INT ATT 1.00 COM 0.609 1.00 INV 0.643 0.529 1.00 INT 0.129 0.219 0.110 1.00 4.4. Evaluation of Structural Models and Research Hypotheses A multicollinearity test is conducted to ascertain the absence of any collinearity concerns within the study model following the examination of the measurement model. According to Kock (2015) and Kock and Lynn (2012) the subsequent step involves conducting a study of the structural model evaluation. The results indicate that all structures exhibit a Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) value below 5. Hence, no collinearity problem was observed among the variables under investigation. This finding elucidates that each research variable possesses a distinct significance within the study's environment. This study uses the bootstrapping function to test the research hypothesis. The bootstrapping method was used to test and determine the influence of the relationship between the study variables. This study generated 5000 times of bootstrapping from 515 samples. Figure 2 shows the structural model of the study. Figure 2. Structure model. The results of the analysis show that attachment (ATT) (β = 0.063, t = 1.397, LL = -0.024, UL = 0.124, p > 0.1) does not have a significant effect on interest (INT). Therefore, hypothesis H1 of this study is rejected. In addition, the findings of the study show that commitment (COM) (β = 0.111, t = 2.226, LL = 0.030, UL = 0.193, p < 0.05) has a significant effect on interest (INT). Therefore, hypothesis H2 of the study is accepted while hypothesis H3 is rejected because involvement (INV) (β = 0.035, t = 0.722, LL = -0.097, UL = 0.093, p > 0.1) does not have a significant effect on interest (INT). Table 4 shows the findings for the research hypothesis test. Additionally, effect size measurements for structural models were assessed using f2 values. The f2 value shows the influence of exogenous variables on endogenous variables. According to Hair et al. (2019) the f² value of the exogenous variable was evaluated as a small (0.02), medium (0.15) and large (0.35) influence. Table 5 shows commitment (COM) (f2 = 0.020) has a small influence on interest (INT) as an endogenous variable. Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 2024, 12(3): 594-607 604 © 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. Table 5. Hypothesis testing. Hypotheses Relationship Beta SE T value P value LL UL VIF f2 Result H1 ATT -> INT 0.063 0.045 1.397 0.081 -0.024 0.124 1.331 - Rejected H2 COM -> INT 0.111 0.050 2.226 0.013 0.030 0.193 1.146 0.020 Accepted H3 INV -> INT 0.035 0.049 0.722 0.235 -0.097 0.093 1.262 - Rejected 4.5. PLS Predict According to Shmueli, Ray, Estrada, and Chatla (2016) the PLS predict method is used to identify whether the evaluated model has strong predictive power or not. The model is assumed to have less error in predicting performance if the RMSE value in the PLS model is lower than that of the Linear Model (LM). Table 6 shows that all the values meet the conditions and the theoretically tested model in this study has strong predictor variables. According to Shmueli et al. (2016) testing predictive relevance restricts the blindfolding method's usefulness. PLS is used to estimate measurement error by comparing PLS Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) to Linear Modelling (LM) RMSE. This model is thought to have high predictive potential when all disparities between PLS and LM are less than zero. Shmueli et al. (2016) found that when all PLS-RMSE values are less than LM-RMSE values, there is substantial predictive power. If the majority of differences are less than zero, the predictive power is deemed moderate. If values less than 0 are in the minority, it implies poor predictive power. However, if the sum of all items is greater than 0, the predictive capacity cannot be proven. Table 5 demonstrates that the interest (INT) value for PLS-RMSE is lower than that of LM-RMSE indicating strong predictive potential. Table 6. PLS predict values. Item PLS RMSE LM RMSE PLS-LM Q²predict INT1 1.560 1.578 -0.018 0.005 INT2 1.555 1.574 -0.019 0.008 INT3 1.564 1.582 -0.018 0.011 INT4 1.564 1.581 -0.017 0.006 INT5 1.563 1.582 -0.019 0.010 INT6 1.564 1.582 -0.018 0.009 INT7 1.563 1.581 -0.018 0.008 INT8 1.561 1.580 -0.019 0.010 5. CONCLUSION Drug abuse among young people is a result of inadequate parental support. An insufficient amount of family support can be characterized by a lack of dedication, diminished communication and a bad connection with family members. In addition to parental support, relapse prevention and addiction development have been shown to be influenced by self-efficacy, workplace support and community support. Avoiding the increasing number of young people using drugs may harm future generations. As a result, teenagers' drug use is greatly influenced by their families and parents. Educating parents is the first step in preventing drug abuse. Parents influence their children by giving them direction, imposing firm boundaries regarding drug use and emphasizing the value of effective communication as part of their commitment. We make use of Hirshi's social bond theory in order to establish a relationship between the social bonding of a parent and their willingness to participate in a drug prevention program. This social bonding encompasses the parent's attachment, commitment and intellectual involvement. In addition, the research discovered that interest (INT) is influenced by commitment (COM). The commitment (COM) has a marginal influence on interest (INT) which is an endogenous variable within the system. Commitment is a logical element of a connection. Children possess a sense of obligation towards their parents indicating that when children have an emotional bond with their parents, they have also entered into a mutual Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 2024, 12(3): 594-607 605 © 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. understanding which will be demonstrated by their actions. This pertains to the degree to which youngsters participate in the customary activities of a collective. Individuals undergo a cognitive process that evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of their actions in comparison to the effort required to comply with societal norms prior to engaging in criminal behavior. Examples encompass the act of showing deference towards established customs and upholding the principles and standards that govern societal existence. The relationship between the level of commitment between teens and their parents and the likelihood of teenage drug misuse is evident. A higher commitment leads to a reduced chance of engaging in such activity. Furthermore, there exists a strong sense of dedication and loyalty among peers and youngsters. Once a strong emotional connection has been formed, it might result in immature actions that may ultimately result in criminal activity specifically substance abuse. It is crucial for agencies to work together and share resources in order to promote awareness and understanding of drugs as well as foster a drug-free family culture. This collaboration can be achieved by establishing a specialized integration between the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and the Ministry for the Development of Women, Family and Society (MDWFS) through the National Anti-Drug Agency (NADA) and the National Population and Family Development Agency (NPFDA) for the purpose of enforcement. The successful execution of drug prevention program initiatives necessitates a concurrent focus on the capacity of personnel and financial resources. Implementation in the public service sector can be conducted through the Public Service Guide Partners (AKRAB). Funding: This research is supported by Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia through the Long Research Grant Scheme (Grant number: LRGS/1/2019/UKM/02/2/5). Institutional Review Board Statement: The Ethical approval for this study was given by the National University of Malaysia on 12 March 2020 (Ref. No. UKM PPI/111/8/JEP-2020-174) and the University Malaysia Terengganu Malaysia on 11 March 2023 (Ref. No. UMT/JKEPM/2022/106). Transparency: The authors state that the manuscript is honest, truthful, and transparent, that no key aspects of the investigation have been omitted, and that any differences from the study as planned have been clarified. This study followed all writing ethics. 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