Spatial diff usion of mobile telephony in Hungary 35 Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 59 (1) (2010) pp. 35–50. Spatial diff usion of mobile telephony in Hungary Tiner, Tibor1 Abstract This article deals with the role of mobile telephony within the information society in general, the conditions of its use and the spatial characteristics and spatial features of its diff usion in diff erent types of Hungarian sett lements. The introductory part of the paper gives a short survey about the most important features of wirelessness, as a technological basis of mobiltelephony. The following part of the study outlines some impacts of mobile telephony on the economy and the public sphere showing the main spatial trends observed nowadays in mobile communications development. The third part of the article makes a comparison between Hungarian sett lements (small towns) of a developed region (the Budapest agglomeration zone) and of less-favoured rural regions of South West Hungary evaluating the reasons for considerable diff erences. Keywords: mobile telephony, spatial diff usion, regional and local inequalities Introduction In the 20th century the telephone had to cope with the technical problem of transmitt ing communications between people over a distance. It operated on the principles of analogy, reciprocity and simultaneity. It enabled the long- distance transmission of the human voice while depriving the speakers of all other sensory modes of communications (Fekete, L. 2001). The mobile telephone of the 21th century is providing for all the sensory modes of communications between people. But this wireless mobile phone with its digitalizing, dividing into parts and manipulating sensory signs will open a radically new period in the history of telecommunications because it will be free from spatial barriers. With the appearance of the mobile telephone as a new medium of communication all conventional interpretations of the term ‘telecommunica- tions’ need to be reconsidered. There is a fundamental new quality to this new instrument of communication in that is not confi ned to any given place 1 Geographical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1112 Budapest, Budaörsi út 45. E-mail: tinert@mtafk i.hu – J. Selye University, ul. Hradná 21. 94501 Komárno 1. Slovakia. E-mail: tiner.tibor@selyeuni.sk 36 (Karácsony, A. 2001). It is no longer a certain place with its particular set of persons that is being addressed but rather a particular person wherever he (or she) might be. The only way to create an information society is the organic integration of informatics and mobile telecommunications. This is because it is only the mobile telecommunication by the help of which information can be shared in society to a full extent. The essence of the mobile telephone service is a pow- erful symbiosis of telecommunications and information technologies (Sugár, A., et al. 2000). The centre of revolutionary breakthrough is people’s commu- nications demands and their satisfaction anywhere and at any time. This is the fi rst service ever that is available in any country joining the network and in a broad sense it is the model of telecommunications infrastructure that the future information society may be built on. Mobile telephony may be investigated on the basis of its wireless tech- nology, its impacts on economy and society and last but not least on its spatial characteristics of penetration into sett lements of diff erent size and alternative level of development. Global wireless technology as a fundamental technological innovation serving mobile telephony Two wireless communications technologies have been widely adopted in recent years: the mobile (or cellular) telephones, and the wireless laptop com- munications through WiFi (Wireless Fidelity). A third phase has been started to appear in the late 2000s when the size and weight of portable computers (notebooks, laptops, palmtops) became much smaller and the new models of mobile phones equipped with top technologies have been transformed into a real ‘hand-computers’. The first limited mobile services were introduced in the United Kingdom 1940 and in the USA in 1947, followed by commercial introduction in 1979. Europe’s fi rst modern cellular system was introduced in Sweden, Finland and Norway still in 1981. Despite its early lead in the establishment of cellular telephone systems, mobile networks of the Continent suff ered from compat- ibility problems, making it diffi cult for subscribers to use their mobile sets outside of country-based calling areas. As a consequence, compatibility and standard issues became critical and led to the development of a Pan-European GSM cellular system. This abbreviation came from the French Groupe Speciale Mobile today known as Global System for Mobile Communications. By permitt ing compatibility among national networks GSM has be- come a crucial factor in Europe’s lead in cellular phone penetration. Though mobile phone growth rates have slowed down considerably between 1995 37 and 2005, counting in compound of annual growth rates (CAGR) in Europe similarly to other continents of the world, the old Continent still has the second highest number of cell phone subscribers and the highest mobile penetration rate (Comer, J.C. and Wikle, T.A. 2008). (The value of latest parameter exceeds 100% when individuals owe more than one mobile phone using separate sub- scriptions for business and private purposes.) Due to technical innovations mobile phones were rapidly introduced in the 1990s (Rogers, E.M. 1995; Lacohée, H., et al. 2003). In 2003 some 25% of the world population used mobile telephones and ca. 80% of them lived in areas covered of mobile telephone networks. Nowadays ca. 3.4 billion people (more than 50%) use mobile phones, most of them live in Europe, China, and in the USA. Still in 2002 the number of mobile telephone subscribers world- wide exceeded that of fi xed ones (ITU 2004, 2009). As for Europe in 2008 there were 28 countries, where the penetration rate of mobile phones emerged above 100%. The same volume was only 19 in 2005. (ITU 2007, 2009). Wireless laptop communications were introduced in the developed world only in the late 1990s. It is currently limited to areas where proper aerials (mobile towers) are installed (hot spots), such as airports, restaurants, hotels, cafés and urban areas opened to public (downtown squares, city parks etc.). The simultaneous introduction of SMS (Short Message Service) and Internet services over mobile telephones and laptop WiFi communications has implied the availability of these two portable machines. These technologies grew out of the previously developed telephone and Internet technologies present- ing a merger of mobility computerized information and communications (Kellerman, A. 2006). In case of mobile telephony wirelessness is a possible equivalent term to the motorization and telephony relating to values, practices, norms and pat- terns within three spheres of individuals, society and space. It assumes the wide adoption of wireless communications devices by households. However, when compared to the telephone it obviously facilitates fl exibility in both physical and virtual movements, whereas the telephone permits only virtual fl exibility. Wireless communications further simultaneously intrudes users’ time and space as compared to possible time intrusion by the telephone. The use of mobile telephone thus ceases possible isolation. The use of either mobile phones or wireless Internet by the help of laptops means disappeared bounda- ries between the private and the public. Whereas telephones and computers were traditionally devices in communications to be used indoors and involv- ing some privacy of communications, wirelessness implies less privacy and a change of social boundaries regarding the acceptance of communications activity in the public spheres. Finally, it can be stated that wireless communi- cations in general can be considered as a third phase in social communication and networking (Wellman, B. 2001): 38 The fi rst phase was face-to-face communication, typifying social rela- tions within traditional physical place-bounded communities. The wired telephony have led to the development of a second phase of social relations and networking. This place-to-place communication have replaced some of the local physical face-to-face relations in communities. The third phase is the person-to-person communication derived from the possibilities for wireless and placeless communication free from time lim- its, detached from household location and its communication infrastructure. The impact of mobile information technologies on the economy and the public spheres It is a well-known fact that the role of mobile telephony in all branches of economy is of great importance. It is because in the economic sphere tech- nological and institutional changes are interconnected, the new technologies predicate new regulatory modes and new patt erns of economic behavior. Being a part of the breakthrough in information technologies, mobile information technologies themselves have contributed to these changes. It can be stated that mobile techniques as a part of information tech- nologies replace mass production. The spatial spread transforms the micro and macro regular systems of production. As a consequence mobile telephony contributes to reduce transaction costs, enables increasing economic fl exibility for fi rms, off ers on-line businesses and infl uences greater mobility of produc- tion factors (Gedeon, P. 2001). Observing and evaluating the complexity of the connection between the mobile telephony and public spheres intriguing contexts can be discovered. The wide use of new information and telecommunication technologies (ITC) has made clear that it is advantageous to treat the various types of commu- nications within a single theoretical framework. The brand new mobile com- munication technologies have radically changed the space and time constraint of communications and have altered the habits and patt erns of communication between the members of society (Heller, 2001). Consequently, the wide use of mobile phones embedded in modern telecommunication technologies induces a new public sphere. Instead of the former idea of a single public sphere, a complex structure of overlapping layers of various dimensions is coming about (Keane, J. 1966). The rapid technological changes involve profound social transforma- tion and raise numerous new technological problems. Some scientists are pessimistic seeing a growing cleavage within and between individual socie- ties and the gap becoming irreversible (Castells, M. 1996–1998). But devel- opment has its positive aspects. Active creative communications may again – – – 39 increase as opposed to passive consumption. At the same time the possibility to participate in local, national, regional and global public spheres gives a fresh impetus to the interactive communications of local, national and global citizens. Mobile communication devices make this possibility for development ever more secure and accessible. Some regional and local characteristics of the diff usion of mobile communications The development of mobile communications in the last decade was character- ized by three marked trends (Erdősi, F. 1999): 1. Globalisation processes in mobile communication. The introduction of continent-wide or even world wide unifi ed services, and intrusion of wire- less networks into distant places in underdeveloped countries and regions (eg. Africa, Central-Asia etc.) 2. Integration of wired and wireless technologies and networks. This process fi rst appeared in the USA, Japan and in developed countries of Europe and later it spread towards the Eastern European countries. 3. Fusion of mass media with telematics in developed countries. From the turn of the millennium hundreds of tv-programs (on cable networks or via satellites) and a wide range of telematic services have become accessible for mobile phone subscribers of Western Europe, the USA, Japan and other developed countries owing to technological innovations next generation (NG) mobile sets (‘hand-computers’) and the wide spread of hotspots, mainly in urban areas. Here it should be emphasize that mobile devices may permit the devel- opment of geographically more fl exible regional and local services, mainly for metropolitan areas. Mobile phones give the ability to provide location-based services to physically moving potential clients by identifying their exact loca- tion inside a given region via GPS (Global Positioning System) technologies (Kellerman, A. 2002). Furthermore, wireless devices encourage more travel, notably business travels mainly between cities, through the availability of virtual mobility, while physically on the road or in train. Mobile telephone may permit faster more effi cient and fl exible use of time and space by individuals to fi t the more fl exible social nature of second modernity cities (Townsend, A. 2001; Zook, M. et al. 2004). This device leads to more effi cient management of direct contacts in CBDs, as well as more effi cient use of highways connecting large cities, where mobile phones are widely adopted as this communications device permitt ing immediate contacts when, for example, some rescheduling is required because of any unforeseen congestion. Moreover, mobile phones may further imply ‘personal globaliza- 40 tion’ as overseas destinations may be reached immediately from any location, frequently at high costs for calls, but at lower ones for SMS. The adoption of mobile telephones has been expanding fast in less developed countries of East Central Europe, such as Hungary, where at the same time mobile telephones have began to supersede the fi xed wired tel- ephones operated by MATÁV (Hungarian Telecommunication Company) and now they are decisive factor of telecommunications. The spread of mo- bile telecommunication services in Hungary has taken place according to the model experienced world-wide, in the framework of a process spreading from the centre towards the periphery. Namely, the coverage penetration has run from the capital city (Budapest) towards other regional centers along the main radial expressways. A brief review of two decades of mobile and wired telephony in Hungary In Hungary there are three mobile communication companies: T-Mobile Hun- gary (before May 2004 named Westel Hungary), Pannon GSM and Vodafone. They have started their activity in 1993, except for Vodafone which entered the market only in 2000. These three companies aft er having divided the Hungar- ian mobile market have became very prosperous and profi table fi rms. Nowa- days T-Mobile is the largest GSM network provider in the country. Deregulation of the economy in the 1990s has led to an explosive and permanent growth of the mobile communications market in Hungary. This process has resulted more than 12 million mobile phone subscribers in the country (121 mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants) at the end of 2008. T- Mobile the biggest mobile operator in the country already providing services to over 5,5 million mobile users (44.7%). Pannon GSM has 4 million subscribers (33.4%) and Vodafone has nearly 2.6 million ones (21.9%). Since the second half of the 1990s mobile operators started to compete with the MATÁV’s wired telephone services. This challenge ended successfully. From 2000 the number of fi xed phones in dwellings started to fall, in 2002 the number of mobile phones and domestic calls initiated by mobile phones have already exceeded that of fi xed phones in Hungary (Figure 1). Aft er the turn of the millennium a second phase of this competition started focusing the broadband telecommunication network development (Tiner, T. 2009). A spectacular increase has taken place in the number of hotspots based on WiFi technology promoting mobile internet use. In 2008 more than 1300 registered hot spots were available for potential users all over the country, 41% of them located in Budapest. The rate of chargeable ones is 56% in the country towns (Figure 2). Main part of hotspots in Budapest is concentrated in downtown and can be found in public buildings (hotels, restaurants, pubs, 41 cafés, telecott ages etc.) or in the vicinity of mobile phone towers with aerials (Figure 3). 51% of all hotspots can be used free, the rest is chargeable. Back to telephone supply, it is worth mentioning that 60% of the Hungarian population had both wired and mobile telephone in 2008. 25% Fig. 1. Telephone calls initiated in fi xed and mobile networks in Hungary. Source: Statistical Yearbook of Hungary 2009. KSH, Budapest Fig. 2. Spatial structure of hotspot availability in Hungary, 2008. Source: Kocsis, K. and Schweitzer, F. eds, 2009 42 was the owner of only mobile telephone and an additional 13% had a fi xed line exclusively. (3% of the population had none.) Since the early 2000s the expansion of mobile telephony has been ac- companied with a sharp and perpetual competition between the three mobile operators and the two fi xed-line network operators in Hungary. The main fi xed-line telephone operators Magyar Telekom (former state-owned MATÁV Hungarian Telecommunications Company Ltd.) and Invitel Telecommunication Co. the main fi xed-line telephone operators investing huge sums of money into technical development of their networks do their best to preserve or maintain their share in telecommunications market of Hungary by investing huge sums of money into technical development of their networks. Concomitantly they are also competing with each other in the fi eld of wired telephony. Fig. 3. Hotspots in the heart of Budapest. Green fl ags mark free access. Source: www. hotspott er.hu 43 The historical background of this process is the following. In 2000 Deutsche Telekom obtained majority (nearly 60%) ownership in MATÁV. Next year the Hungarian company could become an international telecommunications group when the consortium led by MATÁV acquired majority ownership in Macedonia’s national telecommunications company Makedonski Telekomunikacii (MakTel), so MakTel became a consolidated subsidiary of the Group. 2001 was the offi cial date of full liberalization of the Hungarian tele- communications market. The area of fi xed-line telephony was the last segment of telecommunications where the market was opened. At that time MATÁV Group achieved leading position in mobile telephony, internet and business data communication markets and obtained over 80% share on the fi xed-line telephone market. In December 2003 MATÁV announced connection of the 100,000th ADSL line. During that year the number of Hungarian towns where this service was available tripled to reach 128. Since January 1, 2004 – when the Electronic Communications Act entered into force that contained EU-compat- ible market regulatory provisions – fi xed-line number portability became a reality in Hungary. One year later MATÁV acquired a 73% majority ownership of the Telekom Montenegro and has become a strategic investor in the South East European region. In May 2005 the MATÁV Group was renamed Magyar Telekom Group with members T-Com, T-Online, T-Mobile, T-Systems and T-Cable branches jointly off ering the full range of telecommunications for residential and business customers. In 2007 several small local telephone operators (eg. Hungarotel, Pantel, V-holding, Euroweb etc.) merged into Invitel Telecommunication Company, the second largest service provider in the fi xed-line telecommunications. From that year Magyar Telekom has been in sharp competition with Invitel. Its concession service area comprises 14 primary districts of the country covering nearly 17 % of Hungary’s population. For 2008 Magyar Telekom has become the principal provider of tel- ecommunication services in Hungary, which operates local telephone services and long distance dialing in 38 primary districts. Its latest technical innovations achieved makes possible to install a 2,700 km long optical NG-WDM (Next Generation Wavelength Division Multiplexing) backbone network in 2009. With the help of it Magyar Telekom off ers its customers super-fast wireline broadband access, which is much faster than ever before. The relative com- mercial values of supplying fi xed-line telephony to households and the volume of initiated calls are steadily diminishing since 2000 owing to the rapid spread of mobiles all over the country. Meanwhile considerable regional diff erences exist in this fi eld of telephony. 44 Since 2009 both fi xed-line operators off er broad band wired internet packages at a decreasing price including a large choice of cable-tv programs and telephone services for their subscribers. By the end 2013, Magyar Telekom plans to cover approximately 780,000 households with a fi ber-to-the-home (FTTH) network and to further upgrade 380,000 households to whom a hybrid-fi ber-coaxial network is currently avail- able. In spite of their eff orts these companies will not be able to get back their subscribers living in towns or villages mainly because of the dynamic penetration of mobile internet services and HDSPA off ered by the three mobile telephone operators at a low fares. Spatial diff usion of mobile phones in two diff erent regions of Hungary This part of the study is aimed to demonstrate the main diff erences of mobile telephone diff usion process in two poles of regions inside Hungary as sample areas. The fi rst is the agglomeration zone of Budapest (most developed region of the country), and the second is a less-favored rural microregion (Ormánság) in South Transdanubia (Tiner, T. 2004, 2008). Surveys were made in 2005 (for two small towns chosen from the ag- glomeration zone) and in early 2006 (for villages of the Ormánság region). Investigation was based on a primary type research, namely questionnaires collected from a sample of 2x150 secondary school students (aged 15–18 years) living in two small prosperous towns of the agglomeration zone of Budapest (Budaörs and Szentendre, both with ca. 25,000 inhabitants), and from another sample of 150 students (with same age structure) living in 29 diff erent small-sized villages (between 54 and 360 inhabitants) of Ormánság microregion (Figure 4.). Questions referred to rate of mobile telephone users among secondary grammar school students (their distribution by place of residence, types of mobile sets, year of gett ing their fi rst mobile phone, the monthly cost of use, monthly income of the family, educational level of parents etc.). Comparing the two groups of students living in very diff erent circum- stances, investigation has led to interesting conclusions. Instead of detailed verbal explanation of answers the results are demonstrated on fi gures 5–8. The fi gures presented above have made it clear the followings: Students of towns belonging to the agglomeration zone of Budapest had mobile phone much earlier than students living in villages of the Ormánság region. (Time gap was some 2 to 3 years). The rate of mobile telephone users is much higher among young citizens (94.0% of students in case of Budaörs, and 92.6% in Szentendre) opposite to students of Ormánság region (with a rate of 53.3%). – 45 Fig. 4. Map of sample areas 46 Fig. 7. Share of diff erent type of mobile phones among students in two towns of Budapest agglomeration (A) and in Ormánság region (B), 2005 Fig. 6. Distribution of mobile telephone owner students by gender Fig. 5. Annual increase of mobile phone stock in the sample areas 47 Rate of girls among mobile users much lower in the less-favoured rural region investigated than among students living in prosperous satellite towns of Budapest agglomeration. The leading type of mobile phones used by students is the Nokia, but further two ones (Sony-Ericsson and Siemens) are also popular with users of sample areas. In case of village students of Ormánság region only three types are in dominancy among young mobile phone users. This phenomenon re- fl ects a poorer choice of sets off ered by phone stores in this rural region (and in rural regions in general). Average sum of monthly mobile telephone costs among the stu- dents of villages only one third to one fourth of that students in Budaörs and Szentendre. Furthermore, girls spend more money in general than boys, so their time for call is longer when using their mobile telephone. Two additional records during the research have to be mentioned: a) It was generally observed, that the rate of mobile phone users de- pends on the annual income and the educational level within the family. In case of the students of Budaörs and Szentendre these rates exceed the na- tional average and they are far higher than the average for the villages of the Ormánság region. b) An interesting phenomenon is, that in case of both type of student groups it is the father in the family who bought the fi rst mobile phone. But in case of the two towns, 64% of children of 14–16 years old become the next mobile owners, and not their mothers. In case of village students the mothers are the second having got mobile phones in the family, and not the children. – – – Fig. 8. Average sum of monthly telephone costs among students asked in the sample areas. – B = boys; G = girls 48 Conclusions Research has made perfectly clear that the spread of mobile phones in regions representing very diff erent levels of economic development followed the hi- erarchic expansion as found elsewhere. The process began much earlier in the Budapest area, than in Ormánság where there is still a relatively low level of mobile supply (25%) among the students living in the villages investigated. Inhabitants with higher education were among the fi rst in these poor communities to purchase their fi rst mobile in the late 1990s and they are still the only group of local communities who use wide range of services off ered by mobile operators and other private fi rms belonging to diff erent branches of commerce and personal services. Naturally, the increasing spatial diff usion of mobile telephony in a less-developed region is a very positive process. The stable advantage of pros- perous regions and cities with dynamically increasing economy present a permanent obstacle for poor regions and sett lements located on the peripheries to make improvements in their marginal position. Additional problems of less-favoured regions: Steady out-migration of skilled workers owing to the lack of local workplaces and/or low wages off ered by small or middle-sized companies in the rural areas. A high rate of retired people in the countryside who cannot aff ord to spend on telecommunication services. Increasing rate of unskilled and unemployed Roma population living in hundreds of villages in north-eastern and south-western regions of Hungary (their number is estimated round 700,000 for 2009). Considerable part of these Roma families (oft en with 5–9 children) try to make their living basically on social aid coming from state or municipality budget from month to month. Nowadays they do not have any perspectives to get stable workplaces and regular income. The factors above hinder the diff usion of telecommunications innova- tions and the eff ective use of their modern equipments across the backward regions of Hungary. Consequently, the capital and the towns of its agglomeration zone where the diff erent innovations of new telecommunications technologies (such as mobile phones) appear immediately and soon start to diff use are able to pre- serve their advantage in eff ective and multifunctional use of mobile sets over regions having connected into this process only in later phase. This process hinders the emergence of peripheries and conserves their backward position in the process of long-term regional development. – – – 49 References Castells, M. 1996–1998. The Information Age I–III. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Publishers, 556 p., 462 p., 418 p. Comer, J.C. and Wikle, T.A. 2008. Worldwide diff usion of cellular telephone, 1995–2005. 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Dodrecht, Kluiwer, 155–176. << /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles true /AutoRotatePages /None /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%) /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2) /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error /CompatibilityLevel 1.4 /CompressObjects /Tags /CompressPages true /ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages true /CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default /DetectBlends true /DetectCurves 0.0000 /ColorConversionStrategy /CMYK /DoThumbnails false /EmbedAllFonts true /EmbedOpenType false /ParseICCProfilesInComments true /EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /EmitDSCWarnings false /EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 1048576 /LockDistillerParams false /MaxSubsetPct 100 /Optimize true /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments true /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true /PreserveDICMYKValues true /PreserveEPSInfo true /PreserveFlatness true /PreserveHalftoneInfo false /PreserveOPIComments true /PreserveOverprintSettings true /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts true /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [ true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /CropColorImages true /ColorImageMinResolution 300 /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleColorImages true /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /ColorImageResolution 300 /ColorImageDepth -1 /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterColorImages true /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile () /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False /CreateJDFFile false /Description << /ARA /BGR /CHS /CHT /CZE /DAN /DEU /ESP /ETI /FRA /GRE /HEB /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. 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