Perception of quality of life in Brno housing estates 90 Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 62 (1) (2013) 90–101. Perception of quality of life in Brno housing estates Ivan ANDRÁŠKO1, Pavlína LESOVÁ1, Josef KUNC2 and Petr TONEV2 Abstract The main goal of this paper is to introduce and discuss the ways of perceiving the qual- ity of life on selected housing estates of Brno City. At a general level we focus on the signifi cance of this kind of research and the factors infl uencing the way housing estates and living there are perceived in the Czech Republic. The results of our research on three Brno housing estates imply that the "external" image of quality of life on a housing estate can be rather diff erent from the feelings and opinions of inhabitants living there. That contradiction is a result of a quite wide spectrum of factors such as adaptation processes, local patriotism or media infl uence. Keywords: housing estate, place image, quality of life, neighbourhood comparison, Brno Introduction The residential complexes consisting of mainly houses built by means of pre- fabricated, pre-stressed concrete panel technology became not only a symbol of the socialist architecture but also homes for millions of people during the four decades when they were built. The pre-fabricated-panel housing estates (further referred to as housing estates) have left indelible traces in the lives of these people. This paper primarily focuses on issues related to the quality of life and the image of housing estates. We briefl y discuss the signifi cance of such research and also the factors infl uencing the perception of living on Czech housing estates. Then we focus on the selected housing estates located in Brno and on the way they are perceived regarding the quality of life aspect. Our research is based on the concept of "external" and "internal" image introduced 1 Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Geography, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic, E-mails: geoganry@mail.muni.cz, 199437@mail.muni.cz 2 Masaryk University, Faculty of Economics and Administration, Department of Regional Economics and Administration, Lipová 41a, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, E-mails: kunc@ econ.muni.cz, tonev@econ.muni.cz 91 by Andráško, I. (2006). Considering the acquired knowledge, our research is part of the housing estate studies incorporated into the theoretical-methodo- logical framework of the quality of life concept. Housing estate research and the quality of life concept When considering housing estates as a more or less solid component of ur- ban research (see e.g. Berényi, B.E. and Szabó, B. 2009; Matlovič, R. and Nestorová-Dická, J. 2009; Šuška, P. 2012), it is quite logical to ask a funda- mental question: "Why should we study housing estates"? The simplest answer to the question is related to the number of people living there. The construction of housing estates in the Czech Republic started in the 1960s and it ended in the 1990s. The share of panel houses in the hous- ing stock increased to one-third and the share of people living on housing estates increased to 30% (Kallabová, E. 2004), meaning over 3 million people in absolute numbers. In the CEE countries 11–14 million apartments were built by means of panel technology during the period of 1950–1990. Those apart- ments were the homes for 15 to 45% of the inhabitants of those countries at the beginning of the 21st century. When taking into account the trends of future development (see Kallabová, E. 2002; Temelová, J. et al. 2011 we can assume that those rates will not signifi cantly change in the coming years. Several papers dealing with the housing estates in the CEE countries (e.g. Egedy, T. 2000; Mládek, J. 2000; Temelová, J. et al. 2011; Warchalska- Troll, A. 2012) stress that scientists should reveal information that could be used in improving the lives of the people living there. In this context, we consider the placement of studies in the framework of the quality of life con- cept exceptionally valuable. The scope of such research usually exceeds the possibilities of case-studies and more likely belongs to the sphere of larger research projects. Nevertheless, even studies focusing on the local aspects of quality of life may be benefi cial. S. Cutter (1985) specifi ed that approach as an evaluation of the total quality of life in a specifi c territory through study- ing individual perceptions. That approach will be used in the following part of our paper. Perception and shaping of the quality of life image in Czech housing estates The perception and evaluation of the environment by humans is an insepara- ble part of the geographical research (see e.g. Ira, V. 2004; Andráško, I. 2009. The image of housing estates cannot be considered very positive over time. It 92 is partially a result of the way these housing estates were built; planners fre- quently failed to take into account not only the basic needs resulting from the concentration of a large number of people in a relatively small area but also the more specifi c requirements connected to the socio-demographic structure of their inhabitants. That problem has become more pronounced since the 1970s. According to Ševčík (2009, in Divina, M. 2010), the reasons were connected with the strong advancement of standardization, the increasing number of building directives and the context of quantitative expansion. The signifi cance of housing estates in the former Czechoslovakia also appears in artistic works. Let us mention just some examples, a movie by Věra Chytilová "Panelstory aneb Jak se rodí sídliště" (Panelstory or the birth of a housing estate) (1979) or the song "Po schodoch" (Up the Stairs) by Patejdl and Mikletič, played by Banket (1986). In both cases living on housing estates acquires a satiric or a tragicomic dimension drawing the att ention of people to problems such as the paradoxi- cal anonymity of people in an environment where everybody knows what his/her neighbour is doing just now or the "rationally irrational" way of spatial arrangement resulting in spatial disorientation. It cannot be surprising that housing estates were called "concrete jungles" or "rabbit hutches" – the latt er expression was used in one of the fi rst speeches of the former Czech(oslovak) president, Václav Havel. Still, we believe that this negative image of housing estates should not be overestimated. Many people having grown up in the former Czechoslovakia usually do not have a word against "their" housing estates because they grew up there and they managed to identify with it. It should not be forgott en either that housing estates improved signifi cantly the spatial and sanitary standards of households at the time of their constructions (Kallabová, E. 2004). The events of the "Velvet Revolution" in 1989 brought about many signifi cant changes in the former Czechoslovakia and they had an eff ect on housing estates as well. The changes in the housing ownership structure, the introduction of market mechanism or the re-establishment of local govern- ments represent just partial couple of aspects contributing to the "humaniza- tion" of the residential environment of housing estates. In this respect, terms such as "regeneration", "revitalisation", "renovation" and "rehabilitation" have been used since the mid-1990s. In general, they are associated with technical, environmental and social changes, spatially related to the apartments (e.g. reconstruction), whole build- ings (façade insulation) or to the housing estates’ environment in a wider social context (public areas). Market forces relatively quickly saturated many of the formerly poorly fulfi lled needs of inhabitants. Developments in services and retailing even changed the images of the housing estates which were perceived negatively before (Andráško, I. 2007). 93 Brno’s housing estates and the way they are perceived by local people Brno with its 380,000 inhabitants is the second largest city in the Czech Republic. Approximately 40% of the city’s inhabitants reside on housing es- tates. The fi rst panel house in Brno was built in 1957. The number of apart- ments built by means of panel technology was 247 in Brno in 1960, and this number increased to 1216 by 1963. The fi rst housing estate construction start- ed in 1960 (fi nished in 1965) and the last housing estate was built between 1987 and 1994. As many as twenty housing estates were built by pre-fabricated technology in Brno (Lesová, P. 2011). The following section our study focuses on the evaluation of the im- age of three selected housing estates regarding the quality of life context. Our study is based on a questionnaire survey performed in Brno in 2011. Brno inhabitants were systematically surveyed and the basic data set covers the answers of 2500 respondents. Signifi cant att ention was paid to the pro- portional-territorial character of the sample. Therefore, the city was divided into 75 boroughs. The data set also contains information about the age, the educational and the gender aspects of the population. The questionnaire focused on a wide spectrum of information about the inhabitants’ quality of life. The wording of the individual questions was adopted from previous surveys of Andráško, I. (2007) infl uenced, besides others, by Pacione, M. (1986). It is impossible to evaluate all the results of the complex research within a single paper; therefore, we focus here on the image of the selected housing estates. The evaluation of that image was based on the replies of respondents to the questions where they were asked to specify up to 5 locations in Brno which they considered the best and the worst from the quality of life aspect. On the basis of the answers, we established and quantitatively assessed two types of images. – A general, "city-wide" image that was processed for all 75 city bor- oughs and it was based on the answers of respondents who indicated a spe- cifi c neighbourhood to be among the best ones or the worst ones. The result made it possible to establish a ranking of the city boroughs according to the perception of their quality of life. Focusing on the housing estates, we found that within Brno the housing estate Lesná had the best image and the housing estate Bohunice had the worst. Therefore, we selected these two estates for a more detailed investigation. The third selected housing estate was Bystrc. The att itude of people towards that housing estate can be described as "ambivalent" – a relatively large share of respondents classifi ed it both in the best and the worst borough categories. – We have designed the second concept as an "internal" image. In this case, we focused only on respondents’ view of the three above-mentioned 94 housing estates. The internal (or own) image expresses how the inhabitants of a housing estate perceive the quality of life in their own neighbourhood. In this case, we also took into account the satisfaction of the inhabitants with their places of residence. The degree of satisfaction was expressed on a 5-degree scale (5 = great satisfaction and 1 = great dissatisfaction). The following section provides a description of the three selected hous- ing estates in order to help the understanding of factors shaping their images. Lesná housing estate Lesná maintains the status of "good address" in Brno. It was built in the 1960s, during a period which was more convenient for housing estates from many viewpoints (aesthetic-architectonic, functional, etc.). The housing estate was built at the northern edge of the city (Figure 1), on a rugged south-facing slope. The architectonic design was inspired by the Scandinavian cities. The Fig. 1. Localisation of the selected housing estates within the city of Brno 95 term "Lesná" itself evokes a connection to the nature (the word "lesná" is an adjective of the word "les" which means "forest") and it quite precisely de- scribes the place. The neighbourhood adjoins large forests which are used as a recreational area. The housing estate is also intersected by a depression (Čertova rokle) which is mostly covered with greenery as well and since the main roads are located at the outer circumference of the housing estate, no heavy transport disturbs that area. The built-up area in Lesná is characterised by nine-storey houses with length of up to 200 m (Photo 1). This structure made it possible to establish large green areas among the buildings with sports facilities. The att itude of Brno’s inhabitants towards Lesná, expressed by means of the "general" image concept, is rather clear. The evaluation of the "fi rst op- tion" (the fi rst choice of preferred borough) implies that Lesná is generally perceived as the best city brough within the limits of Brno. Lesná inhabitants are mostly satisfi ed with their place of residence. The internal image quite corresponds to the general image. 24.5 % of Lesná’s inhabitants consider "their own" borough as the best one regarding the quality of life; it was not ranked as the worst borough in any single case. Photo 1. Characteristic high-rise building at Lesná. The balconies are new “components“ appeared only aft er 1990. (Photo by Andráško, I.) 96 Bohunice housing estate This residential complex is perceived as the worst example of the socialist housing policy in Brno. Its construction started in 1972 under the name of Housing Estate of the Czechoslovak–Soviet Friendship (Kuča, K. 2000). The housing estate is located at the south-eastern edge of Brno, close to the busy D1 motorway to Prague. This fact played an important part in shaping the "external" image of the housing estate. From the D1 motorway the typical sky- line of the housing estate located on a hill can be seen. Up to now the negative image of Bohunice was enhanced by the uniformity of the "colour" of facades, the so-called "concrete panel grey". The last 20 years brought about many changes in Bohunice that can be evaluated rather positively. Revitalisation measures were, besides others, con- nected with the re-painting of facades and the signifi cant expansion of green areas, both improving the aesthetic value of the residential environment (Photo 2). The investments of the public sector were focused on the development of public Photo 2. The new colour of facades changed the aesthetic image of the residential environ- ment in Bohunice. (Photo by Andráško, I.) 97 areas oft en with a clear and rational emphasis on their functional utilisation (sport areas, playgrounds, park benches etc.). As mentioned above, the "general" image of Bohunice within Brno has not been very favourable. Yet we must remember that from the viewpoint of that image, Bohunice is "only" the worst housing estate, and not the worst neighbourhood in the city. The results of the internal image evaluation imply that Bohunice in- habitants do not share the "majority’s" opinion. Over 28% of respondents from Bohunice specifi ed the borough as the best one in Brno. That rate is even higher than the rate for the "generally" preferred Lesná estate. That fi nding is corroborated by the average rate of satisfaction with the estate as a place of residence where Bohunice reached the same value as Lesná, i.e. 3.9 (prevail- ing satisfaction). Bystrc housing estate This housing estate is located in the western part of Brno and its relative loca- tion can be assessed from diff erent viewpoints. On the one hand, it is located at the greatest distance from Brno city-centre and, on the other hand, it is located next to a largest forest and recreation areas. Bystrc just like Bohunice used to be an independent village. The con- struction of this rather large housing estate started in 1971 and it was imple- mented in several stages. Aft er the construction, Bystrc had insuffi cient facili- ties (shops, schools). The infrastructure (e.g. sidewalks, roads) was not devel- oped suffi ciently, either. Similarly to other places, the situation also changed here, i.e. improved aft er 1989. The greater distance from the city centre is compensated by relatively good public transport services (Lesová, P. 2011). Nevertheless, a trip to the city centre is 7–8 minutes longer in comparison to Lesná or Bohunice. Considering the housing estate’s general image, Bystrc is assessed in a rather specifi c way. It appears both among the "top 15" best-evaluated bor- oughs and among the 15 worst-evaluated boroughs. As implied by Andráško, I. (2006), that "ambivalent" att itude of city inhabitants towards large housing estates is not as surprising as it might seem. Large residential complexes can be perceived very negatively (e.g. because they represent a "dehumanized" environment) and at the same time (for some specifi c living conditions) their images can be very positive. The evaluation of the internal image shows that Bystrc inhabitants like their housing estate the most. More than half of them consider Bystrc as the best borough in Brno, an opposite opinion was not expressed in any single case. The value of 4.1 showed even higher satisfaction with the place of resi- dence among local inhabitants than in the case of Lesná or Bohunice. 98 Comparison of housing estates by selected quality of life aspects The results of the study revealed signifi cant diff erences in the perception of quality of life on the housing estates regarding the "external" and "internal" images. It is an important fi nding, especially in the case of the housing es- tates with "poor reputation". It can be an important factor, for example, in the decision making process connected with real-estate purchases. Data listed (Table 1) show that apartment prices are rather diff erent among the housing estates under study. The most expensive apartments are located on the "popu- lar" Lesná housing estate. Also the least number of free apartments for sale and the largest number of apartments for rent are off ered here. On the contrary, the largest number of free apartments for sale is in Bohunice. Figure 2 demonstrates the level of inhabitants’ satisfaction with selected aspects of life. The average values calculated from the replies of all respond- ents of the three housing estates show that they were most satisfi ed with the quality and availability of greenery. On the contrary, the lowest satisfaction is connected with cultural activities and parking availability (a typical contem- porary problem of housing estates). Conclusion The comparison of "external" and "internal" images of housing estates may provide interesting results for urban planning. It is obvious that factors shap- ing of that image are part of long-term and complicated processes and that a wider spectrum of factors should be considered here. From the external perspective, mediated information which is, to a certain extent, identical with the "reputation" of the housing estate is especially important. Lesná housing estate was much more promoted in the media than other Brno housing estates, which was certainly benefi cial for the popularity of Lesná (Divina, M. 2010). However, mediated information does not need to be either objective or com- plete, as it refl ects only the external image of the location. The internal image is made up by perceptions of inhabitants whose everyday lives are strongly connected with that particular housing estate. Table 1. Average prices of apartments in 2012 Apartment size* Housing estate and apartment price in thousands of CZK Lesná Bohunice Bystrc 2-room apartment 3-room apartment 1,912 2,520 1,585 2,124 1,787 2,109 *2 and 3-room apartments - apartment average price in a panel house (2 and 3 rooms + a kitchen, respectively) 99 Fi g. 2 . D eg re e of s at is fa ct io n w ith s el ec te d as pe ct s of li fe (h ig he r v al ue s ta nd s fo r h ig he r d eg re e of s at is fa ct io n) 100 Predominantly, the positive perception of residents may be a consequence of their familiarity with local conditions and it is certainly a result of their adapta- tion to that environment. "Local patriotism" related to the shaping of territo- rial identity is a rather frequent phenomenon. That phenomenon can even be reinforced when the "external" image of the housing estate is negative. This is true for large e.g. Petržalka housing estate in Bratislava (see Andráško, I. 2006) and maybe in the case of Bohunice in Brno. However, that phenomenon must not be universal. The results of our research and also other studies (Temelová, J. et al. 2011; Warchalska-Troll, A. 2012) underline that the future of housing estates will depend on three "connected vessels": physical environment, the ways they are perceived and the social structure of the population. The deterioration in parameters of any of those components will refl ect in the other two upon the feedback mechanisms. There are many impacts that could cause both nega- tive and positive changes and their characteristics can be both exogenous and endogenous. On the side of internal factors, we have to emphasize especially the role of local governments and the participation of the public in controlling and decision-making processes. The future of housing estates is, thus, mostly in the hands of their inhabitants and it also depends on them how they will treat their opportunities. REFERENCES Andráško, I. 2006. 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