Studies on paleoenvironmental change using a method of sedimentological assessment 307 Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 59 (3) (2010) pp. 307–317. Studies on paleoenvironmental change using a method of sedimentological assessment Ferenc Schweitzer1, Éva Kis2 and Anikó Kovács3 Abstract There are only few loess exposures in Hungary where red clays and very ancient „pink” loesses can be studied not only in deep boreholes but where they are found in uplift ed position subsurface. Szulimán section studied in detail belongs to them. The same method was applied for the investigations of similar sequences in elevated position at Hévízgyörk. In this way Quaternary deposits in diff erent regions of the country can be parallelized. The investigations were aimed at disclosing changes in paleogeographic condi- tions during Pleistocene in the environs of the studied exposures with the involvement of new analytical methods of Quaternary sedimentology. An important requirement was that a rapid and exact information be obtained directly from the stratigraphic diagrams and the summary tables containing the parameter values for the individual layers. Our primary aim was to present diagrams and tables with information for the reader about the layers to be found at diff erent depths. Keywords: granulometric parameters, demarcation of the layers, warming and cooling peaks, erosional gaps Introduction The 6 granulometric parameters involved in the method are conceived as envi- ronmental indicators. They characterise Quaternary deposits and dynamics in rate of sedimentation, allowing the local correlation between the similar layers. To specify our knowledge two newly introduced indices of environmental discrimination (Kis, É. 1995): fi neness grade (FG) and degree of weathering (Kd) were applied together with four traditional granulometric parameters: sort- ing, kurtosis, asymmetry, median (So K, Sk, Md respectively), CaCO3 content, and 1 Scientifi c advisor, Prof. DSc. Geographical Research Institute HAS, H-1112 Budapest, Budaörsi út 45. E-mail: schweitf@mtafk i.hu 2 Senior scientifi c researcher, CSc. Geographical Research Institute HAS, H-1112 Budapest, Budaörsi út 45. E-mail: kiseva@helka.iif.hu 3 Scientifi c researcher, Geographical Research Institute HAS, H-1112 Budapest, Budaörsi út 45. E-mail: kovacsa@sparc.core.hu 308 variations in grain size composition (percentage of clay, silt, loess and sand). The method applied enables vertical correlation of sequences. Description of the Szulimán profi le The studied section is located near the village of Szulimán, Hungary, in the southern part of Zselic region, in the valley of the stream Almás. Based on the parameter values 9 layers could be identifi ed (Figure 1, Photos 1 and 2, Table 1): I. 2 fossil soils II. 3 loess layers – 1 old loess layer – 2 silty loess layers III. 1 level of slope sediments IV. 1 level of Pannonian clay V. 1 level of mott led clay VI. 1 level of silty sand Fig. 1. The Szulimán and Hévízgyörk sections on the map of Hungary 309 Photo 1. Eastern part of the Szulimán loess section (Photo by Kis, É.) Photo 2. Western part of the Szulimán loess section (Photo by Schweitzer, F.) 310 Ta bl e1 . S zu lim án se ct io n: g ra nu lo m et ric p ar am et er v al ue s b y ho riz on s a nd th eir in te rp re ta tio n (K is , É .). (G ra nu lo m et ric a na ly se s i n 9 gr ai n siz e c at eg or ies : d i G lé ri a, M .) D ep th , m Fi ne ne ss g ra de , F G D eg re e of w ea th er in g, K d So rt in g, S o K ur to si s, K A sy m m et ry , S k Re m ar k va lu e se di m en t va lu e se di m en t va lu e gr ad e va lu e bo un da ry o f la ye rs va lu e en er gy o f tr an sp or t 0. 00 –0 .6 0 71 .7 8 Sl op e se di m en t (g re yi sh -y el lo w , w ith re dd is h- br ow n so il cr um bl es ) 0. 94 sl op e se di m en t (g re yi sh -y el lo w , w ith re dd is h- br ow n so il cr um bl es ) 2. 21 ve ry p oo r 0. 28 – 0. 01 av er ag e – 0. 60 –1 .3 0 74 .0 4– 75 .5 0 pa le os ol (r ed di sh - br ow n) 1. 25 –1 .4 7 pa le os ol (r ed di sh - br ow n) 2. 45 –2 .6 1 ve ry p oo r 0. 28 –0 .3 1 A t 1 m : b ou nd ar y of la ye r i n th e m id dl e pa rt o f th e up pe r s oi l 0. 01 –0 .0 2 av er ag e – 1. 30 –2 .2 0 67 .3 4– 75 .5 0 O ld lo es s (w ith lo es s do lls an d 3 cm lo es s co nc re tio ns , r ed kr ot ov in as ) 1. 25 –1 .5 7 ol d lo es s (w ith lo es s do lls an d 3 cm lo es s co nc re tio ns , r ed kr ot o v in as ) 2. 61 –2 .7 7 ex tr em el y po or 0. 13 –0 .2 3 A t 1 ,8 0 m : bo un da ry b e- tw ee n tw o la ye rs w ith in th e ap pa r- en tly u ni fo rm o ld lo es s 0, 24 –0 .3 2 lo w a nd v er y lo w A t 1 .9 m : so il hi at us 2. 20 –5 .3 0 69 .9 3– 75 .2 5 pa le os ol 0. 60 –0 79 pa le os ol 3. 21 –4 .5 3 ex tr em el y po or 0. 15 –0 .2 9 A t 5 m : b ou nd ar y of la ye rs in th e lo w er th ir d of re d pa le os ol 0. 04 –0 .1 9 av er ag e an d lo w A t 5 .0 m : so il hi at us 5. 60 –5 .8 0 C ar bo na te b en ch 6. 00 –7 .0 0 75 .6 2 Pa nn on ia n cl ay (g re y) 1. 0 Pa nn on ia n cl ay (g re y) 2. 13 ve ry p oo r 0. 21 A t 6 .5 m : bo un da ry w ith in Pa nn on ia n cl ay 0. 02 av er ag e – 7. 00 –8 .5 0 65 .4 3 si lty lo es s 2. 12 si lty lo es s 2. 45 ve ry p oo r 0. 27 – 0. 04 – – 8. 50 –8 .5 5 C ar bo na te b en ch 8. 55 –9 .5 0 65 .4 3 si lty lo es s 2. 12 si lty lo es s 2. 45 ve ry p oo r 0. 27 – 0. 04 av er ag e – 9. 50 – 10 .1 0 56 .5 7 m ott le d cl ay (g re y- is h- ye llo w ) 2. 43 m o tt le d cl ay (g re yi sh -y el lo w ) 2. 41 ve ry p oo r 0. 28 A t 9 .8 m : b ou nd - ar y be tw ee n m ott le d cl ay a nd Pa nn on ia n si lty sa nd 0, 03 av er ag e – 11 .9 0– 12 .1 0 50 .2 9 si lty s an d (P an no ni an ) 3. 64 si lty s an d (P an no ni an ) 1. 96 po or 0. 30 – -0 .2 2 hi gh In te ns e su rg e of w av es in th e co as ta l zo ne 311 The fi eld works conducted and a combined assessment of granulom- etric parameters led to a conclusion that the sequences of the section contain part of the “Dunaföldvár series” according to the Hungarian loess terminology. This sequence is represented by alternating “pink loesses” or “pink silts” and red soils. Downward the profi le grey Pannonian clay and mott led clay also occur. Previously – based on paleomagnetic measurements by M. Pevzner – the formation of “pink loesses” was put by M. Pécsi (1993) to the period between Jaramillo and Olduvai events. More sophisticated dating methods might suggest that the formation of these sediments could have started even earlier, from the Gauss/Matuyama paleomagnetic boundary. The upper layers of the section must have been eroded, including the former marker horizons: tephras, solifl uctional and pseudogley levels and younger chernozem soils with the superimposing “marker loess” and “crumbling clayey sand”. The uppermost layer of the profi le is greyish yellow slope sediment of ca 60 cm thickness with reddish brown soil crumbles. Below that there is a ca 70 cm thick reddish brown paleosol, superimposing a ca 1 m thick loess layer. The latt er is rich in loess dolls and contains a level of loess concretions of ca 3 cm and red krotovinas. This loess is underlain by a paleosol of ca 3 m thickness. This fossil soil is separated from the underlying grey Pannonian clay by a “bench of carbon- ate debris” of 20 cm thickness. Downward there is a silty loess layer of 1.5 m thickness (with an interbedding of a 5 cm thick “debris limestone bench” in the middle part), superimposing mott led clay. A silty sand horizon lies at the bott om of the profi le. Method An exact demarcation of the layers (Figure 2, Table 1) is facilitated by FG and Kd values obtained. A joint evaluation of these parameter values makes it pos- sible a clear distinction between young and old loesses, an exact stratigraphic subdivision, drawing conclusions concerning the environmental conditions during the deposition of sediments, identifi cation of sedimentation gaps. All information concerning the individual layers can be read from the diagram constructed. Parameter values are related to the corresponding depths. Boundaries of layers otherwise not discernible can be recognised including variations within the given layers. For example, peaks of and Kd values indicate a boundary in about the middle of old loess. This is corroborated by K and Sk peaks. FG peaks are extremely high (68.00–70.00) being typical of old loess, whereas those of Kd are very low (1.4–2.0, with the prevalence value of 1.5) suggesting “pink loess”, i.e. sediments having formed earlier than old loess. 312 Within the apparently uniform second paleosol (at a depth of 5 m) a boundary is suspected: FG values drop from 75 to 70, Md indicates granu- lometry turning coarser rapidly and So – an explicitly coarse sediment. These values suggest redeposition in the lower horizon of the soil. These assumptions are supported by K and Sk values substantially diff ering from the average. Warming and cooling peaks can be established with the help of Kd through the delimitation of diff erent types of sediments. A genuine warming maximum could not be found within the old loess where Kd reaches values around 2, whereas these peaks generally fl uctuate between 3 and 4 within the loess. The highest warming maxima were found at a depth of 4.5 m within the second paleosol (0.5). Such a low parameter value was not established even in the borehole part of the Paks section. Brownish red soils there showed val- ues above 1. Consequently, climate must have been much warmer at Szulimán. Similarly, warm climate is suggested by the soils of the Hévízgyörk section (Figure 3, Photo 3). Second paleosol at Szulimán (with the warming maximum mentioned) is overlying Pannonian sediments. Fig. 2. Granulometric parameter values by samples from the Szulimán section (Kis, É.). Stratigraphical analysis: Schweitzer, F., Kis, É., Balogh, J. and di Gléria, M. 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 m 2 m 10 20 4020 60 8030 50 60 70 0,10,0010,001 1 2 3 4 5 6 70,50,50,01 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 -0,5 0 0,5 1 2 3 4 KdKSoMdFG Sk 0 -1-1 11 C C=Clay S S=Silt L L=Loess S S=Sand Profile Grain size composition ( )mm o/ gr %(weight %) CaCO3 313 Photo 3. Hévízgyörk loess section (Photo by Kis, É.) Fig. 3. Granulo- metric parame- ter values by samples from the Hévízgyörk section (Kis, É.). Stratigraphical analysis: Pécsi, M., Hahn, Gy., Schweitzer, F. and Szebényi, É. 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 m 2 m 10 20 4020 60 8030 60 70 80 0,1 1 2 3 4 5 6 70,01 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 0,5 1,0 2,0 1,0 2,0 KdKSoMdFG SkCaCO3 0 1,540 50 8 9 Profile Grain size composition ( )mm o/ gr %(weight %) C C=Clay S S=Silt L L=Loess S S=Sand 314 Extreme values of FG and Kd indices (when they occur within deposits of entirely diff erent typical values) refer to erosional gaps (eroded horizons), e.g.: at a depth of 5 m: soil hiatus, at a depth of 6.5 m: Pannonian clay hiatus, at a depth of 8.5 m: silty loess hiatus, in the silty sand at the bott om (Kd = 3.5): silty loess hiatus. Asymmetry (Sk) values may diff erentiate between the redeposited and in situ character of layers. Redeposited layers within the section are: – at a depth of 3.5 m: in the uppermost third of the upper paleosol, – at depths of 4.5 and 5.0 m: in the same paleosol, – at a depth of 8.4 m: in the middle part of pink silty loess. Silty sand occurring in the lowermost part of the profi le has a negative asymmetry value. This is an indication of surf in the coastal zone. Granulometric curves with double or triple maxima also testify to rede- posited sediments. E.g. triple maxima could be observed in the curve of sample N7, 4.4–4.6 m (Figure 4) from the paleosol superimposing grey Pannonian clay and also in that of sample N4, 1.5–1.7 m, from old loess with red krotovinas below the upper paleosol, whereas double maxima occur in sample N8, 4.9–5.1 m (Figure 5) from the paleosol below the old loess. Triple peaks refer to multiple redeposition, double peaks indicate double redeposition. Exact boundaries of layers can be deduced from kurtosis (K) index val- ues. They coincide with the extreme values of FG and Kd; e.g. at the boundary of Pannonian clay at a depth of 6.7 m K=0.2; FG=78; Kd=1.0. Also using these values variations in grain size become detected not visible to the naked eye. Sorting (So) provides information about the origin of sediments. Sorting values by layers of the Szulimán exposure are the following: slope deposit: 2.21, upper paleosol: 2.45–2.61, old loess: 2.61–2.77, lower paleosol: 3.21–4.53, Pannonian clay: 2.13, silty loess: 2.45, mott led clay: 2.41, silty sand: 1.96. Granulometric parameter values concerning all samples collected from the Szulimán exposure can be read immediately from the diagram constructed along with the profi le, and their interpretation – from the table. By correlation of diagrams related to other key sections changes in environmental conditions of the surrounding loess regions can be compared. Through these comparisons new proofs can be found for the correlation heretofore based upon the descrip- tion of the profi les, sampling and subsequent laboratory analyses. Conclusions Characteristic features of the Szulimán section (boundary and thickness of layers, and variations within them) strongly resemble those of the Hévízgyörk section elaborated using the same analysis of environmental indication. – – – – 315 Fig. 4. Granulometric curve with triple maxima at the Szulimán section (sample N7: 4.40−4.60 m) in the paleosol superimposing grey Pannonian clay and in old loess underlying upper paleosol, interwoven with red krotovinas (Kis, É.) Fig. 5. Granulometric curve with double maxima at the Szulimán section (sample N8: 4.90−5.10 m) in the paleosol underlying old loess (Kis, É.) 316 It is probably the uplift ed position of the Pannonian basement that contributed to lower horizons of considerable thickness occurring on the sur- face. In both exposures a great amount of sandy sediments is observed; they originate from Pannonian deposits. On the bott om of the section sand and silty sand occur. Series of mott led clay found at Szulimán is of lacustric origin. The superimposing horizon is silty loess with carbonate concretions. The real key to correlate between the diff erent profi les is presented by marker horizons of “calcareous debris” with a thickness of some decimetres which can hardly be visualised when drawing profi les. They are horizons of Ca accumulation of red clay soils formed upon sand. The superimposing red clay has been eroded and sandy carbonate occurs in many places. The same horizons – or the red clay instead – can be found at Hévízgyörk section. These “benches of carbonate debris” enable conclusions e.g. on a hia- tus of red paleosol at a depth of 7 m. Here is a similar carbonate bench as Ca horizon of a red paleosol has been eroded. The same red soil occurs in the section at 6.6–7.2 m (Figure 3). There is the bott om of the upper red paleosol within both exposures at 5.5 m below surface, with the “bench of carbonate debris” at Szulimán, whereas the same formation only occurs in some places at Hévízgyörk. The two red paleosols can be correlated, and their identity proven using granulometric parameter values. The latt er show striking similarity in fossil soil horizons: FG at Szulimán: 70.0–75.0 and at Hévízgyörk: 70.0–76.0; Kd at Szulimán: 0.5–1.2 and at Hévízgyörk: 0.4–1.0. The paleosols must have developed under warming maximum, the highest in the profi les studied so far (Kd = 0.5); they are very old red soils. Parameter values for the rest of the sequences also can be deduced and permit similar correlation. By comparison of granulometric curves the diff erences and disparities between the profi les (elaborated by the same method) can be traced rapidly and it is possible to obtain information concerning variations within the lay- ers. The results produced enable conclusions which contribute to our knowledge about the environs of the given profi le; at the same time earlier concepts might be verifi ed i.e. corroborated or corrected. REFERENCES Hahn, Gy. 1977. A magyarországi löszök litológiája, geomorfológiai és kronológiai tago- lása. (Lithology, geomorphological and chronological subdivision of loesses in the Carpathian Basin). Földrajzi Értesítő 26. (1): 1–28. Hahn, Gy. 1972. The granulometric properties of the Hungarian loesses. Acta Geol. Hung. 16. 353–358. Hahn, Gy. 1985. Problems of the granulometry of loess. In Loess and the Quaternary. Chinese and Hungarian Case Studies. Ed.: Pécsi, M. Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó, 105–111. 317 Hahn, Gy., Pécsi, M. and Schweitzer, F. 1985. Environmental geomorphological investiga- tions of loess bluff s for protection against landslides. In Environmental and dynamic geomorphology. Ed.: Pécsi, M. Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó, 85–96. Kis, É. 1995. Granulometric investigations of loess profi les in Hungary. GeoJournal 36. (2–3): 151–156. Kis, É. 2003. The sequence of the Susak loess profi le. In Susak environmental reconstruction of a loess island in the Adriatic. Eds.: Bognár, A., Schweitzer, F. and Szöőr, Gy. Budapest, Geogr. Res. Inst. H.A.S. 51–66. Lóczy, D. 2002. Tájértékelés, földértékelés. Budapest–Pécs, Dialóg Campus Kiadó, 306 p. Lóczy, D. and Szalay, L. 1995. Assessment of Loess as Parent Material for Agroecological Potential. GeoJournal 36. (2–3): 275–280. Lóczy, D. and Veress, M. 2005. Geomorfológia I. Földfelszíni folyamatok és formák. (Geomorphology I. Earth surface processes and landforms). Budapest–Pécs, Dialóg Campus Kiadó, 335 p. Pécsi, M. 1993. Negyedkor és löszkutatás. (Quaternary and Loess Research). Budapest, Akad. Kiadó, 375 p. Pécsi, M. and Schweitzer, F. 1995. The lithostratigraphical, chronostratigraphical sequence of Hungarian loess profi les and their geomorphological position. Loess inForm 3. Budapest, Geogr. Res. Inst. H.A.S. 31–53. Schweitzer, F. 1997. On the late Miocene–early Pliocene desert climate in the Carpathian Basin. In Geomorphology and changing environments in Central Europe. Eds.: Bremer, H. and Lóczy, D. Berlin–Stutt gart, Gebrüder Bornatraeger. (Zeitschrift für Geomorph- ologie. Supplement-band 110.) 37–43. Schweitzer, F. 2000. A Kárpát-medence domborzatformálódása a késő kainozoikumban és a pliocén időszak. (Landform evolution of the Carpathian Basin in late Cenozoic and Pleistocene) Tiszteletkötet Tóth József professzor 60. születésnapjára. In Területfejlesztés – regionális kutatások. Eds.: Lovász, Gy. and Szabó, G.). Pécs, PTE Természett udományi Kar, Földrajzi Intézet, 13–30. Schweitzer, F. 2003. Geochronological overview. In Susak environmental reconstruction of a loess island in the Adriatic. Eds.: Bognár, A., Schweitzer, F. and Szöőr, Gy. Budapest, Geogr. Res. Inst. H.A.S. 13–30. Schweitzer, F. and Kis, É. 2003. Formation of loess and loess-like sediments. In Susak: Environmental reconstruction of a loess island in the Adriatic. Eds.: Bognár, A., Schweitzer, F. and Szöőr, Gy. Budapest, Geogr. Res. Inst. H.A.S. 45–50. 318 Ukraine in Maps Edited by Kocsis, K., Rudenko, L. and Schweitzer, F. Institute of Geography National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Geographical Research Institute Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest, 148 p. Kyiv–Budapest, 2008 Since the disintegration of the USSR, the Western world has shown an ever-growing interest in Ukraine, its people and its economy. As the second-largest country in Europe, Ukraine has a strategic geographical position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia. It is a key country for the transit of energy resources from Russia and Central Asia to the European Union, which is one reason why Ukraine has become a priority partner in the neighbourhood policy of the EU. Ukraine has pursued a path towards the democratic consolidation of statehood, which encompasses vigorous economic changes, the devel- opment of institutions and integration into European and global political and economic structures. In a complex and controversial world, Ukraine is building collaboration with other countries upon the principles of mutual understanding and trust, and is establishing initiatives aimed at the creation of a system that bestows international security. This recognition has prompted the Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv) and the Geographical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Budapest) to initiate cooperation, and the volume entitled “Ukraine in Maps” is the outcome of their joint eff ort. The intention of this publication is to make available the results of research conducted by Ukrainian and Hungarian geographers, to the English-speaking public. This atlas follows in the footsteps of previous publications from the Geographical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Similar to the work entitled South Eastern Europe in Maps (2005, 2007), it includes 64 maps, dozens of fi gures and tables accompanied by an explanatory text, writt en in a popular, scientifi c manner. The book is an att empt to outline the geographical sett ing and geopolitical context of Ukraine, as well as its history, natural environment, population, settle- ments and economy. The authors greatly hope that this joint venture will bring Ukraine closer to the reader and make this neighbouring country to the European Union more familiar, and consequently, more appealing. ------------------------------------------ Price: EUR 15.00 Order: Geographical Research Institute HAS Library H-1388 Budapest, POB. 64. 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