Channel regulation of Torna stream to improve environmental conditions in the vicinity of red sludge reservoirs at Ajka, Hungary 347 Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 59 (4) (2010) pp. 347–359. Channel regulation of Torna stream to improve environmental conditions in the vicinity of red sludge reservoirs at Ajka, Hungary Ferenc Schweitzer1 Abstract Three alumina factories have operated in Hungary, at Mosonmagyaróvár (1934–2002), Ajka (since 1942) and Almásfüzitő (1950–1997) based largely on Hungarian bauxite. In these factories bauxite was processed by the Bayer procedure. The strongly alkaline waste arising during the process was transported by hydraulic way to the depositories. The red sludge was stored in reservoirs surrounded by circular dyke at Ajka, Mosonmagyaróvár and Almásfüzitő while in Neszmély it was deposited behind a dam in a valley. On October 4, 2010 in the north–western corner of reservoir 10th the dyke ruptured and ca 700 thousand cubic meters of watered (alkaline) red sludge fl ooded the low-lying parts of the sett lements Kolontár, Devecser and Somlóvásárhely. The spill accident has involved casualties (ten people died and more than 120 were injured) and caused consider- able material damage. Contamination soon reached the nearby Marcal river and proceeded to the Danube. The aim of present work is to describe the geomorphologic situation in the envi- ronment of the red sludge reservoires at Ajka and to make a proposal for the regulation of the hydrographical system over the surrounding territories. Keywords: red sludge, Ajka, geomorphological levels, alluvial cones, stream diversion Introduction The only alumina factory in Hungary (MAL Ltd.) operates in the neighbour- hood of Ajka town, in the western part of the country. A chain of large res- ervoirs of caustic red sludge (by-product of the Bayer alumina production process) is to be found in the valley of Torna stream. On October 4, 2010 in the north–western corner of reservoir 10th the dam ruptured and ca 700 thousand cubic meters of watered (alkaline) red sludge fl ooded the low-lying parts of 1 Geographical Research Institute HAS, H-1112 Budapest, Budaörsi út 45. E-mail: schweitf@mtafk i.hu 348 the sett lements Kolontár, Devecser and Somlóvásárhely (Figure 1) taking toll of human lives and injuries plus causing considerable material damage. Con- tamination soon reached water courses Marcal, Rába, and later the Danube River. The spill has become known all over the world and once again turned the public att ention to disastrous events, both natural and man-induced, to the involvement of diff erent components of geographical environment in these catastrophes and called for the responsible behaviour to take preven- tive measures that would grant safe operation of large industrial projects and infrastructure. Topography, geological, soil and hydrogeological conditions of the area aff ected by the disaster and its wider surroundings show a variable, mosaic- like picture. These conditions are not prone to regulation. However, surface waters as one of the most important natural components can be regulated. A major objective of interventions related to water management is the regulation of the quantity and dynamics of water resources depending on the geomor- phological endowments. Torna stream and its tributaries are important landscape forming fac- tors in the environs of Ajka and Devecser. Regulation of their channel – with a special reference to relocation within the catchment – is promising as for the improvement of the state of environment and physical planning of the area including surface and subsurface waters and red sludge reservoirs. The methods applied for the elimination of environmental damage and the process of landscape rehabilitation are to att ract constant att ention of public opinion. Once have been completed, the measures taken will positively Fig. 1. A perspective satellite image superimposed on the relief model of the area aff ected by the red sludge fl ood (from north–western aspect) (Varga, Gy. 2010) 349 aff ect the security of local population and the quality of environment. No ir- reversible changes are expected with the relocation of the streambed section, aft er rehabilitation the initial channel might be used again. In the research activities of the Geographical Reserch Institute of HAS it is a well-proven practice that diff erent factors of the geographical environ- ment (topography, hydrography, soils etc.) are displayed in thematic maps and the result of evaluation is also depicted in synthetic maps. Environmental survey and mapping from the engineering aspect is a special branch of preliminary studies for large industrial establishments and projects of linear infrastructure (roads, railways) in the phase of technical plan- ning to make a complex plan of construction perfect. Large projects of the past decades are warnings about this (Komló, Miskolc, Kazincbarcika, Salgótarján, Dunaújváros, Oroszlány; certain motorway sections; mass movements along high bluff s with adverse impact on sett lements; problems related to deposi- tion of radioactive waste; Gabčíkovo (Bős)–Nagymaros hydrocascade; fl ood prevention; Paks Nuclear Power Plant; and domestic red sludge reservoirs (Ajka, Mosonmagyaróvár, Almásfüzitő and Neszmély) (Balogh, J. and Lovász, Gy. 1988; Schweitzer, F. 1996; Juhász, Á. 2003; Viczián, I. 2003). The present study was not aimed at presentation of the red sludge reservoirs and of their complex environmental impact assessment. (They are to be published in a special volume of studies.) One can fi nd below a proposal for the regulation of Torna streambed following a brief introduction in geo- morphological features in the environs of the reservoirs. Our propositions are raised for the sake of the improvement of the quality of surface and subsurface waters, and the safe operation of reservoirs. Geographical environment, hydrographic conditions The area with the grimmest aft ermath of the disaster extending to the sett le- ments Ajka, Kolontár, Devecser, Somlóvásárhely belongs to natural microre- gions North Bakony and Marcal basin. According to the landscape geographi- cal subdivision the contact zone between these two units is part of Ajka basin on the western margin of Bakony including Veszprém–Devecser trench and at the south–eastern end of Pápa–Devecser fl at belonging to Litt le Hungarian Plain (Kisalföld). The boundary between them can be drawn at Devecser. The studied area is of transitional character; its geomorphological as- pect is formed by series of Mesozoic horsts, foothills of the mountain rim dis- sected by erosional valleys and alluvial fans of the margin (Figure 2). Along the axis of Veszprém–Devecser trench it is Torna stream that drains the waters infi ltrating from karstic rocks of Bakony mountains into 350 351 Pannonian sandy and gravelly foothill sediments and collects surface runoff (Figure 3). Torna stream springs in North Bakony at Csehbánya and fl ows into Marcal river. Within the studied area it receives Csigere stream and Széles stream from the right side whereas Csinger stream and Padragi stream are its left -hand tributaries. Besides, minor water courses and subsurface waters also empty in it. There rise springs in the erosional and derasional valleys dissect- ing the extensive alluvial cone built by the stream. In the course of valley direction analysis a defi nite correlation has been established between the length of the route covered by Torna stream and the dimension of the alluvial fan formed in the mountain foreland. Accordingly, the 51 km long water course with a catchment of 498 km2 could form an exten- sive alluvial cone with a fan-shaped widening in a west–south-west direction of Ajka. Torna has been building its alluvium and changing its streambed con- fi guration countinuously. The apex of the cone fi lling in Veszprém–Devecser trench could be immediately west of today’s Ajka. The channel was wandering in north–west–south–east direction. Drainage network variations and changes in streambed position can be att ributed to subsidence processes of unknown intensity in the western foreland of Bakony. The erosional, erosional-derasional and derasional valleys of north– northwest–south-southwest orientation and the divides between them indicate the position of streambeds at the end of Pleistocene and their changes that several geomorphological levels could be associated with. In the immediate surroundings of Ajka the position of valleys refers a fan-like fl uctuation of the paleo-Torna stream in the present valleys of Széles stream and Csigere stream from north–west and west to south–west up to Kígyós stream. In the survey of the recent variations in the stream channel, archive maps and sheets of military surveys were involved as well. A map of the 2nd ← Fig. 2. Geomorphological map of the wider surroundings of red sludge reservoirs at Ajka (compiled by Balogh, J., Juhász, Á., Schweitzer, F., Szeberényi, J. and Viczián, I. 2010). – I. Complex landforms: 1 = summit level 300–350 m a.s.l.; 2 = summit level > 350 m a.s.l.; 3 = summit level of residual basalt hill; 4 = interfl uvial ridge; 5 = gentle slope segment; 6 = glacial alluvial cone in intermediary position; 7 = glacial alluvial cone in low posi- tion; 8 = saddle. II. Geomorphological levels: 9 = 170–180 m a.s.l.; 10 = 180–220 m a.s.l.; 11 = 220–240 m a.s.l.; 12 = 240–270 m a.s.l.; 13 = >270 m a.s.l. III. Valleys: 14 = erosion- al valley; 15 = erosional-derasional valley; 16 = derasional valley; 17 = derasional niche; 18 = ravine, canyon. IV. Slopes: 19 = slopes undistinguished; 20 = slopes with landslide hazard; 21 = steep slope of rock and debris (>35%); 22 = slopes with gully erosion haz- ard. V. Waters: 23 = lake; 24 = stream, drainage canal; 25 = waterlogged area; 26 = spring. VI. Man-made landforms: 27 = cassett es of red sludge reservoir; 28 = valley dam; 29 = built- up area; 30 = railway; 31 = dirt road cut in loess; 32 = projected hydraulic structure with a possible new channel of Torna stream aft er diversion 352 military survey from 1852 pro- vides a spectacular image of lower lying portions of the alluvial fan with the incising valleys. Such a depression can be viewed north of Ajka (Figure 4) being nowadays erosional base of Széles stream and Csigere stream. This area is separated from the current valley of Torna stream merely by a nar- row strip of alluvial sediments of some metres elevation. The formation of the allu- vial cone and characteristic geo- morphological levels and features show the following configura- tion. The valley section between Somlóvásárhely and Ajka is situ- ated between 170 and 350 metres a.s.l. and can be subdivided into three parts geomorphically. The uppermost are the summit levels (300–350 m), lower there are foot- hills dissected by valleys. Within the latt er an intermediary level of alluvial cones (220–300 m) and a low level of alluvial fans (170–220 m) along the mountain rim are to be distinguished. The diff erence between the relief energy of al- luvial cones of low and interme- diary position is the result of the sediment transport by and chan- nel variation of Torna stream. Summit levels of 300–350 m a.s.l. are composed of horsts and Mesozoic limestone forma- tions. These areas are located east of the town, whereas their west- ern boundary is the streambed of Torna (north–east of the town) and the southern one is the valley Fi g. 3 . S po il he ap s an d sl ud ge r es er vo ir s up on th e al lu vi um o f T or na s tr ea m b et w ee n A jk a an d Tó so kb er én d (J uh ás z, Á . 2 00 3) . – 1 = sl ud ge r es er vo ir, s po il he ap ; 2 = a llu vi al s eq ue nc e (s an d, g ra ve l, si lt) ; 3 = te rr ac e bu ilt o f a llu vi um (g ra ve l, sa nd ) o f t he a nc ie nt st re am s ( To rn a, C si ge re ); 4 = So m ló F or m at io n (P an no ni an sa nd , c la y) ; 5 = C sa tk a Pe bb le F or m at io n; 6 = sl op e lo es s, sa nd y lo es s ( cl as tic gr av el s eq ue nc es ) 353 Fi g. 4 . A w id er su rr ou nd in gs o f A jk a pr io r t o th e co ns tr uc tio n of sl ud ge re se rv oi rs (2 nd M ili ta ry S ur ve y, 1 85 2) (S ze be ré ny i, J. an d Va rg a G y. 20 10 ) p ro je ct ed o nt o th e m ap 354 stretching in the direction of Padragkút. The steep (25–35%) slopes are built of Pannonian clay. Such geological and landform conditions have played a key role in the formation of extensive slopes with landslide hazard along Csigere stream. By both banks of Torna stream there are foothill surfaces strongly dissected by erosional and erosional-derasional valleys. The area below 300 m a.s.l. can be subdivided into alluvial cones, geomorphological levels. Intermediary surfaces between 220–300 m bear imprint of landform evolution under the impact of Torna stream during Pleistocene and at the end of that epoch. Lower surfaces (170–220 m) show traces of the activity of the water course related to channel fl uctuations and sediment redeposition at the end of Pleistocene and during Holocene. In the talweg of Torna marshy and swampy places emerged. An option for the channel regulation of Torna stream and diversion of its fl ow Ajka town with its industrial estates and the red sludge reservoir is to be found in the valley of Torna stream with a width alternating between 1 and 3 km. Above Ajka i.e. in its middle mountain section the watercourse is natu- ral water, but downstream it became regulated. In the course of urbanization the town has expanded from the higher geomorphological levels toward the alluvial plain. Red sludge reservoirs also were established in Torna valley (Figure 3). The natural valley of the stream was found initially in the place where cassett es VIII–X are placed at present, and it became diverted when the reservoir was under extension during the 1990s. Observing wells operating in monitoring system provide continuous information about subsurface water fl ow and quality is also checked by Middle Transdanubian Environmental and Water Management Directorate permanently (photos 1 and 2). The above water course regulations have not brought about adequate changes in protection of water quality. An appropriate solution for the problem of surface and subsurface waters and especially for the safety operation of sludge reservoirs can be provided by taking a large scale but not too expensive water management measure. In accord with the paleogeographic conditions the following proposal is made. North of Ajka town, in the valleys of Széles stream and Csigere streams (that used to form the channel of Torna stream at the end of Pleistocene) present-day discharge of the latt er could be drained with relocation of a short section of the stream bed. Planning of the channel to be newly shaped requires thorough geomorphological survey as the channel is to be cut within the ad- ministrative area of the town (fi gures 5 and 6). The water of Torna stream to be 355 Photo 1. Observing wells monitoring water quality along the dam of red sludge reservoir (Photo by Juhász, Á. 2003) Photo 2. Foamy alkaline water fl owing out of leakage of sludge reservoir (Photo by Juhász, Á. 2003) 356 Fi g. 5. S ta te su bs eq ue nt to th e p ro jec te d fl o w d iv er sio n, m ap A (c om pi le d by B al og h, J. , J uh ás z, Á ., S ch w ei tz er , F ., S ze be ré ny i, J. an d Vi cz iá n, I. 20 10 ). – I. C om pl ex la nd fo rm s: 1= g en tle sl op e s eg m en t; 2 = g la ci al al lu vi al co ne in in te rm ed ia ry p os iti on ; 3 = gl ac ia l a llu vi al co ne in lo w p os iti on 4 = sa dd le ; I I. G eo m or ph ol og ic al le ve ls : 5 = 1 80 –2 20 m a .s .l. ; 6 = 2 20 –2 40 m a .s .l. 7 = 24 0– 27 0 m a .s .l. ; II I. Va lle ys : 8 = er os io na l v al le y; 9 = er os io na l-d er as io na l v al le y. 1 0 = de ra si on al v al le y; 1 1 = de ra si on al n ic he ; 1 2 = ra vi ne , c an yo n; IV . S lo pe s: 13 = sl op es u nd is tin gu is he d; V. W at er s: 1 4 = la ke . 1 5 = st re am , d ra in ag e ca na l. 16 = w at er lo gg ed a re a; 1 7 = sp ri ng ; 1 8 = a po ss ib le s ol ut io n of w at er d iv er si on ; 19 = d es ic ca te d ch an ne l o f T or na s tr ea m ; V I. M an -m ad e la nd fo rm s: 2 0 = bu ilt -u p ar ea ; 2 1= ra ilw ay . 2 2 = pr oj ec te d hy dr au lic s tr uc tu re w ith a p os si bl e ne w c ha nn el o f T or na s tr ea m a ft e r d iv er si on 357 Fi g. 6 . S ta te s ub se qu en t t o th e pr oj ec te d fl o w d iv er si on , m ap B (c om pi le d by B al og h, J. , J uh ás z, Á ., Sc hw ei tz er , F ., Sz eb er én yi , J . a nd Vi cz iá n, I. 2 01 0) . – I. C om pl ex la nd fo rm s: 1= su m m it le ve l > 35 0 m a .s. l.; 2 = su m m it le ve l 3 00 –3 50 m a .s. l.; 3 = in te rfl u vi al ri dg e; 4 = g en tle sl op e se gm en t; 5 = gl ac ia l a llu vi al co ne in in te rm ed ia ry p os iti on ; 6 = g la ci al a llu vi al co ne in lo w p os iti on ; 7 = sa dd le . I I. G eo m or ph ol og ic al le ve ls : 8 = 1 80 –2 20 m a .s .l. ; 9 = 2 20 –2 40 m a .s .l. ; 1 0 = 24 0– 27 0 m a .s .l. II I. Va lle ys : 1 1 = er os io na l v al le y; 1 2 = er os io na l-d er as io na l v al - le y; 1 3 = de ra si on al v al le y; 1 4 = de ra si on al n ic he ; 1 5 = ra vi ne , c an yo n. IV . S lo pe s: 1 6 = sl op es u nd is tin gu is he d. V . W at er s: 1 7 = la ke ; 18 = s tr ea m , d ra in ag e ca na l; 19 = w at er lo gg ed a re a; 2 0 = sp ri ng ; 2 1 = a po ss ib le s ol ut io n of w at er d iv er si on ; 2 2= d es ic ca te d ch an ne l of T or na s tr ea m . V I. M an -m ad e la nd fo rm s: 2 3 = ca ss ett e s of r ed s lu dg e re se rv oi r; 24 = v al le y da m ; 2 5 = bu ilt -u p ar ea ; 2 6 = ra ilw ay ; 27 = p ro je ct ed h yd ra ul ic s tr uc tu re w ith a p os si bl e ne w c ha nn el o f T or na s tr ea m a ft e r d iv er si on 358 diverted into Széles stream and then proceeding in the streambed of Csigere could improve the quality of water in Széki reservoir, add to the capacities of storage and carry away fl ash fl oods caused by extreme precipitation events. Water of streams Torna and Csigere fl owing together would return to its chan- nel between Somlóvásárhely and Devecser. The present section of Torna stream now in the immediate vicinity of red sludge reservoir would be eliminated, this way improving the hydrological conditions decisive for the safety of reservoirs. It would provide the opportu- nity for a safe reparation and reinstallation of all cassett es. A further advantage of diverting the streamfl ow is that contaminated wastewaters arriving from the alumina factory and sludge reservoir (Photo 3) could be collected in the abandoned channel and water cleaned with an adequate treatment. Besides the improvement of the state of the envi- ronment in the area enclosing the red sludge reservoirs the objectives of channel regulation include carrying off water, ice and bed load, securing water uses, fl ood preven- tion, water distribu- tion, protection of the existing habitats and creation of new ones and their har- monization with the landscape and spe- cific local require- ments raised during water regulation. Photo 3. Waste water contaminated by red sludge in the drain- age ditch fl anking the reservoirs (Photo by Juhász, Á. 2003) 359 REFERENCES Balogh, J. and Lovász, Gy. 1988. Vízföldrajzi és hidrológiai erőforrások (Bakonyvidék) [Hydrogeographic and hydrological resources (Bakony region)]. In A Dunántúli- középhegység. Szerk.: Pécsi, M. Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó, 121–146. Juhász, Á. 2003. Környezeti hatáselemzési módszerek továbbfejlesztése krízis térségekben [Amendment of environmental impact analysis methods]. OTKA zárójelentés, Budapest, MTA FKI 57 p. Balogh, J., Lovász, Gy. and Juhász, Á. 1988. Kisalföld földtani atlasza. Geomorfológiai térkép [Geological atlas of Kisalföld. Geomorphological map] Schweitzer, F. 1996. A mérnökgeomorfológiai kutatások szerepe a nagylétesítmények telephelykiválasztásában [The role of engineering geomorphological studies in site selection for large-scale structures]. In Nagyberuházások és veszélyes hulladékok telephely-kiválasztásának földrajzi feltételrendszere. Eds: Schweitzer, F. and Tiner, T. Budapest, MTA FKI, 17–87. Viczián, I. 2003. Engineering Geomorphologic Problem of Red Mud Depositories on the Flood Plain of the Danube. In 4th International Conference of PhD Students. Eds: Lehoczky, L. and Kalmár, L. Miskolc, University of Miskolc, 405–412. Viczián, I. 2004. Az almásfüzitői vörösiszap-zagytározók környezetgeomorfológiai viszo- nyai [Environmental geomorphological conditions of red sludge reservoirs]. Földrajzi Értesítő 53 (1–2): 85–92. 347 Hungary in Maps Edited by Károly Kocsis and Ferenc Schweitzer Geographical Research Institute Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, 2009. 212 p. ‘Hungary in Maps' is the latest volume in a series of atlases published by the Geographical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. A unique publication, it combines the best features of the books and atlases that have been published in Hungary during the last decades. This work provides a clear, masterly and comprehensive overview of present-day Hungary by a distinguished team of contributors, presenting the results of research in the fi elds of geography, demography, economics, history, geophysics, geology, hydrology, meteorology, pedology and other earth sciences. The 172 lavish, full-colour maps and diagrams, along with 52 tables are complemented by clear, authoritative explanatory notes, revealing a fresh per- spective on the anatomy of modern day Hungary. Although the emphasis is largely placed on contemporary Hungary, important sections are devoted to the historical development of the natural and human environment as well. In its concentration and focus, this atlas was intended to act as Hungary's 'busi- ness card', as the country's résumé, to serve as an information resource for the sophisticated general reader and to inform the international scientifi c community about the foremost chal- lenges facing Hungary today, both in a European context and on a global scale. Examples of such intriguing topics are: stability and change in the ethnic and state territory, natural hazards, earthquakes, urgent fl ood control and water management tasks, land degradation, the state of nature conservation, international environmental confl icts, the general popula- tion decline, ageing, the increase in unemployment, the Roma population at home and the situation of Hungarian minorities abroad, new trends in urban development, controversial economic and social consequences as a result of the transition to a market economy, privatisation, the mas- sive infl ux of foreign direct investment, perspectives on the exploitation of mineral resources, problems in the energy supply and electricity generation, increas- ing spatial concentration focused on Budapest in the fi eld of services (e.g. in banking, retail, transport and telecommunications networks), and fi nally the shap- ing of an internationally competitive tourism industry, thus making Hungary more att ractive to visit. This project serves as a preliminary study for the new, 3rd edition of the National Atlas of Hungary, that is to be co-ordinated by the Geographical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. ------------------------------------------- Price: EUR 20.00 Order: Geographical Research Institute HAS Library H-1554 Budapest, POB. 130. 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