Analysis of the air temperature and relative humidity measurements in Budapest-Ferencváros 93Pongrácz, R. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 93–103.DOI: 10.15201/hungeobull.65.2.1 Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 2016 (2) 93–103. Introduction Concentrated human presence and the as- sociated anthropogenic activities modify the natural environment in various ways. This cause several environmental and socio-eco- nomic issues, which should especially be as- sessed in large urban areas. Since more than half of the global population (and about 70% of the Hungarian population) is living in cit- ies (United Nations, 2012; KSH 2012) these issues aff ect many people all over the world as well, as in Hungary. The artifi cial surface cover modifi es the radiation budget resulting in higher urban temperature compared to the surrounding rural vicinity. Furthermore, the hydrological cycle is also modifi ed in the ur- ban environment through the lack of natural soil cover, which would serve as additional source of atmospheric humidity. The complex environmental eff ect can be summarized as the urban heat island (UHI), which is usually characterized by the inten- sity, i.e., the temperature diff erence between the urban area and the rural surroundings. One approach to study the urban tempera- ture surplus uses air temperature measured at regular meteorological stations or mov- ing vehicles for the analysis of UHI (e.g. Oke, T.R. 1973; Unger, J. et al. 2000), whereas another approach applies surface tempera- ture from satellite or aircraft measurements to analyse the surface UHI (e.g. Price, J.C. 1979; Pongrácz, R. et al. 2006; Ben-Dor, E. and Saaroni, H. 1997). Within the frame- work of the urban climate research at the Department of Meteorology of the Eötvös Loránd University surface UHI eff ects of sev- eral Hungarian and Central European cities have been analysed using remotely sensed 1 Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/a. E-mails: prita@nimbus.elte.hu, bartholy@caesar.elte.hu, dezsozsuzsi@caesar.elte.hu, diancsenge@gmail.com Analysis of the air temperature and relative humidity measurements in Budapest-Ferencváros Rita PONGRÁCZ1, Judit BARTHOLY, Zsuzsanna DEZSŐ and Csenge DIAN Abstract Ferencváros (9th district of Budapest) is one of the oldest districts among the 23 ones of the Hungarian capital. It is located near the river Danube in the southern central very heterogeneous part of the city, consisting of three- and four-storey old buildings, block houses with 4 or 8 levels, brownfi eld industrial areas, and large areas occupied by the railways system. Due to the functional and structural changes of special subsections of the district substantial local climatic changes occurred in the past few decades. The local government made ef- forts to complete several block rehabilitation programs already starting from the 1980s. Within the framework of these programs inner parts of the blocks were demolished, thus, inside the blocks more public green areas could be created. In order to evaluate the climatic conditions, we have recently initiated an in situ urban meas- urement program in the Inner Ferencváros and the rehabilitation zone. Air temperature and relative humidity where measured along a multi-site measuring path covering the target area, and continuously at a single site representative to the rehabilitation zone. Our measurements are compared to the regular meteorological data available from the Budapest-Pestszentlőrinc synoptic station. Our preliminary results are presented in this paper, which highlights the general characteristics of the urban environmental eff ects. Keywords: block rehabilitation, in situ measurements, urban heat island, dew point temperature Pongrácz, R. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 93–103.94 surface temperature (Dezső, Zs. et al. 2005, Pongrácz, R. et al. 2010, 2015). In order to extend our research focus we have initiated a new ground-based measurement program in Budapest at a smaller spatial scale. To cover the entire 525 km2 area of the capital city is too ambitious at this point, as a fi rst step we started with one of the 23 districts. The selection of the target district was made according to several aspects: (i) the UHI impacts are signifi cant, (ii) the area is heterogeneous, and (iii) the lo- cal government is interested in and willing to build a long-term research cooperation. Among the candidate districts, Ferencváros (the 9th district of Budapest) was fi nally se- lected due to the multi-decadal-long block rehabilitation programs supported by the local government. The total population of Ferencváros is cur- rently about 60,000 (Budapest Capital Local Government, 2011), and the spatial extension is 12.5 km2, which indicate that this is a me- dium-size district. It is located at the eastern side along the river Danube, which divides the entire city and the downtown region into two parts. Ferencváros itself is a very hetero- geneous part of the city with cultural centres, offi ces, residential, and industrial areas. The district consists of three- and four-storey old buildings, block houses with 4 or 8 levels, brown industrial areas, and large areas occu- pied by the railways system. The most inner city part is the Inner Ferencváros (Figure 1), Fig. 1. Location and structure of Ferencváros within Budapest, and location of the reference synoptic station no. 12843 at Pestszentlőrinc, south-eastern part of the city 95Pongrácz, R. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 93–103. where mostly offi ces and multi-residential houses can be found. The past and present (though very decreased) industrial activity is concentrated in the Outer Ferencváros sub- section. Residential block houses form the József Att ila housing estate, which became quite friendly and green recently. Although this is one of the oldest housung estate of Budapest built in the 1970s, however, the trees planted several decades ago have grown and provide nice environmental conditions to this part of the district. Partly due to the functional and structural changes of special subsections of the district substantial local climatic changes occurred in the past few decades. The local government made concentrated eff orts to improve the envi- ronment for the citizens starting from the 1980s. Since 1993 in the most densely built inner part of the district (Inner and Central Ferencváros) en- tire blocks were renovated and modifi ed. Within the framework of block rehabilitation programs inner parts of the blocks were demolished, thus, inside the renewed blocks more common green spaces could be created. Moreover, several parks have been enlarged, and small green ar- eas have been created along the streets (Local Government of Ferencváros, 2010). The overall increase both in terms of number and spatial ex- tension of green areas is illustrated in Figure 2. In order to describe the climatic conditions of the district, with special focus on the reha- bilitation zone, in situ measurement program has been introduced. This program consists of two types of measurements: (i) series of measurements in several sites along a prede- fi ned path, and (ii) continuous measurements at a single site. For comparison, measure- ments at another site in Budapest (synoptic station no. 12843 at Pestszentlőrinc) are used. In this study, details of the measurement pro- gram are discussed together with prelimi- nary results for both types of measurements. Then, the main conclusions are summarized at the end of the paper. Measurements along the predefi ned measuring path In our urban climate measurement program in the rehabilitation zone of Ferencváros, air temperature and relative humidity are recorded with two Voltcraft HT-200 instru- ments along a predefi ned path consisting of 22 measuring points (Figure 3, Table 1), which covers the target area. The measuring sites are selected at dif- ferent representative points of the district, such as green parks (Photo 1), narrow streets, Fig. 2. Increase of the green areas in Budapest-Ferencváros Pongrácz, R. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 93–103.96 paved squares and roads (Photo 2). The whole measuring path is divided into two parts, where the measurements are recorded simultaneously: (i) from 101 to 112, and (ii) from 201 to 212. The starting and ending sites are iden- tical, i.e. 101 is identical to 201, and 112 is 212. These simultaneous walking tours last about 1–1.5 hours. Then, the measurements are recorded along the same two paths but in Fig. 3. Measuring points along the predefi ned path. Locations of measuring sites are listed in Table 1. Table 1. Location of the measuring sites along the predefi ned path Site number: location along the northwestern southeastern part of the predefi ned path 201: Ferenc bld. / Tompa st. 202: Bakáts sq. / Tompa st. 203: Bakáts sq. / Ráday st. 204: Ráday st. 42 205: Ráday st. / Biblia st. 206: Ráday/Erkel st. 207: Kálvin sq. 208: Lónyay st. / Gönczy Pál st. 209: Csarnok sq. 210: Building Bálna 211: Nehru Park 212: Boráros sq. 101: Ferenc bld. / Tompa st. 102: Tompa st. / Liliom st. 103: Liliom st. / Tűzoltó st. 104: Tűzoltó st. / Bokréta st. 105: Ferenc sq. 106: Balázs Béla st. / Thaly Kálmán st. 107: University building (SOTE) 108: Kerekerdő Park 109: Márton st./ Gát st. 110: Mester st. /Viola st. 111: Mester st. / Tinódi st. 112: Boráros sq. 97Pongrácz, R. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 93–103. Photo 1 and 2. Measuring sites with completely diff erent surface cover: vegetation cover at Nehru Park (211) (above) and paved cover at Boráros square (112 = 212) (below). Measuring points are indicated by yellow circles Pongrácz, R. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 93–103.98 reverse order (i.e. starting from 112/212, and ending at 101/201). Evidently, the measure- ments cannot be recorded at the same time. Therefore, in order to temporally adjust the measurements, two records from the conse- quent (and reversed) partial paths are aver- aged over each site. This procedure results in average values representative for a virtual time along the whole path. More precisely, since the mov- ing speeds between sites and the distances between sites are not perfectly identical, this virtual time is given as a 10–20 minute time period. For calculating the UHI intensity, temperature measurements are compared to the hourly recorded data of the Budapest synoptic station (ID number: 12843) located in the south-eastern suburb district of the city (Pestszentlőrinc). Similarly, diff erence between dew point temperature values de- rived from relative humidity measurements are calculated and analysed. The measurement program started in early spring of 2015, the measuring dates are list- ed in Table 2. The measurements are sched- uled once a week (on Friday), from about noon until the late evening. The on going measurement program involves BSc stu- dents specialized in Earth sciences and MSc students specialized in meteorology, there- fore, 8 dates were completed in the spring semester of 2015, and another 8 dates in the autumn semester of 2015. During the sum- mer three consecutive days were selected for the measurement program in early July, and the last Friday of August. We are planning to extend further the measurement program at the study area and complete several years of measurements, so the seasonal cycle of tem- perature and relative humidity diff erences can be analysed as well, as the inter-annual variability and changes. Results from the measurements along the predefi ned measuring path Since UHI together with a heat-wave results in excessive heat stress for humans, and thus, signifi cant health consequences, measure- ments on one of the heat-wave days (i.e. 7 July) occurred in the summer 2015 are dis- cussed in this paper. The entire heat-wave period in the Carpathian Basin was domi- nated by a strong anticyclone over Central/ Eastern Europe with clear sky conditions. The averaged air temperature values and the diff erences compared to the reference station throughout the day – starting from about 14:00 to 21:00 – are shown in Figure 4. The warmest site was the Boráros square (site no. 112 = 212), which is a large paved square near the river Danube with main sta- tions of the public transportation system and partially surrounded by four-storey build- ings (Photo 2). The recorded temperature ex- ceeded 38 °C between 14:00 and 16:30. The coolest sites were the greener spaces (i.e. park along the Danube, site no. 211; park in the rehabilitation zone, site no. 105). Towards the evening (starting around 17:30) the cool- ing rate until the end of the measurements (around 21:00) at all the measuring sites was about 1.5–2.0 °C/h. However, the air tem- perature remained above 30 °C. As far as the UHI intensity, the largest values occurred at the largely paved Boráros square (112 = 212). The largest temperature diff erence between our measurements and the reference station exceeded 4 °C. Similarly to the air temperature, the results of the dew point temperature are shown in Figure 5. Dew point temperature values re- corded in the aft ernoon were generally lower than dew point temperature in the evening. The diff erence relative to the synoptic station decreased from about 3–5 °C (at about 14:00) to about 1–2 °C (by about 21:00). Table 2. Measuring dates during 2015 Spring Summer Autumn 20 March 27 March 3 April 10 April 17 April 24 April 8 May 15 May 6 July 7 July 8 July 28 August – – – – 18 September 2 October 9 October 6 November 13 November 20 November 27 November 4 December 99Pongrácz, R. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 93–103. Fig. 4. Averaged temperature and UHI intensity values along the measuring path during the 7 measuring periods, 7 July 2015 In order to visualise the relationship be- tween the air temperature and dew point temperature diff erences, the values for the individual sites shown in Figures 4 and 5 are averaged and plott ed in Figure 6. It can be clearly seen that the UHI intensity values be- tween 17:30 and 20:00 were quite low, close to zero. This implies that the suburban tem- perature and the inner-city temperature did not diff er signifi cantly in the late aft ernoon before sunset. Since the last measuring peri- od was already aft er the sunset (at 20:44), the well-known increase of UHI intensity aft er the evening (e.g. Oke, T.R. 1982) was clearly detected in our measurements. The detected higher UHI intensity values in the aft ernoon period are probably associ- ated with the faster temperature increase of the target urban area compared to the sub- urban reference station, which is later com- pensated by the temperature change in the suburban area becoming more similar to the more densely built-up part of the city. Then, in the evening around sunset the suburban area cooled down faster, and the second max- imum occurred. Similar results were shown Fig. 5. Averaged dew point temperature values and the diff erence from the Budapest-Pestszentlőrinc synoptic station along the measuring path during the 7 measuring periods, 7 July 2015 Pongrácz, R. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 93–103.100 for the Polish city Poznań (Półrolniczak, M. et al. 2015). However, in order to fully justify the above explanation, longer meas- urements are needed in Budapest as well, possibly throughout entire 24-hour periods. This is why we are planning to extend our measuring period. Continuous measurements at a single site In addition to the moving measurements, air temperature and relative humidity val- ues have been recorded at a permanent site, which is one of the measuring sites along the predefi ned path, no. 105 located at the Ferenc square (Photo 3). This location has been selected due to its central location within the rehabilitation zone of the district and, moreover, it can be con- sidered as a representative site to the results of the rehabilitation process. The square is surrounded by 4-level houses, and it is cov- ered mainly by vegetation with some paved footpaths for pedestrians. The investigated vegetation consists of several deciduous trees and bushes, and grass can be found on the ground. For the air temperature measurements Voltcraft DL-141TH is used with 10 minutes recording intervals starting around mid- day until the evening on the days listed in Table 2. These measurements are compared to the regular meteorological measurements recorded at the Budapest synoptic station lo- cated at the south-eastern part of the city as a reference (see Figure 1). Results from the measurements at Ferenc square Among the completed 20 days of our meas- urement program, 3 summer days are select- ed here for detailed analysis. Measurements on the third summer day (8 July) were inter- rupted by a very intense frontal activity with severe thunderstorm and huge amount of precipitation (including hails). Therefore, the previous two heat-wave days (6 and 7 July) are shown together with the warm day at the end of summer (28 August). The day-time temperature at the Ferenc square exceeded 30 °C on all the three days, the heat-wave days were certainly 3–4 °C warmer than the late August day. The maximum measured Fig. 6. Relationship between the averaged UHI intensity values and dew point temperature diff erences rela- tive to Budapest-Pestszentlőrinc synoptic station data during the 7 measuring periods, 7 July 2015 (sunset occurred at 20:44) 101Pongrácz, R. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 93–103. Photo 3. Measuring site with continuous recording at Ferenc square (site no. 105) temperature values are as follows: 37.7 °C, 38.5 °C, and 35.8 °C on 6 July, 7 July, and 28 August, respectively (Figure 7). These warmest periods of the days were measured between 16:30 and 16:50. The over- all daily courses of the temperature values are generally similar on the measuring days with the maximum between 16:00 and 17:00. Aft er about 18:00 the measured tempera- ture started to decrease. The temperature diff erence between the two sites decreased to 0.5–1.5 °C by the time before the sunset, which is probably due to the diff erent speed of temperature change in the central and the outer city areas. Similar results were found for Poznań by Półrolniczak, M. et al. (2015). Then, aft er the sunset temperature diff erence started to increase again, whereas the meas- ured temperature continued to decrease. The temperature decrease was slower at Ferenc square, in the more densely built-up region of the city than at the suburban reference sta- tion resulting in higher UHI intensity values at the late evening. The temperature diff erence between Ferenc square and the synoptic reference station was generally larger at the end of August com- pared to the heat-wave days in early July, which is partly due to the fact that during the heat-wave, all sites are very warm result- ing in smaller overall diff erences. In order to fully detect the UHI eff ect and characteristics longer (at least 4–5 hours longer) measurements would be necessary. We plan to extend the measuring period in the summer of 2016. Pongrácz, R. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 93–103.102 Fig. 7. Recorded air temperature at site no. 105 and the diff erence from the measurements at the Budapest- Pestszentlőrinc synoptic station on the summer days in 2015. (Times of the sunset are indicated by vertical lines at 20:44, 20:44, and 19:34 on 6 July, 7 July, and 28 August, respectively. Conclusions A new in situ measurement program has been initiated at the Department of Meteor- ology of the Eötvös Loránd University. This program has been designed to extend our previous research focus from satellite-based measurements. As a fi rst step we concen- trate on a smaller area of the Ferencváros district in Budapest. Since March 2015 air temperature and relative humidity measure- ments have been regularly recorded along a multi-site path consisting of 22 measuring sites, and at a single measuring site in a rep- resentative vegetation covered square within the block rehabilitation zone and the Inner Ferencváros. The measurements available al- together from 20 days (spring, summer and autumn 2015) have been compared to the standard meteorological data from the synop- tic station no. 12843 (Budapest-Pestszentlőrinc located at the south-eastern part of the city). Our preliminary results highlight the general characteristics of the UHI eff ect. The measurement program has just started, and we are planning to continue throughout 2016 and beyond in order to build year-round datasets for analyzing the seasonal cycle of temperature and relative humidity diff er- ences as well, as the diurnal changes and the spatial structure within the study area. Acknowledgements: The measurements were car- ried out by involving MSc and BSc students at the Department of Meteorology. Research leading to this paper has been supported by the following sources: Hungarian Scientifi c Research Fund under grants K-78125, K-83909, K109109, the AGRÁRKLIMA2 project (VKSZ_12-1-2013-0034), and the Bolyai János Fellowship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. 103Pongrácz, R. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 93–103. REFERENCES Ben-Dor, E. and Saaroni, H. 1997. Airborne video thermal radiometry as a tool for monitoring micros- cale scructures of the urban heat island. International Journal of Remote Sensing 18. 3039–3053. Budapest Capital Local Government 2011. Urban development strategy of Budapest. Budapest, 287 p. (in Hungarian). Dezső, Zs., Bartholy, J. and Pongrácz, R. 2005. Satellite-based analysis of the urban heat island eff ect. Időjárás – Quarterly Journal of the Hungarian Meteorological Service 109. 217–232. KSH 2012. STADAT Database. Central Statistical Offi ce, Budapest. htt p://www.ksh.hu/stadat Local Government of Ferencváros 2010. Rehabilitation of Budapest Ferencváros. Budapest. 80 p. Oke, T.R. 1973. City size and the urban heat island. Atmospheric Environment 7. 769–779. Oke, T.R. 1982. The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 108. 1–24. Półrolniczak, M., Kolendowicz, L., Majkowska, A. and Czernecki, B. 2015. The infl uence of atmos- pheric circulation on the intensity of urban heat island and urban cold island in Poznań, Poland. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, DOI: 10.1007/ s00704-015-1654-0 Pongrácz, R., Bartholy, J. and Dezső, Zs. 2006. Remotely sensed thermal information applied to urban climate analysis. Advances in Space Research 37. 2191–2196. Pongrácz, R., Bartholy, J. and Dezső, Zs. 2010. Application of remotely sensed thermal informa- tion to urban climatology of Central European cit- ies. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 35. 95–99. Pongrácz, R., Bartholy, J., Dezső, Zs. and Dian, Cs. 2015. Analysing the climatic eff ects of local block rehabilitation programs in Budapest-Ferencváros. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Urban Climate (ICUC9), Toulouse, France. 20–24 July 2015. Extended abstract, 6 p. Price, J.C. 1979. Assessment of the heat island eff ect through the use of satellite data. Monthly Weather Review 107. 1554–1557. Unger, J., Bottyán, Zs., Sümeghy, Z. and Gulyás, Á. 2000. Urban heat island development aff ected by urban surface factors. Időjárás – Quarterly Journal of the Hungarian Meteorological Service 104. 253–268. United Nations 2012. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision. United Nations Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Aff airs, htt p:// esa.un.org/unup/index.html Pongrácz, R. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 93–103.104 Minsk and Budapest, the two capital cities Edited by László Jeney and Dávid Karácsonyi Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies, Corvinus University of Budapest; Geographical Institute RCAES MTA; Faculty of Geography, Belarusian State University; Institute for Nature Management, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Budapest, 2015. 194 p. While Budapest used to be the bridge between the West and East in Central Europe, Minsk seems to be in a similar role between the Russian and the EU–Polish infl uence zones. It means that both capitals are situated on the frontiers between the Euro-Atlantic and the Euro-Asian macro regions. Besides their situations, their simi- larity in size renders the comparison and the cooperation obvious to proceed. This book is based on the mutual co-operation of Hungarian and Belarussian geographers and gives a scientifi c outlook not only on the socio-economic develop- ment of the two cities but on the urban climate, environment and ecology as well. Hungarian authors of the book introduce Budapest as a Central European metropo- lis with its historical trajectories and the results of the post-socialist transformation. They also demonstrate the main features of large housing estates and the results of their rehabilitation. Authors from Belarus show the major issues of spatial structure planning of Minsk in a similar context, de- scribing the past and the present changes taking place in the spatial structure of the metropolis. The integrated assessment of the state of urban environment in Minsk is examined also focusing on the ecological frame of the environmental planning in ur- ban agglomerations. The volume serves as a good starting point of a fruitful co-opera- tion between Belarussian and Hungarian geographers dealing with a social and physical urban environment, the state of which deserves extra att ention especially in East Central and Eastern Europe. Copies are available: Library, Geographical Institute of RCAES MTA, H-1112 Budapest, Budaörsi u. 44. 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