Outdoor human thermal comfort in local climate zones of Novi Sad (Serbia) during heat wave period 129Milošević, D.D. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 129–137.DOI: 10.15201/hungeobull.65.2.4 Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 2016 (2) 129–137. Introduction People living in urban areas are under sub- stantial thermal stress during the extreme temperature events such as heat wave (HW). Thermal discomfort will be exaggerated in the future as climate change scenarios show increase in the intensity and frequency of HWs in Europe in the twenty fi rst century (Christensen, J. et al. 2007). Thus, monitoring of outdoor human thermal comfort condi- tions will provide important data for urban planners and decision-makers in order to cre- ate lively urban areas for its residents in the future (Milošević, D.D. et al. 2015a). Development of urban climate monitoring system (UCMS) is needed in order to com- prehensively investigate outdoor human ther- mal comfort in urban areas. Two UCMSs were developed in Novi Sad (Serbia) and Szeged (Hungary) in 2014 as part of the EU-founded research (URBAN-PATH, htt p://urban-path. hu) (Unger, J. et al. 2014). The networks were planned and based on the local climate zone classifi cation system scheme developed by Stewart, I.D. and Oke, T.R. (2012). LCZs are defi ned as “regions of uniform surface cover, structure, material, and human activity that span hundreds of metres to several kilometres in horizontal scale” (Stewart, I.D. and Oke, 1 Climatology and Hydrology Research Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia. E-mails: dragan.milosevic@dgt.uns.ac.rs, stevan.savic@dgt.uns.ac.rs 2 Center for Spatial Information of Vojvodina Province, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad; Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia. E-mails: vladimir.markovic@dgt.uns.ac.rs; daniela.arsenovic@dgt.uns.ac.rs 3 Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia. Outdoor human thermal comfort in local climate zones of Novi Sad (Serbia) during heat wave period Dragan D. MILOŠEVIĆ1, Stevan M. SAVIĆ1, Vladimir MARKOVIĆ2, Daniela ARSENOVIĆ2 and Ivan ŠEĆEROV3 Abstract Urban climate monitoring system (UCMS) was established in Novi Sad (Serbia) in 2014 based on the Local Climate Zones (LCZs) classifi cation system, GIS model calculations and fi eld work. Seven built and two land cover LCZ types were delineated and 27 stations equipped with air temperature and relative humidity sen- sors were distributed across all LCZs. Suitability of the developed monitoring system for human outdoor thermal comfort research in diff erent LCZs of the city and its surroundings was investigated during a heat wave period using Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) index. During the daytime (night-time) the highest thermal loads are present in open midrise (compact midrise) LCZ, while the most comfortable is LCZ A (dense trees) during the whole day. In general, the highest thermal loads are obtained in midrise, followed by low-rise, sparsely built, low plants and dense trees LCZs. All LCZs (except LCZ A – dense trees) had higher PET when compared to LCZ D (LCZ D – low plants) during evening and nocturnal hours with maximum diff erence of 7.1 °C (00 UTC) between LCZ 2 (compact midrise) and LCZ D (low plants). Contrary to this, LCZ D (low plants) had higher PET compared to the majority of LCZs during the daytime with maximum diff erence of 8.5 °C (9 UTC) when compared to LCZ A (dense trees). Furthermore, the smallest thermal comfort diff erences during heat wave occurred between LCZs with similar structure (i.e. open low-rise and large low-rise, compact midrise and compact low-rise) and cover (i.e. sparsely built and low plants). Keywords: urban climate monitoring, local climate zone, thermal comfort, heat wave, Novi Sad, Serbia Milošević, D.D. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 129–137.130 T.R. 2012). LCZ mapping method by Lelovics, E. et al. (2014), local urban climate knowledge and fi eld work were needed in the process of delineation of LCZs in Novi Sad and the selection of suitable sites for the meteoro- logical sensors deployment. Seven built and two land cover LCZ types were delineated in Novi Sad and air temperature (Ta) and rela- tive humidity (RH) sensors were deployed on 27 locations inside them (Unger, J. et al. 2014). URBAN-PATH Portal and Urban Path System tool (UP-SYS tool) were created in order to visualise, process and save measured data for urban climate studies and for analysing entire systems work (Šećerov, I. et al. 2015). To further improve the LCZ system, Stewart, I.D. et al. (2014) encouraged re- searchers to observe the climatic condi- tions of different LCZs. Recently, evalua- tion of LCZ scheme using stationary and (or) mobile measurements was performed in Glasgow (United Kingdom) (Emmanuel, R. and Krüger, E. 2012), Hong Kong SAR (China) (Siu, L.W. and Hart, M.A. 2013), Mendoza (Argentina) (Puliafito, S. et al. 2013), Dublin (Ireland) (Alexander, P.J. and Mills, G. 2014), Berlin (Germany) (Fenner, D. et al. 2014), Oberhausen (Germany) (Muller, N. et al. 2014), Olomouc (Czech Republic) (Lehnert, M. et al. 2014), Barranquilla (Colombia) (Villadiego, K. and Velay-Dabat, M.A. 2014), Kochi (India) (Thomas, G. et al. 2014), Nagano (Japan), Vancouver (Canada) and Uppsala (Sweden) (Stewart, I.D. et al. 2014) as well as Nancy (France) (Leconte, F. et al. 2015), Novi Sad (Serbia) (Unger, J. et al. 2011; Savić, S. et al. 2013; Milošević, D.D. et al. 2015a,b; Savić, S. et al. 2015), Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) (Ndetto, E.L. and Matzarakis, A. 2015) and Szeged (Hungary) (Unger, J. et al. 2015; Lelovics, E. et al. 2016). Nevertheless, further evaluations of conceptual division of urban-rural landscape into LCZs with mete- orological and climatologic data as well as numerical models are needed. Obtained re- sults will highlight necessary changes to the LCZ classifi cation system needed to more ac- curately classify urban thermal environments (Stewart, I.D. et al. 2014). In this study, we analyse the outdoor hu- man thermal comfort conditions in diff erent LCZs of the city of Novi Sad (Serbia). Results and conclusions will provide insight into out- door comfort conditions in diff erent LCZs of the city and reveal whether the urban climate monitoring network based on LCZ scheme is suitable for the intra-urban thermal comfort research. Temporary analysis was performed using weather data from extreme tempera- ture event (HW). Materials and methods Novi Sad is a mid-sized city in the northern part of the Republic of Serbia (Southeast Eu- rope), located on a plain from 80 to 86 m a.s.l. (45°15’N, 19°50’E). The river Danube fl ows along the southern and the south-eastern edge of the city, and its width varies from 260 to 680 m. The relatively narrow Danube– Tisza–Danube Canal passes through the north- ern part of the city (Figure 1). To the South of Novi Sad urban area, the northern slopes of Fruška Gora Mountain are located (the highest peak is 538 m a.s.l.) which descend steeply to- wards the Danube (Unger, J. et al. 2011). Novi Sad is the second largest city in Serbia with a population of 340,000 (Bajšanski, I.V. et al. 2015) and built-up area of 112 km2. The area is in Köppen-Geiger climate re- gion Cfb (temperate warm climate with a rather uniform annual distribution of pre- cipitation) (Kottek, M. et al. 2006). The mean annual air temperature in Novi Sad is 11.2 °C with an annual range of 22.1 °C. The coldest month is January (-0.4 °C) and the warmest month is July (21.7 °C). The mean annual amount of precipitation is 598 mm (based on the data from 1949 to 2013) (Bajšanski, I.V. et al. 2015). For the determination of outdoor human thermal comfort conditions in diff erent LCZs during a HW period (from 5th to 8th July 2014), PET index (Table 1) was calculated in RayMan model (Matzarakis, A. et al. 2007). Selected days were characterized by prevailing anti- cyclonic conditions. 131Milošević, D.D. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 129–137. The input data for the calculation of PET are hourly air temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (v) and global radiation fl uxes (g) for selected days. The Ta and RH are measured by the stations network, while the v for Novi Sad are from daily WRF model (Michalakes, J. et al. 2004) predictions initiated at 0 UTC for the Pannonian Basin using and NOAA/NCEP global forecast (GFS) (EMC 2003). The v was corrected using the roughness length calcu- lated by the Roughness Mapping Tool (Gál, T. and Unger, J. 2009). RayMan model was used for the calculation of g. Time is given in Universal Time Coordinated (UTC). Local Standard Time in Serbia during summer is UTC + 2 h (Central European Summer Time). Representative station (Figure 2) for each LCZ was selected and their urban environment was modelled in RayMan model. The excep- Fig. 1. Location of Novi Sad in Europe and Serbia (the red square upper right) and its built-up area (down right) as well as LCZs and stations sites (left ; black dots = investigated sites). First number = LCZ class number, second number = station’s identity number in the given LCZ class Table 1. PET index threshold values for thermal sensation and the physiological stress level of human beings* PET, °C Thermal sensation Physiological stress level under 4 4– 8 8–13 13–18 18–23 23–29 29–35 35–41 over 41 Very cold Cold Cool Slightly cool Comfortable Slightly warm Warm Hot Very hot Extreme cold stress Strong cold stress Moderate cool stress Slight cold stress No thermal stress Slight heat stress Moderate heat stress Strong heat stress Extreme heat stress *Aft er Matzarakis, A. and Mayer, H. 1996. Milošević, D.D. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 129–137.132 tion is station 10-1 (heavy industry) that did not work in the analysed period and could not be part of the analysis. Several methods were applied in order to assess the statistical signifi cance of average hourly PET diff erences between LCZs for whole HW as well as for daytime (from 4 UTC to 18 UTC) and night-time period (from 19 UTC to 3 UTC). Firstly, hourly PET values in LCZ (PET x) were used to calculate average hourly PET values in individual LCZ for the whole HW period (PET x,i). Secondly, the average hourly PET diff er- ence between two LCZs x and y at time i (∆PET x – y,i) was calculated according to (∆PET x – y,i = PET x,i – PET y,i). Thirdly, paired Student’s t-tests were con- ducted to identify signifi cant (p<0.05) diff er- ences in PET between individual LCZs. Results Thermal comfort conditions in diff erent LCZs of the city and its surroundings are analyzed based on the average hourly PET during the HW period. PET magnitude is used to ex- press thermal comfort diff erences between defi ned LCZ classes (ΔPETLCZ X-Y). At daytime, LCZs 5, D and 3 show particu- larly high thermal loads (Figure 3). Conversely, Fig. 2. Aerial photographs illustrating selected measurement sites (in the middle of the photo) with an envi- ronment of 500 m diameter in Novi Sad. First number = LCZ class number, second number = station’s identity number in the given LCZ class: 2-2 (compact midrise), 3-1 (compact low-rise), 5-6 (open midrise), 6-5 (open low-rise), 8-1 (large low-rise), 9-2 (sparsely built), A-1 (dense trees), D-1 (low plants) areas with substantial shading effect (e.g. LCZs A and 2) have lower thermal load lev- els. The aft ernoon delayed reach of maximum PET value in LCZ 2 and decline and rise of PET in the LCZ A is due to the shading eff ects of buildings and trees in the vicinity of the stations. At night, the highest PET values are in the ´street canyon´ of the LCZ 2, whereas all other LCZs, especially the land cover LCZs A and D shows a deviation below the comfort range. In general, LCZ 5 had the highest aver- age PET (28.0 °C) during HW, while LCZ A had the lowest PET (23.8 °C). In order to quantify relative diff erences in diurnal thermal comfort conditions between urban and non-urban areas, we have com- pared average hourly PET in each selected LCZ with average hourly PET values in LCZ D (low plants) during HW (ΔPETLCZ X-D). Figure 4 shows that all LCZs (except LCZ A) has higher PET values compared to LCZ D from 17:00 UTC to 5:00 UTC. Maximum PET dif- ference of 7.1 °C is noticed between LCZs 2 and D at 0:00 UTC. These results agree with the literature which states that largest thermal contrasts occur during calm and clear nights. Contrary to this, LCZ D have higher PET val- ues compared to majority of LCZs in the peri- od 7:00–16:00 UTC with maximum diff erence of 8.5 °C compared to LCZ A at 9:00 UTC. When comparing average hourly PET be- tween LCZs (ΔPETLCZ X-Y) (intra-urban analy- 133Milošević, D.D. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 129–137. Fig. 3. Average hourly PET at measurements sites of the urban climate monitoring network in Novi Sad during HW (from 5th to 8th July 2014) Fig. 4. Hourly PET magnitude (ΔPETLCZ X-D) in Novi Sad during HW (from 5th to 8th July 2014) Milošević, D.D. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 129–137.134 sis) during HW, obtained diff erences can sug- gest similarity or contrasts of their thermal environment. Statistically signifi cant thermal comfort diff erences occur between all LCZs except LCZs 6 and 8 (0.1 °C), 2 and 3, as well as D and 9 (0.2 °C). This is presumably a con- sequence of similar values of surface struc- ture (e.g. height and spacing of buildings and trees), cover (e.g. pervious or impervious) and fabric properties (e.g. albedo) between these LCZ pairs that lead to the creation of simi- lar thermal comfort sensations inside them. Contrary to this, large diff erences in surface structure and cover properties essentially drive largest PET diff erences between built LCZs (5, 2 and 3) and natural LCZ A (4.2 °C, 3.7 °C and 3.5 °C, respectively). In general, highest thermal load is obtained in midrise, followed by low-rise, sparsely built, low plants and dense trees LCZs (Table 2). At daytime, the LCZs do not show char- acteristic thermal comfort regimes with sig- nifi cant PET diff erences occurring between morphologically dissimilar LCZs (e.g. LCZs 2 and 9, 3 and D). The most intense physi- ological stress is calculated for LCZ 5 while the least intense is calculated for LCZ A. This can be explained by more solar radiation reaching the open midrise areas of the city leading to more heating during the day in contrast to the dense trees zone. During the night the highest PET values are in LCZ 2 while the lowest are in LCZ A. This could be the eff ect of trapping of long-wave radiation inside the ´street canyon´ of compact midrise zone. Thermal comfort diff erences between all LCZs are statistically signifi cant during the night-time and more pronounced (up to 6.9 °C) than at daytime (up to 3.9 °C). This suggests that each LCZ has characteristic thermal comfort regime during the night- time. The largest PET diff erences are between urban LCZ 2 and non-urban LCZs D and A (6.9 °C and 6.4 °C, respectively) (Table 3). Table 2. PET magnitude* in Novi Sad during HW (from 5 to 8 July 2014)** Station 2–1 3–2 5–6 6–5 8–1 9–2 A–1 D–1 2–1 3–2 5–6 6–5 8–1 9–2 A–1 D–1 – 0.2 -0.5 0.6 0.7 1.8 3.7 1.6 -0.2 – -0.7 0.4 0.5 1.6 3.5 1.4 0.5 0.7 – 1.2 1.2 2.3 4.2 2.2 -0.6 -0.4 -1.2 – 0.1 1.2 3.1 1.0 -0.7 -0.5 -1.2 -0.1 – 1.1 3.0 0.9 -1.8 -1.6 -2.3 -1.2 -1.2 – 1.9 -0.2 -3.7 -3.5 -4.2 -3.1 -3.0 -1.9 – -2.1 -1.6 -1.4 -2.2 -1.0 -0.9 0.2 2.1 – *ΔPETLCZ X-Y . **Diff erences are presented as the LCZ type in column minus the LCZ type in row. Italics: statistically signifi cant PET diff erences at the 5% level (paired t-test). Normal: statistically insignifi cant PET diff erences at the 5% level (paired t-test) Table 3. PET magnitudes for day-time* and night-time** in Novi Sad during HW from 5th to 8th July 2014. Station 2–1 3–2 5–6 6–5 8–1 9–2 A–1 D–1 2–1 3–2 5–6 6–5 8–1 9–2 A–1 D–1 – -1.4 -2.1 -1.0 -0.3 0.1 1.8 -1.2 2.9 – -0.8 0.4 1.0 1.5 3.2 0.1 2.2 -0.7 – 1.2 1.8 2.3 3.9 0.9 3.3 0.5 1.2 – 0.6 1.1 2.8 -0.3 2.4 -0.4 0.3 -0.9 – 0.5 2.2 -0.9 4.6 1.7 2.5 1.3 2.2 – 1.7 -1.4 6.9 4.1 4.8 3.6 4.5 2.3 – -3.0 6.4 3.5 4.3 3.1 4.0 1.8 -0.5 – *Bott om left area. Diff erences are presented as the LCZ type in column minus the LCZ type in row. **Upper right area. Diff erences are presented as the LCZ type in row minus the LCZ type in column; Italics: statistically signifi cant PET diff erences at the 5% level (paired t-test). Normal: statistically insignifi cant PET diff erences at the 5% level (paired t-test). 135Milošević, D.D. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 129–137. Discussion and conclusions Outdoor human thermal comfort conditions were evaluated in diff erent LCZs of the city of Novi Sad during a HW period. The data originated from the UCMS developed in Novi Sad. The highest average PET was no- ticed in built up LCZs 5 and 2, while the low- est were in areas with a substantial pervious land cover, namely the LCZs A, 9 and D. The results showed that statistically signifi cant thermal comfort diff erences exist between the majorities of the LCZs. Only between LCZs 2 and 3, 6 and 8 as well as 9 and D this was not the case. Reasons for this could be the similar values of surface structure, cover and fabric properties (e.g. albedo) between these LCZ pairs. During the daytime hours, the small- est thermal comfort differences occurred between LCZs with substantially diff erent structural, cover, fabric and metabolism properties (i.e. between compact midrise and sparsely built LCZs) suggesting that LCZs do not have unique thermal environment at that time. Contrary to this, during the night all LCZs are thermally unique and exhibit sta- tistically signifi cant PET diff erences. Highest PET values were observed in midrise zones, followed by low-rise and sparsely built zones and lastly by low plants and dense trees zones. Furthermore, higher PET values were observed in compact zones when compared to open zones. Research of human bio-climatologic com- fort sensation in diff erent LCZs is still scarce. This is no surprise as LCZ scheme is mainly introduced as a concept to enhance the un- derstanding of air temperature diff erences within the urban area. Nevertheless this scheme can be used to observe the values of thermal comfort indices in diff erent areas of cities. Previous studies regarding thermal comfort in Novi Sad showed PET diff erences up to 1.6 °C between subsequent LCZs and up to 5.1 °C for dissimilar LCZs on tropical day. On cold freezing day, PET diff erences were larger with up to 2.0 °C between close LCZs and up to 6.3 °C between dissimilar LCZs (Milošević, D.D. et al. 2015a). Results of our study are in accordance with fi ndings of Kovács, A. and Németh, Á (2012) who found that LCZ 2 of Budapest has average PET values higher by 3 °C when compared to the suburbs (between LCZs 6 and A). The lower PET values during the daytime in resi- dential area of the city correspond with the fi ndings of Puliafito, S.E. et al. (2013) who point out that residential areas in Mendoza (Argentina) had from 2.0 °C to 4.0 °C lower PET values than the periphery of the city during the summer aft ernoon. In accordance with our results, higher thermal loads (i.e. PET values) were obtained for built LCZs 2 and 5 in Oberhausen (Germany) during the hot days (Tamax > 30 °C) when compared to LCZs 9 and A (Muller, N. et al. 2014). Numerous UHI studies used LCZ scheme to assess Ta diff erences in urban areas. Results from these studies showed that Ta during summer nights in LCZs with high impervi- ous/building coverage in Berlin (Fenner, D. et al. 2014), Szeged (Lelovics, E. et al. 2016), Nancy (Leconte, F. et al. 2015) and Dublin (Alexander, P.J. and Mills, G. 2014) were higher up to 6.0 °C, 5.2 °C, 4.4 °C and 4.2 °C than Ta in LCZs with high pervious/vegetat- ed coverage in these cities, respectively. This is in accordance with our results as nocturnal PET values in built LCZs of Novi Sad were up to 6.9 °C higher than in land cover LCZs which is not a surprise as Ta is part of the PET calculation. The urban climate monitoring network in Novi Sad based on LCZ scheme showed to be suitable for the intra-urban thermal comfort research during the HW period. Comfortable and uncomfortable outdoor areas in the cities were detected and thermal comfort diff er- ences were quantifi ed. 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Modelling of the annual mean urban heat island patt ern for planning of representative urban climate station network. Advances in Meteorology 2011. ID 398613, 9 p. Unger, J., Savic, S., Gál, T. and Milošević, D. 2014. Urban climate and monitoring network system in Central European cities. Novi Sad, 103 p. Unger, J., Savić, S., Gál, T., Milošević, D., Marković, V., Gulyás, Á. and Arsenović, D. 2015. Urban climate monitoring networks based on LCZ con- cept. 9th International Conference on Urban Climate jointly with 12th Symposium on the Urban Environment, Toulouse, France, 1–6. Villadiego, K. and Velay-Dabat, M.A. 2014. Outdoor thermal comfort in a hot and humid climate of Colombia: A fi eld study in Barranquilla. Building and Environment 75. 142–152. Milošević, D.D. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (2) 129–137.138 AQUINCUM Ancient landscape – ancient town Edited by Katalin H. Kérdő and Ferenc Schweitzer Geographical Institute Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences MTA Budapest, 2014. 188 p. Geomorphological–paleoenvironmental studies supporting archeological excavations and investigations are to be considered a new trend within the broader sphere of studies on environment and geomorphology. By publish- ing the latest achievements of researches of this kind carried out on the territory of Aquincum and in its wider surroundings this book may equally reckon on the interest of professional circles and inquiring audience. Therefore the publication of such a volume of somewhat unusual character is welcome. The project could be completed as a result of the close cooperation of two important branches of studies, notably geography and archeology. They both have long lasting traditions in our country and on this occasion were represented by two prominent institutions, the Geographical Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and the Aquincum Museum of the Budapest History Museum. Their contribution has made possible the publication of this book. The studies were aimed to clear up the role of those natural factors which exert- ed a profound infl uence on the develop- ment of the sett lement structure during the Roman Period. Romans had a special ability to realize advantages provided by geomorphological characteristics and they had made a good use of natural waters, fl ood-plain surface features and parent rocks for their creativity. The volume is also deemed as a pioneer- ing work with regard to the richly illustrat- ed presentation of geological, geographi- cal and other natural features exposed in several places in the course of archeologi- cal excavations. A short summary shows the most important objects of the Roman Period related to natural endowments and traces of activities of the time leading to environmental transformation. Based on geomorphological evidence a new answer is proposed to a previously raised problem whether the Hajógyári Island existed as an islet already in the time of the Romans. Another intriguing issue tackled is the purpose of the system of trenches found in several places along the Danube River. Price: EUR 20.00 Order: Geographical Institute of RCAES MTA. H-1112 Budapest, Budaörsi u. 44. 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