Microsoft Word - A_04_R.doc HUNGARIAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY VESZPRÉM Vol. 38. pp. 15-19 (2010) STUDY OF TRAFFIC-RELATED URBAN PM POLLUTION AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS V. CSOM1 , T. SZENTMARJAY2, J. KOVÁCS1, E. DOMOKOS1 1University of Pannonia, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 10 Egyetem Street, Veszprém, HUNGARY 2National Inspectorate for Environment, Nature and Water, 4 Patak Square, Veszprém, HUNGARY E-mail: csomv@almos.vein.hu The overall purpose of this study was to determine the ratio of PM2.5 in PM10. Measurements of suspended particulate matter were continuous and carried out at four sampling points in Veszprém with two high volume samplers. The primary point of view in choosing the site of samplings was the investigation of the effect of the road traffic on the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations. Results show that the PM2.5/PM10 mass fraction mainly depends on the effect of vehicular traffic. Furthermore it was also found that the daytime concentrations differ from the overnight ones. Taking the PM2.5/PM10 ratios and calculating the PM2.5 concentrations from the PM10 data measured by the Hungarian Air Quality Network it can be concluded that many steps must be taken by the local governments in Hungary to fulfil the limits and target values for PM2.5 laid down in the directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament. Keywords: DHA-80 high volume sampler, suspended particulate matter, limit value, target vlaue, PM2.5, PM10, PM2.5/PM10 mass ratio. Introduction Among air pollutants particulate matter (PM10 coarse fraction and PM2.5 fine particles) plays an important role in causing serious health effects so the European Union deals with them as special importance. In the last decade studies of the short-term effects of PM – based on association between daily changes in PM10 concentrations and various health outcomes – were conducted all over Europe. In general, results indicate that PM increases the risk of respiratory death in infants under 1 year, affects the rate of lung function development, aggravates asthma and causes other respiratory symptoms such as cough and bronchitis in children. PM2.5 seriously affects health, increasing deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and lung cancer. Increased PM2.5 concentrations increase the risk of emergency hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory causes; and PM10 affects respiratory morbidity, as indicated by hospital admissions for respiratory illness. [1] Air quality control is one of those fields where many steps were taken by the European Union recently. The Committee amis to establish a comprehensive strategy through which the air quality might be preserved for a long time. A new directive was established out of turn in favour of the reduction of particulate matter concentration. Directive 2008/50/EC – on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe – was released on 21 May 2008. Limit value for PM10 has already been known from previous directive (96/62/EC) but PM2.5 was never before controlled. By now new air quality objectives are set for PM2.5 including the limit value and exposure related objectives – exposure concentration obligation and exposure reduction target. Member nations got patience time while they have to make arrangements for staying under these limit values. [2, 3] Figure 1: Number of people suffering from asthma in Budapest (1980–2006) Experiences during air quality control definitely show that changing social-economical circumstances have modified the significance of some air pollutants in the last decades. Traffic originating components are coming 16 to the front where particulate matter plays an important role for its chemical composition, pollution extent and health effect (Fig. 1) [4]. We have quite a few PM2.5 measuring data in Hungary. Continuous fine particulate measuring occurs only at four places therefore for arrangement plans only the PM10 concentrations can be used. Our aim was in the course of work to make us able to estimate the PM2.5 fraction from the available PM10 concentrations. Materials and methods Measurements for determining the fractions of PM10 and PM2.5 were carried out in harmony with the MSZ EN 12341:2000 and MSZ EN 14907:2006 standards that are the Hungarian versions of those ones that were worked out by CEN, European Committee for Standardization. Two DHA-80 High Volume Samplers of the same kind (Fig. 2) were used simultaneously. One of them was operating with a PM10 pre-separator, the other one was equipped with a PM2.5 pre-separator. Both appliances correspond to the reference requirements. Figure 2: DHA-80 High Volume Sampler (HVS) Fig. 2 shows the operating system of a HVS. The air is sampled via a sampling probe (1), using a sampling tube, vertically from the top to the bottom through the filter (3) placed in the flowing chamber (2). With DHA-80, changing of filters is done automatically. After the filter, the transported air quantity is measured using a flow meter with a floater (5). Its double photo-sensor (5a) optically senses the floater position. In connection with the control electronics (5b, 5c), the capacity of the blower (6) is adapted to the rpm control, so that the air quantity keeps the set-point value. Air pressure and temperature are measured upstream the flow meter and continuously averaged by the controller. A real-time protocol states sampling volumes yielding from the sampling time and controlled volume flow as the core information. The air is released from the instrument with reduced noise through the noise baffle (7). Air-borne dust particles in the sampled air are separated on to Ø 150 mm filters. The flown filter diameter is 140 mm. Sequent gravimetric and analytical analysis could be conducted depending upon the pollutants of interest. The filter conditioning is very important in order to achieve reproducible results. DHA-80 has a container of 15 filters stretched in filter holders. They were changed automatically to the flow position at the pre-set time. The selected air flow rate is controlled by a flow meter. This value should be calibrated first at the beginning of a measurement, using a gas meter or a secondary standard, e.g. an additional flow meter. During air sampling, the pump flow rate is dynamically controlled, so that this limit value is kept at good reproducibility and at long-term stability despite the deposited filter flow resistance and the sampled ambient air pressure/temperature variation. An integrated microprocessor unit controls the filter changes at the exact pre-set time and collects all relevant data and events. Hereby the air quantity flowing through the filter is defined with high accuracy. [5] Results and discussion Continuous measurements of suspended particulate matter were carried out at four sampling points in Veszprém with two high volume samplers. The overall purpose of this study was to determine the ratio of PM2.5 in PM10. The primary point of view in selecting the site of samplings was the investigation of road traffic effect on PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations. Among these sites (Fig. 3, Table 1) we can find such places where the effects of traffic have low importance and places where effects are remarkable in point of air quality. Figure 3: Sampling sites 17 Before the series of measurements we carried out parallel measuring with the two samplers (with the same pre-separators, PM10 - PM10, PM2.5 - PM2.5) to see whether data we measure matches with the accuracy criteria or not. Table 1: Sampling sites in Veszprém Places EOV Laboratory of Central-Transdanubian Inspectorate for Environment, Nature and Water 4 Patak Square 563035E 195511N Bárczi Gusztáv Elementary School 12 Batthyány Street 564798E 196206N Hospital 5 Mártírok Street 563771E 194645N Balaton Shopping Centre 20-28 Budapest Street 564298E 195187N From the statistical examination results (Table 2) it can be concluded that measuring data fulfil the instructions related to the accuracy that is K95 ≤ 5 µg/m 3. Table 2: Comparison of the two HVS samplers (equipped with the same pre-samplers) Di (µg/m3) Di 2 /2n ∑Di 2 /2n Sa K95 0.7 0.082 PM10 0.7 0.082 0.6 0.060 0.223 0.47 2.03 0.6 0.060 PM2.5 0.1 0.002 0.3 0.015 0.077 0.28 1.20 Measurements were carried out for two days for 12-12 hours (concentrations of a whole day can be determined from the half-day data) after this for another three days for 24 hours at each places. The half-day measurements were started at 1800 and 0600. The aim of this division was to control how PM pollution changes at night time when traffic is low and in the daytime when traffic is heavy. 4 Patak Square (Laboratory of Central-Transdanubian Inspectorate for Environment, Nature and Water) Ratio of PM2.5 in fraction PM10 changed between 60 and 70% (Fig. 4). Probably the higher ratio of PM2.5/PM10 (Table 3) is due to the rain whilst sedimentation of coarse particles (PM10) occurs. Concentration of PM10 was lower on this day as well. Effect of traffic has no importance on this site. Table 3: PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations during 24-hour measuring [µg/m3] Date PM10 (µg/m3) PM2.5 (µg/m3) PM2.5/PM10 (%) 11-12 Sept. 27.9 20.1 72.0 14-15 Oct. 34.6 22.9 66.2 15-16 Oct. 45.3 28.0 61.8 Figure 4: Ratio of PM2.5 in PM10 [%] 12 Batthyány Street (Bárczi Gusztáv Elementary School) This place cannot be regarded obviously to be a so called “background station”. Traffic is not determinant but we should not leave it out of consideration. From the 24-hour-data it emerges that the ratio of fine particles increases above 70% (Fig. 5) that is ca. 10% higher than values on Patak square. Difference may be due to the vehicular traffic that is not far from this measuring point. Considering Fig. 6 it can be stated that ratios of PM2.5 in PM10 are higher at night time (18:00–06:00) than in daytime. We can conclude that a bigger part of the coarse fraction settles out in the late evening hours when traffic and air motion decrease. Figure 5: Ratio of PM2.5 in PM10 [%] Figure 6: Ratio of PM2.5 in PM10 [%] 18 5 Mártírok Street (next to Hospital) Ratio of PM2.5/PM10 was around 70% during the whole week we measured. Weather was not the same on every day and these changes appear in the concentrations as well (Table 4). Weather was rainy on the last days, during this time around both type of concentrations decreased. Half-day values (Fig. 7) vary on the same way as in the previous case (Fig. 6). Table 4: PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations during 24-hour measuring [µg/m3] Date PM10 (µg/m3) PM2.5 (µg/m3) PM2.5/PM10 (%) 29-30 Sept. 21.3 14.9 70.0 30 Sept. – 1 Oct. 24.3 16.2 66.7 1-2 Oct. 22.1 15.1 68.3 2-3 Oct. 19.2 12.5 65.1 3-4 Oct. 9.0 6.2 68.9 Figure 7: Ratio of PM2.5 in PM10 [%] 20-28 Budapest Street (Balaton Shopping Centre) Almost all week was wet. First day of the week was the rainiest, next days there was just drizzling. Fig. 8 shows that rain has stopped for a while in the middle of the week and as a result of it concentrations started to increase. As rain appeared again values started to decrease. It is evident that particulate matter is settled out from the ambient air. Figure 8: PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations during 24-hour measuring [µg/m3] It can be explained at first with heavy traffic because Budapest Street has the biggest vehicular traffic among the four selected sites. Dust can be derived from exhaust pipes, from abrasion of rubber tyre and mountings of motor vehicle. These particles are continuously stirring so they stay in the ambient air. Another fact is that exhaust gases can be characterized primarily by the PM1 and PM2.5 fractions therefore these ranges will be the most significant part in PM10. Settling out of coarse fraction can be observed as well (Fig. 9) such like in the previous cases. We must mention one more possible explanation for the high amount of PM2.5 in PM10. It may happen that the non-wetting agglomerated particles fall apart to finer particles under the influence of rainy days. Figure 9: Ratio of PM2.5 in PM10 [%] Summary PM2.5-PM10 measurements on different kind of places show that the mass ratios of PM2.5 in PM10 are broadly speaking similar at those places where the effects of traffic are not remarkable. As we can see it below (in Table 5) places that are hardly influenced by vehicular traffic have a PM2.5/PM10 ratio of 69%, but where this effect is significant the PM2.5/PM10 ratio increases up to 85% (Fig. 10). Difference is conspicuous. These facts confirm our aspect that traffic might be the most important reason for PM1-PM2.5 (fine particle) pollution. Table 5: Confidence interval determined from the PM2.5/PM10 scatterings Apart from the measuring sites we experienced that the PM2.5 ratio was always higher at night time (1800–0600) than in the day time (0600–1800). Because of the measurements’ short time the calculated ratios are just estimations. To have more exact values many more measurements are needed. 19 Figure 10: PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations during 24-hour measuring [µg/m3] The Ministry of Environment and Water accomplished a nationwide measuring together with the Inspectorates for Environment, Nature and Water in 2005 and 2008 through the whole year. The type of their measuring sites in Veszprém were similar to our ones. One of them was the same (Budapest Street) and the other one was like Patak Street that is a kind of “background” station. Average of their measuring data in 2005 is 37.8 µg/m3 and it was 21.0 µg/m3 in 2008. If I take our ratios as a norm we have to realise that the PM2.5 concentration would be at the former one 32.0 µg/m3 and in the latter case it would be around 14.0 µg/m3. We must see that PM2.5 concentrations increase above the target value (20 µg/m3) without doubt at those places where traffic is remarkable. Serious arrangements are needed everywhere to be able to fulfil limit values set in the directive 2008/50/EC. [6, 7] ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We acknowledge the financial support of this work by the Hungarian State and the European Union under the TAMOP-4.2.1/B-09/1/KONV-2010-0003 project. REFERENCES 1. B. VASKÖVI: Tendency of dust pollution, evaluation of measuring strategy after the changes of rules. Study: on behalf of the Ministry of Environment and Water, 2004. 2. Council Directive 96/62/EC of 27 September 1996 on ambient air quality assessment and management. (Directive 1996/62/EC) 3. Directive on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe. (Directive 2008/50/EC) 4. H. CHRISTOS: Integrated Exposure Management Tool Characterizing Air Pollution relevant Human Exposure in Urban Environment. Literature review on Urban Exposure, 2002. 5. DHA-80 High Volume Sampler (HVS) Operating Handbook. 6. V. CSOM: Determination of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations simultaneously in the ambient air, estimating their ratio. Diploma work, Pannon University, Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 2008. 7. E. KULCSÁR: Examination of dust pollution in Veszprém. Diploma work, Pannon University, Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 2006. << /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles true /AutoRotatePages /None /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%) /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2) /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error /CompatibilityLevel 1.4 /CompressObjects /Tags /CompressPages true /ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages true /CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default /DetectBlends true /DetectCurves 0.0000 /ColorConversionStrategy /CMYK /DoThumbnails false /EmbedAllFonts true /EmbedOpenType false /ParseICCProfilesInComments true /EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /EmitDSCWarnings false /EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 1048576 /LockDistillerParams false /MaxSubsetPct 100 /Optimize true /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments true /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true /PreserveDICMYKValues true /PreserveEPSInfo true /PreserveFlatness true /PreserveHalftoneInfo false /PreserveOPIComments true /PreserveOverprintSettings true /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts true /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [ true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /CropColorImages true /ColorImageMinResolution 300 /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleColorImages true /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /ColorImageResolution 300 /ColorImageDepth -1 /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterColorImages true /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile () /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False /CreateJDFFile false /Description << /ARA /BGR /CHS /CHT /CZE /DAN /DEU /ESP /ETI /FRA /GRE /HEB /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.) /HUN /ITA /JPN /KOR /LTH /LVI /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.) /NOR /POL /PTB /RUM /RUS /SKY /SLV /SUO /SVE /TUR /UKR /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.) >> /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ << /AsReaderSpreads false /CropImagesToFrames true /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false /IncludeGuidesGrids false /IncludeNonPrinting false /IncludeSlug false /Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (4.0) ] /OmitPlacedBitmaps false /OmitPlacedEPS false /OmitPlacedPDF false /SimulateOverprint /Legacy >> << /AddBleedMarks false /AddColorBars false /AddCropMarks false /AddPageInfo false /AddRegMarks false /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK /DestinationProfileName () /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK /Downsample16BitImages true /FlattenerPreset << /PresetSelector /MediumResolution >> /FormElements false /GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles false /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ] >> setdistillerparams << /HWResolution [2400 2400] /PageSize [612.000 792.000] >> setpagedevice