HUNGARIAN JOURNAL OF 
INDUSTRY AND CHEMISTRY 

Vol. 53(2) pp. 79–84 (2025) 

hjic.mk.uni-pannon.hu 
DOI: 10.33927/hjic-2025-21 

S-POLARIZED LIGHT-INDUCED UV-VIS PLASMONICS IN Al-Ag 
DIMERS: A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE 

RAJU DEVIKA1, AISWARYA SATHEESH1, PEARL AUGUSTINE2, MANOJ PARAMESWARAN2 AND 

RANJINI RADHAKRISHNAN1* 

1 Department of Physics, Kuriakose Elias College, Mannanam, Kottayam, Kerala, 686 561, INDIA 
2 Department of Chemistry, St. Michael’s College, Cherthala, Alappuzha, Kerala, 688 539, INDIA  

The interaction of light with metallic nanoparticle dimers has gained significant attention due to the enhanced local 
electric fields generated within the nanogap region. In this study, a detailed theoretical investigation of plasmonic 
homodimers and heterodimers composed of Al and Ag, covering the deep ultraviolet to visib le spectral range, is 
undertaken. Simulations are carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.6 to examine the effects of dimer 
composition, gap width and particle size on far-field optical responses. The localized surface plasmon resonance 
(LSPR) behavior with the systematic variation of dimer radii and interparticle spacing to explore their influence on 
resonance characteristics is focused on in particular. The results reveal a redshift in LSPR peaks as particle size 
increases, while a reduction in gap width induces a blueshift. Furthermore, the LSPR wavelength of the Al -Ag 
heterodimer consistently falls between those of the respective homodimers. These findings demonstrate that the 
plasmonic response of such dimers can be effectively tuned by adjusting geometric and material parameters, 
offering potential for tailored nanophotonic applications. 

Keywords: dimers, plasmons, nanoparticles, simulation, localized surface plasmon resonance  

1. Introduction 

The collective oscillatory movements of the conduction 

band electrons on the metal-dielectric interface when 

irradiated with light give rise to two pivotal phenomena, 

surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and localized surface 

plasmon resonance (LSPR) [1],[2]. Both phenomena 

arise from the electromagnetic excitation of free 

electrons in the conduction band of the metal surface. 

Surface plasmons (SPs) are coherent delocalized electron 

oscillations that occur at the metal/dielectric interface. In 

contrast, localized surface plasmons (LSPs) are formed 

when surface plasmons become confined within 

nanoparticles whose size is comparable to or smaller than 

the wavelength of the incident light used to excite the 

plasmons. 

Plasmon resonance occurs when the 

electromagnetic field of the incident light aligns with the 

energy of the oscillating electrons on the surface of the 

nanometallic particles/nanometallic surface, fulfilling the 

resonance condition. An in-depth knowledge of these 

systems will greatly benefit the development of various 

applications, including Surface-Enhanced Raman 

Spectroscopy (SERS) [3],[4], biological sensing [5], 

solar cell design [6], photocatalysis [7],[8], pesticide 

 

Received: 21 July 2025; Revised: 5 Aug 2025; 
Accepted: 15 Aug 2025 
*Correspondence: ranjinimanoj@kecollege.ac.in 

detection [9],[10], toxin monitoring [11],[12] as well as 

gas and vapor sensing [13],[14]. 

Noble metallic nanoparticles (NPs) are the widely 

utilized plasmonic nanomaterials that, upon interaction 

with incident light, unlock diverse applications known 

for their reliable performance [15]. Moreover, when two 

metallic nanoparticles are placed in close proximity to 

each other (forming a dimer), plasmons in their 

individual nanostructures couple, leading to plasmon 

hybridization. The examination of metallic dimers, 

consisting of two closely spaced metallic nanoparticles, 

is of great importance in the field of nanoplasmonics 

[16]. These systems showcase distinctive optical 

properties because of the robust electromagnetic 

interplay between the individual nanoparticles. 

Understanding metallic dimers is vital to implement their 

potential applications in surface-enhanced spectroscopy, 

nano-optics and photonic devices. Plasmon hybridization 

can be used to understand the multifeatured plasmonic 

response of complex structures [17]. Plasmonic metallic 

dimers are interesting candidates for a variety of optical 

and sensing applications as they exhibit a significant 

degree of plasmonic interaction between two closely 

spaced nanoparticles [18]. 

Extensive research has sought to comprehend the 

mechanisms that govern electromagnetic interactions 

within metallic dimer systems. The interaction between 

https://doi.org/10.33927/hjic-2025-21
mailto:ranjinimanoj@kecollege.ac.in


 DEVIKA, SATHEESH, AUGUSTINE, PARAMESWARAN AND RADHAKRISHNAN 

Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry 

80 

light and metal in addition to further effects which arise 

because of this interaction is always an interesting topic 

for scientists. Although the plasmonic properties of noble 

metals such as silver (Ag) and gold (Au) have been well 

studied, aluminum (Al) remains the least explored and 

can be regarded as a viable alternative due to its 

affordability, abundance and strong plasmonic response 

in the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. However, a thorough 

investigation into the field intensity distribution and hot 

spot formation in Al nanostructures within the visible 

region has yet to be comprehensively conducted. In this 

study, a theoretical investigation of aluminum and silver 

homodimers is performed followed by an analysis of 

Al-Ag heterodimers to explore how their plasmonic 

properties can be tuned. By simulating their response 

under different conditions, our aim is to understand the 

impact of material composition on plasmonic resonance 

behavior. This comparative analysis provides insights 

into the potential of hybrid plasmonic systems for 

applications in UV-Vis plasmonics such as sensing and 

photonic devices.  Plasmonic coupling resonances of 

Ag and Al homodimers as well as Ag-Al heterodimers 

are evaluated using the simulation software COMSOL 

Multiphysics version 5.6. The study focuses on how 

dimer size and the interparticle gap influence the 

plasmonic resonance wavelength. 

2. Computational Methods 

Numerical simulations of homo- and heterodimers were 

carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.6 

which is a powerful simulation software that enables 

Multiphysics modelling and analysis of complex 

engineering and scientific problems through finite 

element methods in a user-friendly, integrated 

environment [19]. The simulation was conducted by 

solving the frequency domain form of Maxwell’s 

equations. An s-polarized wave represented by the 

following wave equation was used: 

𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑗∗𝑒𝑤𝑓𝑑. 𝑘0∗𝑧) (1), 

where k0 denotes the propagation constant. Aluminum 

and silver were selected as representative materials for 

this study as these metals are promising candidates for 

supporting plasmons. The material data were selected 

from the COMSOL database [Al: Rakić 1995: 

0.00012399-200 µm and Ag: Werner et al. 2009: n, k 

0.01759-2.480 µm]. Spherical nanospheres of identical 

radius were designed and electromagnetic radiation with 

an electric field polarized perpendicular to the dimer’s 

axis (s-polarized wave) applied. Air was designated as 

the surrounding medium for the dimer system and a 

perfectly matched layer (PML) was implemented to 

mitigate the backscattering effect. Triangular meshing 

elements were employed to discretize the external PML 

surface and the remaining surfaces were discretized using 

tetrahedral meshing elements, thereby enhancing the 

degree of accuracy. The far-field extinction cross 

sections were determined through integrating the time-

averaged Poynting vector (Sext) over a surface 

encompassing the dimer as given in the equation below: 

𝜎𝑒𝑥𝑡 = ∬−𝑆𝑒𝑥𝑡
𝑑𝑠

𝐼0
⁄  (2), 

 

The expression                     represents the power flow 

per unit area of the incident light. E0 = 1 V/m denotes the 

amplitude of the incident electric field, ϵ0 represents the 

vacuum permittivity and c is the velocity of light. 

Simulations involved changing the dimer radius while 

keeping the gap size constant and vice versa. A minimum 

sub-NP separation of 2 nm was set in this model to avoid 

quantum tunnelling and non-local effects [20],[21].  

3. Results and analysis 

The extinction, absorption and scattering cross-sections 

of the dimer for an s-polarized light wave were analyzed 

to understand the plasmonic coupling effect. The 

extinction cross-section of a plasmonic dimer is the sum 

of its scattering and absorption cross-sections, 

representing the far-field plasmonic resonance. The 

scattering, absorption and extinction cross-sections of Al 

with a radius of 30 nm and a 2 nm gap are depicted in 

Figure 1. The resonance peak of the extinction cross-

section was observed at 310 nm within the UV region as 

already reported in the literature [22]. Furthermore, 

according to the figure, scattering was more prominent 

while absorption was minimal. 

Furthermore, simulations were conducted by 

keeping the gap size of the dimer fixed at 2 nm and 

changing the radius from 30 to 60 nm as presented in 

Figure 2. A redshift of the resonance peak (extinction 

spectra) was observed upon increasing the radius of the 

dimer. For a gap of 2 nm and a radius of 30 nm, the 

resonance wavelength was observed to be 310 nm but 

shifted to 560 nm as the radius increased to 60 nm. In all 

Al homodimers, the spectrum was dominated by a 

pronounced peak of the bonding dipole plasmon mode 

(BDP). Starting from a radius of 40 nm, the emergence 

2

000
2

1
EcI =

 

Figure 1: Far field spectra of the Al dimer with a gap 

size of 2 nm and a radius of 30 nm 

 

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

0

1×10−14

2×10−14

3×10−14

4×10−14

C
ro

s
s

 S
e
c

ti
o

n
 (

m
^

2
)

Wavelength (nm)

 Scattering

 Absorption

 Extinction



S-POLARIZED LIGHT-INDUCED UV-VIS PLASMONICS 

53(2) pp. 79–84 (2025) 

81 

of a second peak at shorter wavelengths was observed. 

As the dimer size increased, this peak became more 

pronounced due to the quadrupole plasmon mode (QDP). 

It was also observed that the intensity of both the BDP 

and QDP modes increased as the radii increased. BDP, 

the fundamental mode in a dimer, exhibits a higher 

extinction cross-section at longer wavelengths compared 

to other higher order modes that occur at shorter 

wavelengths. The results show that the plasmonic 

response of the metallic nanodimer is highly sensitive to 

its radius. A comparison of the extinction cross-section 

of various Al homodimers is represented in Figure 2. In 

this study, the extinction cross-sections were compared 

as they quantify the proportion of incident light that is 

either scattered or absorbed by the nanodimers. The local 

electric field distribution near the BDP mode at the 

resonance peak for Al dimers is illustrated in Figure 3.  

The extinction spectra of the Al homodimer with a 

fixed radius of 60 nm and a gap increased from 2 to 8 nm 

is shown in Figure 4. Similar to earlier results, prominent 

peaks in the BDP mode at longer wavelengths and in the 

QDP mode at shorter wavelengths were observed. As the 

gap size was increased, the intensity of the BDP mode 

decreased, while the QDP mode intensity increased. Both 

modes were blue shifted as the gap size of the homodimer 

was increased. It was observed that the corresponding 

shift in the quadrupole mode was less when compared to 

the shift in the BDP mode, clearly demonstrating the 

dependence of the dimer radius and gap size on the 

plasmonic response of the dimer system to the s-

polarized electromagnetic wave. 

Similarly, Ag nanodimers were analyzed, yielding 

far-field extinction spectra for various radii and gap sizes 

(Figure 5a). A redshift was observed when increasing the 

size of the dimer, similar to the behavior seen in Al 

dimers at the resonance peaks in the prominent BDP 

mode. In contrast to the Al homodimers, several higher 

multipole peaks were detected at shorter wavelengths, 

however, these higher modes were less pronounced. For 

the dimer with a radius of 30 nm, only a single higher-

order mode was observed in the BDP mode. As the radius 

increased, more higher modes became apparent, with 

three higher modes identified for the dimer with a radius 

of 60 nm. The formation of a hot spot in the gap of a silver 

(Ag) dimer with a radius of 60 nm at the resonance 

wavelength is shown in Figure 5b. 

The far-field spectra regarding different gap sizes 

for Ag dimers were also computed and presented in 

Figure 6. When the gap size of the dimer was reduced, a 

blueshift was observed at the resonance peaks in the 

prominent BDP mode. Unlike the behavior seen with Al 

homodimers, no shift was detected in the other higher 

modes, which tended to overlap. To analyze the impact 

of material properties on the resonance wavelength, the 

optical plasmonic properties of the Al-Ag heterodimer 

were also simulated. The far-field optical spectra of the 

Al-Ag heterodimer are presented in Figure 7a. Following 

the approach of earlier studies, the gap was fixed at 2 nm 

and the effect of the radius evaluated by increasing it 

from 30 to 60 nm. At 30 nm, the dominant peak identified 

as the BDP mode exhibited a significant redshift as the 

radius increased. A higher-order mode was also observed 

for the dimer with a radius of 30 nm at shorter 

wavelengths in the near-UV region, however, became 

less pronounced as the radius increased. As the particle 

 

Figure 2: The dependence of the far-field resonance 

peak on the radius of the Al dimer with a fixed gap size 

of 2 nm. The far-field extinction spectra exhibit a strong 

redshift as the radius increases 

 

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

0.0

2.0×10−14

4.0×10−14

6.0×10−14

8.0×10−14

1.0×10−13

1.2×10−13
E

x
ti

n
c
ti

o
n

 C
ro

s
s
 S

e
c
ti

o
n

 (
m

^
2
)

Wavelength (nm)

 30nm

 40nm

 50nm

 60nm

 

Figure 3: The hot spot formation in the gap of the Al 

dimer with a radius of 60 nm at a resonance wavelength 

of 560 nm 

 

Figure 4: Dependence of the resonance peak on the gap 

size, that is, 2, 4, 6 and 8 nm, of the Al dimer with a 

fixed radius of 60 nm 

 

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

4.0×10−14

8.0×10−14

1.2×10−13

E
x

ti
n

c
ti

o
n

 C
ro

s
s

 S
e
c

ti
o

n
 (

m
^

2
)

Wavelength (nm)

 2nm

 4nm

 6nm

 8nm



 DEVIKA, SATHEESH, AUGUSTINE, PARAMESWARAN AND RADHAKRISHNAN 

Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry 

82 

size grew, the dipole resonance became more dominant 

due to the larger scattering cross-section. The far-field 

optical spectra of the Al-Ag heterodimer with a fixed 

radius of 60 nm is illustrated in Figure 7b. The impact of 

the gap was assessed by increasing it from 2 to 6 nm, 

revealing a blueshift at the resonance peaks in the 

extinction spectra of the prominent BDP mode while 

only a slight blueshift in the higher order mode was 

observed. 

The relationship between the radii and gap sizes of 

nanoparticles with their resonance wavelengths for three 

different dimers, namely the Al-Ag heterodimer as well 

as Al and Ag homodimers, is illustrated in Figure 8. It 

was observed that as the radius of the nanoparticles 

increased, the resonance wavelength (corresponding to 

the BDP mode) also increased. The resonance 

wavelength of the heterodimer was found to lie between 

those of the Al and Ag dimers, as shown in Figure 8. 

Consequently, the BDP mode of the heterodimer closely 

resembled an overlap between the BDP modes of Al and 

Ag. Furthermore, the BDP modes of the heterodimer tend 

to align more closely with silver, suggesting that the 

properties of the heterodimer may more closely resemble 

a silver homodimer.  

Among the three materials considered, the Ag 

nanoparticle dimer exhibited the longest resonance 

wavelength followed by the Al-Ag dimer with the Al 

dimer yielding the shortest. This suggests that Ag 

nanoparticles possess the longest resonance wavelength 

while Al provides the shortest across the examined 

wavelength range for any given gap size. The strong 

(a) 

 

(b) 

 

Figure 5: (a) The dependence of the resonance peak on 

the radius of the Ag dimer with a fixed gap size of 2 nm. 

The intensity of the redshift increases as the radius 

increases; (b) Hot spot formation in the gap of the Ag 

dimer with a radius of 60 nm 

 

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

0.0

4.0×10−14

8.0×10−14

1.2×10−13

1.6×10−13

E
x
ti

n
c
ti

o
n

 C
ro

s
s
 S

e
c
ti

o
n

 (
m

^
2
)

Wavelength (nm)

 30nm

 40nm

 50nm

 60nm

(a) 

 

(b) 

 

Figure 7: (a) The dependence of the resonance peak on 

the size of the Al-Ag dimer with a fixed gap of 2 nm. A 

strong redshift was observed when the radius increased; 

(b) The dependence of the resonance peak on the gap of 

the heterodimer with a fixed radius of 60 nm 

 

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

0.0

4.0×10−14

8.0×10−14

1.2×10−13

1.6×10−13

E
x
ti

n
c
ti

o
n

 C
ro

s
s
 S

e
c
ti

o
n

 (
m

^
2
)

Wavelength (nm)

 30 nm

 40 nm

 50 nm

 60 nm

 

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

4.0×10−14

8.0×10−14

1.2×10−13

1.6×10−13

E
x
ti

n
c
ti

o
n

 C
ro

s
s
 S

e
c
ti

o
n

 (
m

^
2
)

Wavelength(nm)

 2 nm

 4 nm

 6 nm

 8 nm

 

Figure 6: The dependence of the resonance peak on the 

gap of the Ag dimer with a fixed radius of 60 nm 

 

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

4.0×10−14

8.0×10−14

1.2×10−13

1.6×10−13

E
x
ti

n
c
ti

o
n

 C
ro

s
s
 S

e
c
ti

o
n

(m
^

2
)

Wavelength (nm)

 2nm

 4nm

 6nm

 8nm



S-POLARIZED LIGHT-INDUCED UV-VIS PLASMONICS 

53(2) pp. 79–84 (2025) 

83 

plasmonic response of Ag resulted in higher resonance 

wavelengths, while the combination of aluminum and 

silver modifies the plasmonic properties, leading to 

intermediate resonance wavelengths. Al exhibited the 

shortest resonance wavelengths due to its distinct 

properties compared to those of silver. 

4. Conclusions 

A more profound understanding of light-matter 

interactions has paved the way for "plasmonics" to 

develop into a rapidly advancing field with a wide range 

of innovative applications. Plasmonic coupling in Al and 

Ag homodimers as well as in the Al-Ag heterodimer was 

analyzed using COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.6 

simulation software with the incident light polarized 

along the dimer axis using various radii and gap sizes. A 

redshift as the radii increased and blueshift as the gap size 

increased was observed in all configurations of dimer. 

Regarding Ag and Al-Ag dimers, a larger particle size 

potentially diminished the quadrupole peak while the 

opposite effect occurred in the Al homodimer. For nearly 

all configurations of dimers, multipole peaks were 

observed in the QDP and BDP modes towards the lower 

and longer wavelengths, respectively. In aluminum 

homodimers, as the particle size increased, a prominent 

peak appeared in the near-UV range, suggesting the 

presence of strong quadrupole modes. In the case of the 

heterodimer, multipole peaks appeared only at radii of 

30 and 40 nm but disappeared at larger radii accompanied 

by a broadening in the BDP mode.  

Concerning the relationship of the radii and gap size 

of nanoparticles with their resonance wavelengths with 

regard to three different dimers, it was found that the 

resonance wavelength of the heterodimer fell between Al 

and Ag in both cases. The strong plasmonic response of 

Ag results in longer resonance wavelengths, while the 

combination of aluminum and silver modifies the 

plasmonic properties, leading to intermediate resonance 

wavelengths. Al exhibits shorter plasmonic resonance 

wavelengths due to its distinct properties compared to 

those of silver. This study shows how the interaction 

between light and nanoparticles can be controlled or 

modified based on their arrangement. This means that by 

modifying the configuration of nanoparticles (dimers), 

optical properties such as scattering, absorption, or 

resonance behavior can be fine-tuned. Theoretical studies 

show that Al stands out as one of the rare metals capable 

of achieving plasmonic resonance across a wide spectral 

range from near-ultraviolet to visible simply by adjusting 

the particle size and interparticle distance. This is 

significant in nanophotonics, perhaps leading to more 

precise control over light-matter interactions for 

applications in sensing, imaging and the development of 

other optical devices. 

Acknowledgements 

The authors are grateful for the financial support 

provided by the Department of Science and Technology 

- Science and Engineering Research Board 

(SERB/SB/S1/PC-42/2012), the DST-FIST program by 

the Indian Government as well as I-STEM for providing 

access to the COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.6 

simulation software.  

REFERENCES 

[1] Ritchie, R.H.: Plasma losses by fast electrons 

in thin films, Phys. Rev., 1957, 106(5), 874–881, 
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.106.874 

[2] Kelly, K.L.; Coronado, E.; Zhao, L.L.; Schatz, G.C.: 

The optical properties of metal nanoparticles: 

The influence of size, shape, and dielectric 

environment, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2003, 107(3), 

668–677, DOI: 10.1021/jp026731y 

(a) 

 

(b) 

 

Figure 8: The relationship of the resonance wavelength 

with (a) the radii and (b) gap size of the three different 

dimers, namely the Al-Ag heterodimer as well as Al 

and Ag homodimers 

 

30 40 50 60

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

R
e
s
o

n
a
n

c
e
 W

a
v
e
le

n
g

th
 (

n
m

)

Radii (nm)

 Al-Ag

 Al

 Ag

 

2 4 6 8

500

520

540

560

580

600

620

640

Gap Size (nm)

R
e
s
o

n
a
n

c
e
 W

a
v
e
le

n
g

th
 (

n
m

)

 Al-Ag

 Al

 Ag

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.106.874
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp026731y


 DEVIKA, SATHEESH, AUGUSTINE, PARAMESWARAN AND RADHAKRISHNAN 

Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry 

84 

[3] Sharma, B.; Frontiera, R.R.; Henry, A.-I.; Ringe, E.; 

Van Duyne, R.P.: SERS: Materials, applications, 

and the future, Mater. Today, 2012, 15(1-2), 16–25, 
DOI: 10.1016/S1369-7021(12)70017-2 

[4] Ding, S.-Y.; Yi, J.; Li, J.-F.; Ren, B.; Wu, D.-Y.; 

Panneerselvam, R.; Tian, Z.-Q.: Nanostructure-

based plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for 

surface analysis of materials, Nat. Rev. Mater., 

2016, 1(6), 16021, DOI: 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.21 

[5] Weller, L.; Thacker, V.V.; Herrmann, L.O.; 

Hemmig, E.A.; Lombardi, A.; Keyser, U.F.; 

Baumberg, J.J.: Gap-dependent coupling of Ag-Au 

nanoparticle heterodimers using DNA origami-

based self-assembly, ACS Photonics, 2016, 3(9), 

1589–1595, DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00062 

[6] Atwater, H.A.; Polman, A.: Plasmonics for 

improved photovoltaic devices, Nat. Mater., 2010, 

9(3), 205–213, DOI: 10.1038/nmat2629 

[7] Verbruggen, S.W.; Keulemans, M.; Goris, B.; 

Blommaerts, N.; Bals, S.; Martens, J.A.; Lenaerts, 

S.: Plasmonic ‘rainbow’ photocatalyst with 

broadband solar light response for environmental 

applications, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 2016, 188, 

147–153, DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.02.002 

[8] Devi, L.G.; Kavitha, R.: A review on plasmonic metal 

TiO₂ composite for generation, trapping, storing and 

dynamic vectorial transfer of photogenerated electrons 

across the Schottky junction in a photocatalytic 

system, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2016, 360, 601–622, 
DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.016 

[9] Lin, T.-J.; Huang, K.-T.; Liu, C.-Y.: Determination 

of organophosphorous pesticides by a novel 

biosensor based on localized surface plasmon 

resonance, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2006, 22(4), 513–

518, DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.05.007 

[10] Wang, K.; Wang, Y.; Li, Q.; Liu, Z.; Liu, S.: A 

fluorescence and localized surface plasmon 

resonance dual-readout sensing strategy for 

detection of acetamiprid and organophosphorus 

pesticides, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 2022, 351, 

130977, DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.130977 

[11] Loiseau, A.; Zhang, L.; Hu, D.; Salmain, M.; Mazouzi, 

Y.; Flack, R.; Liedberg, B.; Boujday, S.: Core–shell 

gold/silver nanoparticles for localized surface plasmon 

resonance-based naked-eye toxin biosensing, ACS 

Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2019, 11(50), 46462–46471, 
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14980 

[12] Brahmkhatri, V.; Pandit, P.; Rananaware, P.; 

D’Souza, A.; Kurkuri, M.D.: Recent progress in 

detection of chemical and biological toxins 

in water using plasmonic nanosensors, Trends 

Environ. Anal. Chem., 2021, 30, e00117, 
DOI: 10.1016/j.teac.2021.e00117 

[13] Kreno, L.E.; Hupp, J.T.; Van Duyne, R.P.: Metal–

organic framework thin film for enhanced 

localized surface plasmon resonance gas sensing, 

Anal. Chem., 2010, 82(19), 8042–8046, 
DOI: 10.1021/ac102127p 

[14] Bingham, J.M.; Anker, J.N.; Kreno, L.E.; Van 

Duyne, R.P.: Gas sensing with high-resolution 

localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, 

J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132(49), 17358–17359, 
DOI: 10.1021/ja1074272 

[15] Radhakrishnan, R.; Parameswaran, M.; Kumar, 

K.S.: The evolution and recent research trends of 

Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering sensors 

using plasmonics: Citation network analysis, 

Mater. Chem. Phys., 2023, 296, 127255, 
DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.127255 

[16] Burrows, C.P.; Barnes, W.L.: Large spectral 

extinction due to overlap of dipolar and quadrupolar 

plasmonic modes of metallic nanoparticles in 

arrays, Opt. Express, 2010, 18(3), 3187–3198, 
DOI: 10.1364/OE.18.003187 

[17] Prodan, E.; Radloff, C.; Halas, N.J.; Nordlander, P.: 

A hybridization model for the plasmon response of 

complex nanostructures, Science, 2003, 302(5644), 

419–422, DOI: 10.1126/science.1089171 

[18] Katyal, J.: Plasmonic coupling in Au, Ag and Al 

nanosphere homo-dimers for sensing and 

SERS, Adv. Electromagn., 2018, 7(2), 83–90, 
DOI: 10.7716/aem.v7i2.563 

[19] Lahcene, A.; Benamara, N.; Benguediab, M.; 

Benazza, A.: Efficiency improvements of solar 

collectors by turbulence promoters, Hung. J. Ind. 

Chem., 2024, 52(2), 1–9, DOI: 10.33927/hjic-2024-13 

[20] Zuloaga, J.; Prodan, E.; Nordlander, P.: Quantum 

description of the plasmon resonances of a 

nanoparticle dimer, Nano Lett., 2009, 9(2), 887–

891, DOI: 10.1021/nl803811g 

[21] Zhu, W.; Crozier, K.B.: Quantum mechanical limit 

to plasmonic enhancement as observed by surface-

enhanced Raman scattering, Nat. Commun., 2014, 

5, 5228, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6228 

[22] Ekinci, Y.; Solak, H.H.; Löffler, J.F.: Plasmon 

resonances of aluminum nanoparticles and 

nanorods, J. Appl. Phys., 2008, 104(8), 083107, 
DOI: 10.1063/1.2999370 

 

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(12)70017-2
https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.21
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00062
https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2629
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.02.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2006.05.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.130977
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b14980
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teac.2021.e00117
https://doi.org/10.1021/ac102127p
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1074272
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.127255
https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.003187
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089171
https://doi.org/10.7716/aem.v7i2.563
https://doi.org/10.33927/hjic-2024-13
https://doi.org/10.1021/nl803811g
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6228
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2999370