lASSIST Newslettert Vol. 3« ^o. t (Fall 1979)

DATA ARCHIVES RETROSPECTIVE AMD PERSPECTIVE-

N. K. Nijhawan

It is sometimes useful* in order to gain an understanding of the prob-
lems and opporunities for data archival efforts* to review the experi-
ences of others. Especially the problems encountered in establishing
archival activities In "Third World" nations may be illuminating for oth-
ers* especially those used to the general level of technological deploy-
ment in the United States and Europe. N . K. Nijhawan has provided a des-
cription of current machine readable data archival efforts in Inaia.
Editor.

The
out line
Counci L

for the
ence da
attempt
work do
makes s

the dev
during
years,
deta -e

1 ssues f

data ar
factors
establi
institu
during
will be

obj e

the
of
dev

ta

s t

ne s

ome
elop
the

B

d

th
chiv

th
shtne

tlon
the
bri

ct
pro
Sod
elop
arch
exa
fa

tent
ment
cou

ut
disc
e me
es 1

at
nt
s a

pas
ef Ly

of t

gram
al

ment
Ives
mine
r in
ativ

of
r se
bef
uss i

anin
n ge
ha V

and
II

t tw
dea

his pap
me of t

Science
of so

In In

criti
this r

e prop
this

of the
re st
on
g and p

neral a

e led
growth
over t

decad
It with

er
he I

Res
cial
di a*

call
egar
osa L

prog
nex

arti
f

urpo
s we

to
of

he
es

is to
ndlan
earc h

sc 1
-

It

y the
d and
s for
r amme
t few
ng a

these
se of
U as

the
such

world
or so

In the most general sense* a

data archive is a Library of data.
Like libraries of books* which con-
centrate on the acquisition and
cataloguing of books In order to
make them accessible to the aca-
demic community* these institu-
tions* known variously as data
archives* data banks* data
resources' libraries* etc.* have
been set up for the acquisition*

or ga
data
need
nity
ever
arch
ma t 1

duri
1960
aval
the
n1ty
gain
deca
USA
r ap i

comp
and
in s

tate
ot he
data
tist
grow
1nst
pres
of t

niza
to

s of
. u

*

Ives
on
ng
s w

labl
sod

ed n

des
and

d de
ut er
use
ocia
d by
r .

res
s ha
th
itut
umab
his

tlon
meet
the

nlike
the
ism

of d

the
hen
e to
al sc

Thes
oment
or so

Ues
velop
tech

of q

I sci
thi

Furt
ource
s al
and
1 ons.

progr

and
res
soc
usu

ori g
ore
at a

late
the
a s

dis
earc
ial
al I

in
rece
arc
195
CO

izab
1 ence

um d

« P
tern
ment
nolo
uant
ence
s te
her*
s am
so c

deve
T

Inf I

amme

Inst
urln
arti
Eur

s In

9/ o

itat
re

chno
the

ong
ont r

lopm
hese
uenc
in

semi
h an
sci e

ibra
f t

nt.
hive
Os
mput
le
esea
1tut
g th
cuLa
ope*

th
n th
1 ve
sear
Logy
urg
soc

ibut
ent
dev

ed
Indl

nat 1

d tr
nee
r 1 es
hese

Th
s s

and
e r

port
rch
1 ons
e pa
rly

d

e fi

e on
tech
ch f

»

e 1

laL
ed
of

eLop
sett

on of
a i n 1 ng
commu-
* how-

data
e f r-
tart ed
early

became
ion of
commu-

ha ve
st two
in the
ue to
eld of
e hand
ni ques
add-
on the
share
sden-
to the
these

ment s *

ing up

Reprinted from ICSSR Newsletter
Volume VIII (3 & 4)* October, 1977
- March, 1978* pp. 1-7* by permis-
sion of N. K. Nijhawan.

BACKGROUND

The V.K.R.V. Rao Commltte which
recommended the establishment of

the Council also made a recommenda-
tion that one of the functions of
the Indian Council of Social Sci-
ence Research should be "to develop
and supoort centres for maintenance
ana supply of data." In pursuance



lASSIST Newsletter* Vol. 3, No. 't (FaU 1979)

of th
set u

insti
evoLv
progr
group
1970
datio
which
data
the I

few
count
nated
These
by
Archl
off 1c

in 19

Is r

P a

tuti
1 ng
amme
sub

and
ns «

con
ceL

CSSR
se Le

ry
ne

rec
the
ves
e of
73.

e c om
wor

ona L

an e

In
mitt
made

th
c e rn
I"

an
ctea
for
twor
omme
Cou
was
the

menda t 1 on »

king g roup
a rrange

ffectlve d

the cou
ed Its rep
a number

e most 1

ed the set
1 n the se
d the ass
Inst 1tut1

developing
k of dat
ndat 1 ons w

nc 1 1 and
estabUs

Counc 1

L

the
to

ment s

at a a

nt ry .

ort 1

of re
mport
ting
creta
Istin
ons

a

a ar
ere a

the
hed
1n Ne

Counc 1 I

suggest
for

r c h 1 va L

The
n March
c ommen-
ant of
up of a

riat of
g of a

In the
coordi -

ch 1 ves

•

pp roved
Data

In the
w Delhi

and get better returns from this
Infrastructure.

Briefly stated* the Council
defined the functions of the Data
Archives as follows:

1. to acquire* organize and
maintain social science
data sets 1n machine-
readable form and make
them available to inter-
ested social scientists
for re-use*

2. to support suitable
research institutions in
different parts of the
country to develop simi-
lar institution-based
data archives*

FUNCTIONS

Th
Sclen
uncon
t ions
vent 1

so I. la
posed
semin
for r

tant
be pe
of th
the
must
t Ions
of t

Insta
train
probl
by ma
Equal
of e

adequ
soc la
of th
that
only
of da
tion
f unct

e In
ce R

vent 1

of 1

onal I

I sci
to a

ate m

e-use
f unct
r f orm
e ICS
view
assum

1 n V

he I

nce»
ed m

em of
Jor
ly 1m
asy
ate
I sci
ese p
the
perf o

ta ac
but

ions

di an
esea
onal
ts
y«
ence
cqui
achi

ions
ed
SR.
tha

e s

lew
ndi a

we
anpo
ace

dat a

port
acce
soft
ence
rob I

Data
rm c

qui s

also
to h

Co
r ch

vi

Data
as m

dat
re*
ne-r
Thes
and

by t

Th
t th
ome
of t

n

hav
wer .

ess
pro

ant
ss
ware

re
ems*
Arc

onve
itio

ta
elp

unc 1

1

has
ew of
Arch i V

ent lone
a archi
organi z

eadab le

e are V

were p

he Dat
e Coun
e Data
addit io
he perc
situati
e a sh

Ther
to dat

due ing
Is the

f comp
facil

search,
it w

hives
nt ional
n and
ke up
bulla a

of S

taken
the
es.
d ab
ve is

e and
dat a

ery 1

ropos
a Arc
cil w

Arc
nal
ul i ar
on.
ortag
e is

a pro
agen
que

ut ing
ities

Be
as de
shou I

f unc
di sse
addit
die

oc 1 a I

an
f unc -

Con-
ove a

sup-
dis-
set s

mpor-
ed to
hives
as of
hives
f unc -

ities
For

e of
the

duced
c ies .

st ion
and
for

cause
c i ded
d not
1 1 ons
m 1 na-
1 ona I

nt e I e

3. to develop and maintain a

computer programme
library to handle the
data management and
retrieval problems of the
data archives as well as
data processing and ana-
lysis of problems of
social scientists*

4. to organize training
courses in survey
research* and in data
processing ana analysis*
with emphasis on the use
of computers and other
mechanical devices and
computer programme pack-
ages ;

5. to arrange for guidance
and consultancy services
for social scientists
requiring assistance In
data processing and ana-
lysis*

6. to act as liaison between
official data producing
agencies and social
scientists in order to



lASSIST Mewsletter, Vol. 3, No. *» (Fall 1979)

incorporate the research
interests of social
scientists in data gath-
ering and tabulation
plans of these agencies?
and

7. to establish collabora-
tive relations with
social science data
archives abroad.

To this was adaed in 1976 the
function of compiling a National
Register of Social Scientists in

India to be revised per ioo i ca I ly

.

DAIA ACQUISITION AND OiSSEMI NATION

The question of types of data to
be acquired by the Data Archives
and the sources of these data were
first taken up. Three main sources
of data were identified: (a) data
generated through the ICSSR-funded
projects; (b) data generated by the
official and semi-official agen-
cies; end (c) data generated by

scholars working in the research
Institutions and university depart-
ments. Again* keeping In line with
the general objectives of the Coun-
cllt 1t was decided to acquire both
survey as well as aggregate data
relevant to the research needs of

all the disciplines falling under
the rubric of social sciences.
However* in view of limited
resources* both financial and oth-
erwise* the Council laid down cer-
tain priorities and gave the first
priority to the acquisition of data
sets generated by its own funded
projects. The Council being one of

the largest single social science
research funding bodies in the
country haa at the time of the
establishment of the Data Archives*
funded trore than 300 projects of

which nearly 5 per cent had been
completec. Since then* the number

of the ICSSR funded projects have
more than doubleo. It is* there-
fore* quite under s

t

anoab I e that the
Data Archives established by the
Council would have a regular pro-
gramme of acquiring and preserving
data sets generated by its own
funded or o ject s

.

During the past four to five
years about 55 data sets have been
acquired by the Data Archives.
This also includes about ten data
sets received from governmental
agencies and other researchers who
did not receive funds from the
ICSSR. By any standard* this per-
formance Is not quite satisfactory
though understandable.

It should be appreciated that
the pace of developments* which
appear to have resulted in the
growth of such an activity else-
where* took a late start in India
and has been rather slow. The
tradition of quantitative research*
based particularly on secondary
data analysis* is relatively new.
A very small number of researchers
make use of the facilities of com-
puter technology and other mechani-
cal devices for recording* process-
ing and analysis of data. The
availability of the hardware and
software facilities for social sci-
ence data processing are quite
Inadequate. .hat Is worse* even
the meagre facilities available are
not being fully utilized because
the community of social scientists
is not oriented to and trained in

the use of these facilities. Con-
sequently* the majority of the
scholars continue to analyse the
data through hand tabulation and
the raw data collected through the

field sjrvey are rarely transferred
on punched cares. Therefore* only
a limitec number of useful
machine-readable data sets are
available for acquisition.



lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 3» No. 't (Fall 1979)

General L

tioned abo
respons 1b I

e

acqulsl t Ion
case of da
mental agen
adequate re
and otherwl
buted to
acquis It Ion
large numbe
dest such
Survey Org
Bank of Ind
tal agencle
magnitude o

data are
social scl
always aval
ch they cou
by soc I a I sc
fore* extr
Impossible t

t1on with
meani ngf u I L

and to ma
Interested

y speak
ve have

for t

to dat
ta gene
cles »

sources
set h

the slo
• For,
r of g
as t th
anizat 1

1a« and
s have
f Impor
ext reme
ence r

lable 1

Id be
lentlst
emel y d

for an
llmlte

y orga
ke th
scholar

i ng , i a

been
he slo
a sets
rated
however
f both
ave als
w pace
over t

overnme
e Natio
on, th

other
genera

tant d

L y rel
esea rch
n a f

easily
s. It

if

f

Icul
y s1ngl
d res
n1 ze t

em ava
s for r

c t or
pri

w ra

by g

, I

fin
c

of
he y

ntal
nal
e R

gove
ted
ata<
evan

bu
rm 1

ut
Is,
t,
e In
ourc
hese
1 lab
e-us

s men-
ma r 11 y

te of

In the
ve rn-

ack of
anc lal
ont r1-

data
ears a

agen-
Sample
e serve
rnmen-
a vast

The
t for
t not
n whl-
1 I Ized
t here-
1f not
St Itu-
es to

data
le to

C

grad
an
c los
data
coun
tack
of
lute
ma jo
cles
nece
Ing
f era
Simu
sc le
tlve
shou
the
of t

a p
the
Thes
inco
of

onsequ
ua I ly
all
e coop

gene
try 1s
le thi
the op
ly nee
r offi
the

ssa ry

their
bly 1

Itaneo
nt 1 St

s

s of
Id wor
nature
hese d

hased
most

e gro
rporat
social

entl
comi
ut
erat
rati
abs

s ve
Inio
essa
claL
urge
ar ra
own
n ma
us ly
as
va

k t

ata
prog

1m
ups
e t he r

scl ent 1

y«
ng
f ron
Ion
ng
oLut
X Ing
n t

r y t

dat
nt n

ngem
dat

chin
t a

wel
r iou
oget
o lum
and
r amm
port

sh

the
t D th
tal
of t

agenc
e I y
prob

hat
1m

a pro
eed
ent s

a hoi
e-rea
grou

1 as
s o

her a

e an
help

e f o

ant
ou Id
esear
st s

Cou
e V

atta
he 1

les
esse
lem .

it i

pres
dud
to m

for
ding
dabl
p o

rep
rgan
nd
d th
In

r a

data
als

ch 1

In t

ncil is
lew that
ck with
mportant
In the

ntlal to
It is

s abso-
s on all
ng agen-
ake the
preserv-
s , pre-
e f o rm .

f social
resenta-
i zat ions
Identify
e format
evolving
CQU i r Ing

sets,
o help
nt erest s

he data

coll
thes
tion
sigh
ac qu
usef
of f

the
of t

ever
prog
dire

e c t i on
e agenc
s to
t. T

isition
u I data
actors,
cont rol
he acti
, help
ramme,
ctly w1

and t abu L

ie s . No
these pr
he entire

and d 1

will dep
not nee

of the
vi ties wh

in st re
direct I

U be dis

ation plans of
immediate solu-
oblems are in

programme of
ssemlnatlon of
end on a number
essarlly within
Counc 11. Some
ich would, how-
ngthening this
y or not so
cussed now.

INSTITUTION BASED £AIA ARgHjVES

F

Coun
izat
in I

f eas
rese
sity
have
Host
have
the
the
fad
in t

In t

info
sy st
I ar s

tion
tact
Appr
less
fund
se le
deve
seal

rom
cil
1 on
ndl a

ible
arch
dep

g
of
the

pres
abs

litl
he
he m

r mat
emat
out
or

s

eci a

R de
s

c ted
Lop

the
held
of d

Is

1n
artm
ener
the
ne

erva
ence
es a

r oce
a jor
1 on
leal
side
bey

f a

ting
cide
ana
ins
dat

very
the V

ata ar
nelth

For,
stitut
ents,
ated
se ins
cessar
1 1 on

of
vast

ss of
ity of
about
ly av
a pa

ond t

n ind
thes

d to
ot he

tituti
a arch

begl
lew t

Chi va
er n

a lar
ions
ove r

impor
titut
y f ac
f the
prop

amoun
deca
the

these
ailab
rt 1cu
he pe
1 vi au
e pro
pr ov i

r s

ons t

i ves

nn 1 n

hat
I ac
eces
ge n

and
th

tant
ions
Hit
se d

er
t of
y an
case
dat

le t

lar
rson
al

b lem
de n

erv i

o h

on

g»
cent
1 1v1
sary
umbe
uni

e ye
d

do
les
ata.
sto
dat

d de
s,
a Is

o s

Inst
al
s cho
s ,

eces
ces
elp
a s

the
ral-
ties
nor

r of
ver-
ar s,
ata.
not
for
In

rage
a Is
ath.
even
not

cho-
itu-
con-
Lar.
the

sary
to

them
mall

The Inadequate financial
resources of the ICSSR have been
the main handicap for the develop-
ment of this programme. These dif-
ficulties are likely to continue
for quite some time to come. Vast
amount of financial resources would
be needed to help these institu-
tions purchase equipment needed for



lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 3, Nio. t (FaU 1979)

the data organization and Young teachers and Ph.D. schoLars
dissemination. Additional funds, in social science disciplines are
on a regular basis would also be invited to participate in these
necessa ry f or carrying out other courses of 3 t o A weeks duration,
oata archival functions. It may These courses have proved to be
not, therefore, oe possible for the quite useful and are expected to
ICSSR to provide adequate funds for continue,
setting up full-fledged institution
based data archives. However, the
Council may consider providing at
least some funds to selectea insti- Gyj.DANC: AND CONSUklANCY SERVICES
tutions having a large volume of
good data for upaating and organiz- Quite closely associated with
Ing data and for preparing the the programme of training courses,
necessary documentation. Once this the Data Archives Initiated in
Is done, one set of these materials 1974-75 a programme for providing
may be made available to the ICSSR guidance and consultancy services
Data Archives which will be made to the social scientists to tackle
responsible for the data dissemina- their problems in data recoroing,
tion task. Gradually, these insti- processing and analysis with the
tutions can be developed to take help of mechanical devices. In
over all the data archival func- order to make these services ava1l-
tions. able to social scientists near

their normal places of work, a num-
ber of Institutions have been
involved In this programme. Cur-

lEiililNG CC2UESES rently, these facilities are avail-
able, besides at the ICSSR Data

As statea earlier, the overall Archives through (1) the Indian
success of the data arthival pro- Institute of Management, Calcutta;
gramme Is closely Llnkeo with the (2) the Centre for the Study of
growth of quantitative techniques Developing Societies, Delhi; (3)
in social science research in gen- the Sardar Patel Institute of Eco-
eral and use of mechanical devices nomic and Social Research, Ahmeda-
in data processing in particular. Daoi ('t) the Centre for Development
These developments will generally Studies, Trivandrum; (5) the Gok-
depend upon the overall system of hale Institute of Politics and Eco-
higher education In the country. nomics, PoonaJ and (6) the Tata
The structure of university educa- Institute of Social Sciences, Bom-
t1on will take some time to change bay. The Scheme Is yet to gain
and respond to these needs. In the momentum at all the centres,
meantime, the ICSSR is trying to
fill this void, to some extent, by
organizing training courses in
research -methodology and survey COLLiBOR ATIJ^E ELLAIlfiHS Kilt! fi*I*
research techniques. Keeping in ARCHIVES ABROAD
line with these objectives, the
Data Archives decided to organize It would be readily admitted
training courses in the application that the data archival programme
of computer technology and other cannot be ceveloped In isolation of
mechanical devices in social sci- the developments In this field
ence research with emphasis on use abroad. It has been, therefore,
of computer programme packages In decided that the Data Archives
oata processing and analysis.

- 10 -



lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 3, Mo. ^ (Fall 1979)

should maintain collaborative publish uDdatea information period-
relations with similar data ically.
archives abroad for the exchange of

Information* data» software and
even data archival staff. For var-
ious reasons, not much progress has DATA INF^RMATiON SERVICES
been made In this field.

All these functions discussed
here are quite Important and are
proposed to be continued and

NATIO NAL BE'^^STER OF SQ£I^L further strengthened and expanded
SCIEN TISTS during the course of the next few

years. However* these alone will
In the beginning of 1976» the not be enough. The scope of the

Data Archives took up the task of Data Archives needs to be further
co«p1l1ng a National Register of broadened for providing better ser-
Soclal Scientists in India. It was vices. Systematic steps are neces-
also decided that this Register sary to build a data Information
should be revised periodically. system so that It can provide
This attempt is aimed at filling referral services in the sources of

the void In the area of basic and social science data In addition to

comprehensive Information about the the existing programme of physical
background* research Interests and acoulsition and dissemination of

contributions made by the social important data sets. Making rele-
sclence community in India. Ini- vant * clean and properly documented
tlally* It was proposed to Include data available to the interested
In this Register all the social scholar is an Important task no

scientists in university depart- doubt. And* no less important is

ments* colleges* research institu- it to provide Information on the
tlons* governmental organization. availability of relevant data to a

and private industry ana business scholar* even if the Data Archives
and to cover Anthropology* Com- might not be In a position to ser-
merce* Demography* Economics* Edu- vice that particular data to a

cation* Geography* History* Inter- researcher at a particular point of

national Relations* Linguistics* time.
Management* Political Science* Psy-
chology* Public Administration* In order to systematically build
Sociology (including Criminology)* a meaningful data base for these
Social Work* Communication (includ- services two programmes are pro-
ing Mass Communication and Journal- posed to be initiated. First, we

ism) and Law. However* because of plan to prepare an Inventory of

practical difficulties the project current and recently completed
had to be limited to the coverage social science researches in India
of university departments* colleges and keep this information up to

and research institutions. The date. Specifically* we Intend to

first volume of this Register com- collect Information on the status
prising about 7*000 social scien- of current researches* type of data
tists* information regarding whom utilized* method of data collec-
was collected through a mailed tion* processing and analysis,
questionnaire (covering the period Efforts will be made to cover all

up to December 1977) will be ready researches whether funded by the
for publication soon. It is pro- ICSSR or not. Second* we propose
posed to keep this information up to initiate a series of projects'
to date* extend the coverage and



lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 3» No. t (Fall 1979)

for preparing inventories on the Initially, the Data Archives had
type of data, periodicity of col- decided to develop this software on
lection publication of data and Its own. However, not much coulo
unit of observation, etc., of be achieved in this regard for var-
soclal science data generated by ious reasons. The most important
official agencies. These two basic reasons being non-availability of
sources will throw open such a vast adequate funds and skilled man-
reservoir of information that when power. Even if the funds were to
properly classified and organized, be made available, the problem of a

would prove tremendously useful in non-ava1 I abl 1 1 1 y of properly
discharging this function. More- trained programmers, who could
overt this system would also help meaningfully Interact with social
the data archives In Identifying scientists, understand their
Important data sets at the appro- requirements and develop the soft-
prlate time and facilitate their ware accordingly « will continue to
acquisition. persist. Therefore, this programme

will have to be developed over a

long time. In the meanwhile, a

beginning in this direction could
B^y^^OPM^NT 2F SSEIUARE FACItiXX£§ be made by preparing an inventory

of existing social science computer
As has been emphasized earlier, programmes 1n the country and mak-

all the data archives are supposed 1ng this information available to
to acquire machine-readable data the Interested scholars. Such an
and to organize them in such a form Inventory would, decidedly, Iden-
as would make the data retrieval tify gaps in the availability of

and dissemination least cumbersone these facilities, both cross-sec-
and time consuming. In other tlonally and in different problem
words, data archives would gener- areas. Once such Information
ally acquire raw data transcribed beccnes available, the gaps that
either on punched cards, magnetic may exist, could be plugged in a

tapes or any other mechanical dev- phased programme under given prior-
Ice. At the archives, the data Ities.
normally have to pass certain 'acid
tests', such as checks for wild In sum, 1t may be recapitulated
codes, inconsistencies In coding that the initial period has been a

punching, standardization of data period of mixed experience. The
formats and code categories, etc., achievements during this period,
before they become ready for disse- however, outweigh failures despite
mlnation. For all these tasks, a no prior experience In this field
data archive needs relevant compu- In the country. This period has
ter programmes (software). This been quite significant in many
software is used for data cleaning, ways. During the period the neces-
transformation, organization and sary 1nf ras tuct ur e has been built,
retrieval.' This type of software some of the programmes put on the
is, therefore, necessary for the ground and sufficient experience
ICSSR Data Archives. In addition, gained to help take a leap forward
the Data Archives has to develop during the course of the next few
and maintain another type of soft- years,
ware if It proposes to cater to the
statistical data processing needs However, it may be reiterated
of the social science community in that the success of the data archi-
the country, val programme in the country would

depend on the proper development of

- 12 -



I ASSIST News let t er , Vol No. t (Fall 1979 )

var i

Prop
st re
vent
sage
All
the
for
gram
t1ta
in s

deve
come
the
In
ment
of t

sure
is 1

ous
er s

ng t he

1 onal
d ea

this
sing
the

me is

tiwe
oc ial
lopme
abou

uni ve
the c

s» s

he Da
to c

n ant

functions out
teps are n

n these func
or unconvent

rlier or new
is Important

le most impo
development
an extensive

techniques a

science rese
nts are prima
t through th
rs i t y system
ountry. Th

important f

ta Archives*
ome about*
icipation of

I ined
e c es s

t i ons
i ona I

I y p

rtant
of th
use

nd au
arch,
rily
e ch
of e

ese
or t h

are
In ef
thes

above .

a ry to
: con-
« env i

-

roposed .

And y e t .t

factor
is pro-
of quan-
t omat ion

These
going to
anges in

ducat ion
develop-
e growth
slow but
feet* it

e devel-

opments
init iate
gramme.
quicken
this pr
initiate
dance an
training
and res
newly e

the inve
and so
hopefull
to this
the leas
the soci
will det
of devel
India.

that the C

the dat
However

the pace
ogrammet
d its prog
d consul t a

courses i

earch me
nvisaged p

nt ory of
f t ware fa

y » give a

p rogr amme •

t « it is t

al science
ermine t h

opment of

of d

the
r amm
ncy
n da
thod
rogr
cur r

cili
ddit

L

he c

cu
e ra
this

i I dec
r c h i va
in or
eve I op
Counc

est I i

servi
ta pro
ology .

ammes «

ent r

ties
i ona I

ast «

oopera
mmuni t

t e an
progr

ided to
I pro-
der to
ment of
i I has
ke gu i -

ces and
cess i ng

The
like

esear ch
would*

support
but not
t ion of

y which
d level
amme in

- 13 -