lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall 1979) RECENT HISTORICAL STUDIES OF CRIME AND CRIME CONTROL IN THE UNITED STATES* Eric H. Monkkonen During recent years there has been a growing interest in quantitative research in criminology. This phenomenon has been reflected in a growing nutnoer of machine readable datasets becoming available which contain var- iables of interest to criminology. At such times it can be helpful for those people involvea in the archiving of machine readable data to become at least aware of some of the relevant literature. Monkkonen's article is a readable bibliographic essay in the field. Editor. T on Amer 1960 work wi U of soc i anal exc I diss pub I to sc i e re vi conf ther sign cal the 1nc r ence just as w ans . sess he tri the p i can s has s in focus the 1 al sci ysi s.C udes ertati icatio enrich ntists ew al er ence e are if ican study system easing s of ice sc ell as Ther i ons ck le oli ce past w given the 19 on th 970s ence p n the d ons f ns wi I hist of so ex paper dozens t aspe of cr i s of t popu c r i min holars soc i e were at t f h and hich way 70s; ose whic ersp In ozen rom I n or ia the clud s« cts me* heir lari clog and al 5 . fo he ist or c r i m beg to a t publi h em ec t i v so s of whi o dou ns a 1980 es u f whi One o of th devi cont ty a i st s » prac ci enc r ins March ical e i an i f I his shed ploy e in doi n do ch bt nd s . npub ch» f th e hi ance rol t c c r tici e hi tanc works n the n the ood of review works some their g it c tora I future appear soc ial This Ushed again» e more stori- « and is its onf e r- i mi na I oners , stori- e f two 1979, • Reprinted from Quant.um Infqrma- lifin. No. 11 (July 1979), pp. ~2-9. fiy^nlyffi iDlsrinsliSD ^s a publica- tion of the Association for Quanti- fication and Methoos in Historical and Sociological Research, Reinhard Mann, editor. QuQltyjE iDlSIinialiOD is published in West Germany. Published oy permission. meet Just ical rese f iel memb Grim the t ion r ece made The sert the inte that 1980 inc r to t the flient hist soc i nine turi show mot i the rece just p Lex ship soci fflina such sar y i ng ice arch d«s ersh inal Soci , w ntly of ice: vast atio g rest res s wi ease hat of the Sciences vervi ews Furt interest ip List Justic a I Sc i en hich has , anno a new j * Hi amount ns, conf rowing in the earch in LI be of d sophi of this Academy devoted and her e vid can be of the e and ce Hi sto 8 mem unc ement ourna I , Stfiliifil of unpub erence p interd s'jb j ec th; de greater st i cat 1o decade. of Cr to h hist ence seen Netw ev i an ry As bers . has Cri Re^i. Ushe apers i sc ip t su cade voLu n CO iffl ina L istor- or i caL of the in the or k on ce of socia- And been me and d dis- , and linary gges t s of the me and mpar eo ne g field orica al r t eent es h 1 ng vat sd poor nt wo ice h ana L s.cj: al CO L jus exoo , an eneral deser while I sch ef orm h and as be how t by a and op r k on as op ys i s Pe nt rol tice ses h a the ch ves much oLar mov earl en he de p res cri ted of s rhap f unc syst ave f ocu aract pr el i of ship ement y t we cone ref si re sed, me a for a oc ial s be t i on em is not s ha er is mi na the on s nt ie erne rmer to most nd c mo re caus of t ex been s be tic of ry corn- recent various in the th cen- d with s were cont ro I of the r i mi na L re com- lat ion- e the tie cr i - pLicit, neces- en more - It lASSIST Newslettert VoL. 3, No. t (Fall 1979) on t syst to e soc 1 ders rela On t dies t1ta ness usin tech Part 1980 use he re em to lecto a I c » or tive he ot cite tive « a g r n 1que of t s mus of qu lati lar ral hara on to her d he anal nd t elat s nu he r t b ant 1 ons h ge r po I cter the Larg hano re d ys 1 s he Ivel mber e sea e th tat i 1 p bu r e Itlcs 1 st i c 1nc1d e soc « man not « a num be y s onl re h a e mo we t e f th auc r e CO ac 1 e or 1nt sys pro a1 e sti Wit con has maj man stu tut pol pol boo thr Sta the cit spe the mod sis dom pol era art ter and stu Inf rat and thi tio who ;na I Sine eres t ems cess S f U h i n trol bee or e • s w dy o ions 1 ce » 1ce k c ee i tes pre mo ct ru ex els inat 1ce I wo ic le i St i wit dies or me 1 ve I th s pa ns » se s jus e its t has than ed» a c js i ng remain the c sy s t e n don xcep t i ide I y f pr i s • Ct] most of an ompa re nc lude city; -19'»5 de I s m of c tant of any Thus « ed by in ind rks 1 s indi c wi I hin th will df qua emp eor 1 es per is the f ubs t an t i ce s incep been in t nd th on s sur at ego ms » e on on b and ons » i t h 1 h a V indi V s a c r more no p p er i o to i t ies s t udi sort the local i vi du n pro cat e I soo e ne X be m ntita Loy in T d i vi irst ce CO y stem t ion mor hose e n ac tu pr 1 s ry o most the e 1 ng high and n St e f i dua OSS th ubl i ha anal .[5] es in f iel i st i al c gres that n b t f ore tive g ex he oed d i s nc e r --po enc e ial y of emp glar r of soph y a gend re w chni » th e 1 pe umoe al ingl f s wo r DO L Oa V ly c ment uO i e c use I ci nat an shed s us y ze A use the d te c s i tie s a thi e c ew y t heo « a pile rema into cuss ns t lice f of c h a the loy ing st ist 1 bout a f o ides ques nt ro I s and n the f fen- crime nges. stu- quan- weak- udies c ated ten. r the pread and prisons. The second section deals with the smaller number of works covering offenders and offenses. e fie n con OD Le r of f f en y s m tudie k of i ce » id R ritic al in s of d on ty. ions ne Un st UO ed ex a b no f e exp I i r an nds t tudie s • nd re s cha or rec ears ret i c nd CO it mo inder two ing w he c r t cou Id's trol they s tu- ae r s all. s on note the oth- ized st i- the the One and i ted y of pli- road w of icit aly- be s of Sev- cent rac- ted. such ally mpa- del 5 of sec- orks imi- rt s t T 1960 inte Lane of t teen grow gove Ite on t gr ea the expa ch an pra i p red t ion poll c u I a Ui lb and wo i s rest s P he th th t rnme he n ter pol ns 1o ge .[ sedt i c t e s » c e w rly ur 1 S amu of m po r p rec in Okie Bost cen o th nt. l£Lk Inet att Ice n t 6] y d t art i hich imp i lie el U Pol i tant ipi t a pol i c ina t on po tury » e de And £21 eenth ent i o and o Both e t on he f I c Ies t have ortan r's a I k e r ce R books ted e his he Ci lice 11 ve lop James l££» cent n to less ther book e m i 000 and foil t are Co£i »S A e f or m of the tory in nked ment Ric a Is ury » the rel bur s h ght of boo owed tw and CMt the cu a hi the P of hard o f but ro I at i n eauc ave no t oi s s k s P b Bob leal book New cone no t i to po I i flow cep t Lond tial ice "st r para po I i anal the the and Walk the deta opme Ishe of t synt pub I com York ep t u on o demo c i ng ea f ions on rul emph eet ble ceo ys is soun work wor er» be i led nt i d to he hes i ishe pare an al f le nst r be r om of olic e of asi 2 just prim urea » y dnes i s thy on t st nar n t dat ook zes d s the Lon tool g i t i m ate t t ween di f f e law a e emp law; ed a ice." ar y s ucrac et wh s of cert of a he ot and rat i V he Un e. M prom i much mate earl don i s acyt hat the ring nd au has i z the pe r s The our ce ies f lie his a 1 nly care her h mos e of ited ore t sesi of t rial .[ 7] y"7l poll the and the tw nati thor ed t Ne w ona I lac s f o laws one con pr ful andt t poll Sta han Ualk he p ».\ I 830- ce . Ueb he styl o c ona I ity. he i York ki k of r th Mil may c lus ovoc rea pro care ce d tes the er • s revi evi d late rr ent Roger story n i ne- o H ce urban son's cused with e of g of rat ic been have er t a- n the art i- 00 k s « bie s « His- ler 's 1860) His « r i an tries e of i t i es con- The mpar- DO l- nd of com- e two Ler's doubt 1 ons » a 1 1 ve ding. V i des ful ly eve l- pub l- t it le work ous I y enc e. lASSIST Newsletter. Vol. 3» No. < (Fall 1979) Unfortunately. the book lacks a major unifying thesis. other than the constant reform of corrupt ana inefficient police departments. At one point Walker claims the police had little social impact, an obser- vation'which causes one to wonder what the reason for their study is. Another recently published book. Robert Fogelson's B1.a CHx Police, covers much of the same ground as Walker's, but with a more intensive and exclusive focus on the public image of the police and on various investigations of police corruption since the 1890s. [8] The strength of Fogelson's work is its extensive use of primary. non-quantitative materials; as a place to look for Quotations and policy related statements. it is unparalleled. However. its lack of a rigorous conceptual focus makes it of less interest to social science histori- ans. The same criticism applies to James Richardson's Urban E.oi.i_£e 1_n Its UQited Siat.es.» but as this book lacks the massive exploration in primary materials of Fogelson. it is of less use. [9] And another book* which just appeared as this review was being prepared. shares the strengths and weaknesses of Fogelson's book. David Johnson's EfiiiciDS lil£ yrk^D. Unde r^jor Id focuses on police work in several different cities in the nineteenth century. [10] Like Miller's work, the Dook contains good descriptions of police activities? however. it too is bound with naive assumptions about the changing incidence of criminal behavior. These assump- tions are in virtually all of the books described above. but appear most intrusively in Johnson's book. The line of argument runs like this: crime. "real crime". that is. increased per capita in the nineteenth century. and the only natural response of urban dwellers was to create uniformed police to "fight crime". The-evident defects in t emp i dene to that poli the from soc i it i tie has t ion late ref u met . his k r i ca L e of the the ce ne inc r the al sc ndica of th been s hav d. table [in i nd of a s sump c r i m i na implici creat i o eds no ease i rigor w i ence tes one e work quant i t e not b and th propos anal t i on I a t c n ex p I n c r e s nist rea on at i V een y s i s that ctivi ausa I f the ana t i i me hould ory. son w c ont r prope e requi it ions ha - from the i t y cha argu un i f o on. g - det deman Furt hy so o I sy s its q r ly f rement s not the nc i - nged men t r meo i ven ra c t d of her. lit- t ems ues- r mu- of been A fourth book. David Rothman's Dj.s_cover^ of the *S.xi.ii!!!» has received more popular attention than any other recent book relating to the history of crime and crimi- nal justice. In this carefully conceptualized book. Rothman pre- sents the now popular social con- trol thesis emphasizing that the creation of prisons. mental insti- tutions and other kinds of asylums in the early nineteenth century came from an optimistic belief, unique to the "age of Jackson." that individuals could be remolded. He claims that the fai- lure of the institutions to remake people resulteo in a quick change of reformatories to places of incarceration. warehouses for the deviant. This book has been sev- erely criticized by both those con- cerned with the history of social control and those interested in the history of social welfare institu- tions. [123 Both argue that Rothman oversimplifies. sensationalizes* and isolates the development of American institutions from their European origins. Even so. his book is probably more widely read and cited than any other work dis- cussed here. As a result. subse- quent research on reform institu- tions has been forced to take a stand on the Rothman thesis. Ana lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 3, No. (Fal I 1979) while there have been a few olsser- tatlons on prisons, little of this work has yet been published. ! S that to b teen this ref u theo appr such who prof Loul twen pres si on leal expl exam both his stud any rela the fess proc over prof adm1 In s mode opme poll eval othe Impo so in meth flel tal eve ra I there e done t h ce work table r et 1 ca caches ar 1 1 c system ess Ion s , in tieth ent s a a 1 1 sffl« thesi Icltly Ines the t statis y 1 s a level te bot social lonal 1 ess a 13 ess Ion nistra dol 1 for nt of c 1ng» uat ed r bu rtance uch in ods , d has ana lys rec is on ntur w1 pro . les at 1c alls bot ce def rel s of bou the heor tics c ces and h t sci sm. c cur ye all2 t ion ng» unde a po a for reau of its whi c an a is. ent sti poll y a II 1 posi awa ne was ally m in h t ntur Ined atin the nded data y a are sibl has o po enti He red ar p atio t no he r sta lice mod othe c rac this su h ma Iter articles II muc h c 1 ng in nd that n fact t 1 ons an re i nve f the ea by Joh exp lor one c 1 he ni net 1es.[l3: model o g a c lea mode L , data b in rel nd model rudi men e to cha cone lus 1 lice hi fie stud argues in f ou eri odf n came t In pol has pre nding t bureauc el which r depart ies. art 1 cle bstance ke clear native t Indi r ese the n some gene d em st 1 ga rl i es n Man ed po ty. eent h Ma f pro r his use ase , at ion U tary , I leng ons w story y of that r ph but only ice w sen t e he de racy , can ment s But lies as in that ane cat e arch 1 ne- of rate ploy t 1 ve t of 1ha« lice St. and ni ha fes- tor- s an and to hi Le the e at hich and pro- the ases that In ork . d a vel- not be and the not its the cdo- A recent article by John Schneider on crime, violence and police in Detroit asks a broader set of questions over a shorter span of time than that covered by 'Maniha.Cl'*] Looking at a thirty- :year period 1n the mid-nineteenth century, Schneider takes a geo- i,graph1cal perspective, arguing that c h an can Chan grow not Qe ve not 1 c omm soc 1 Schn a r r e of f e the of cont for and it io hold acco suf f gene atte lor visi R that St . char nel , sets of quan art 1 Care the uses on a plet que s the of s har Mani ity pat 1 rigi draw ques que 1 ng ge only g1ng 1ng as Lops on unit olog el de sts, nder Chan the rol Inst dire n f s pa unt i cie e mpte wh1c ble esea of Lo acte sh of dif f tita cle, er P St. mul da e tion noti poll P ha t of t onal d sc n b tion char occu I n urban be und spa 1 1 a cities, explicit his an of a so y » a pa 1st r plots of p resi den ging re city, over sub ance, b cted wit r pub I i c r 1 1 cular of both nt condi f a po d to con h had p and more reh by E Maniha, uis and risti es owl ng v1 guest i ering mo I I ve a "Educa atterns, Louis t iple di t a set w ersonnel a 1 res. on of e ce recru eriodiza be dou he twen st ructu heme, do y Uatts s the va acteriza pat Ion. po erst I a Whi as a lys cial radi Gera the ol 1 c ces side show -gro ecam h in spa imp the tion lice trol r ev i tol L ice ood r ran le h Man is ly gm Id lo e in ntia 1 ng ups, e m c rea e e . orta ne s f o wh pu ous I e rat ugene U has also emphasi of poll vi dly ho ns dicta dels an naly s 1 s. tion, R and Per Police scrimina hich in files His wo tear el its and 1 1 on ae I btful. tieth ce re, rath mi na t es , who Udity tion of and w1t geme is m iha» ar ou cons prop S cat 1 f f ic rela I st how bac ore sed Th nee cess r th o a bile y be ed. atts foe zed ce w di te d ki cis: ecru cept 1899 nt a elud and rk ass sho inea The ntur er t the ult of a the crime h1n the n t s of ode I is s , he nd the t rue ted osed by uttles. ons of er and tion to ruct ure police helor s, focused compe t- 1 s work in its ary and e emer- ct 1 vely behav- en less , like used on social person- f f erent the use nas of His 1 tment , ions of -19 7 0," nal y si s es corn- survey attacks origins ws the ted by f luid- y OCCU- han any picture i mat e ly ny un 1 - pol 1 c- - 17 - I ASSIST Newslet ten , Vol No. ' (FaL L 1979) Two cat e y directi of the these a 1 ce as underta bureauc anal/si lar ly a from po United an expl ior« em 1ce str it1es» mult ipl account t i on o that br of ur ba 1890s. and a m rough book* probL em 1 1ce sy United of rec there j u r i s d i agenc i e bureauc ins t anc tan Lo small m ers su sheriff Angeles p Lex bo Althoug not see plexi ty moves b city with mu dif feri f e lony county appear « have th bility. own c r offense shor et on t po rt i c an kes racy s of rr es lice Stat icit phas engt and e re s f o f ar oad n p Th uch anal or i in stem Stat ords are ct i s wi rati et s An un i c b-co •s cit unda h th sue « an eyon r . o Itip ng a cou con an e hi B im i n tart anot be Lice, les i ur ba an e •s f its ts. repo es c i mode izing h» po homi gress r a rest Chang 01 i ce ese t more y s 1 s ng up ana ly s an es - and liter ns an th wi c ar some ge I es ipal nt r ac of fie y pol r i es e n in h a y sys d the ne CO le r gene 1 rt siste d fo ghe st ut as al re re iele her take [16 J OCUS n b X am i unct beha Usi rts ties I ind lice ci de ion» si gn rat es t 00 wo ext in a zing d of the so ally d e desp rang part a r poll t t e« ice of t etee high tema bo unt y ecor es • leve ncy t r st deg eae coae lati s of me t h n \ n My es ureau nat io ion t vior» ng a for t » my f pol icato welf rate the if ica es an in th k pla short ens i V a f met h e r 1 f ende vast urces tho r i m in read ement s of e pat ce f o t whi Le pat ro he ci nth c degr tic s undar mus d sou On 1 do of ates» ree o h sta and ve L y mine odo L the wo nth crac n o hrou pa nnua he I wor i ee r s are s. mode nt p d s e f u ce art e an orth odo L mi na rs div usan al J var i s . me t r roll r ces he th I th ty i ent u ee tudy ies t c rces ly a es a p f CO te h f sma indi- og i ca L study rk in e poL- y and f the gh an rt icu- L data argest k uses behav- f pol- aetiv- Us Ing I both ropor- ugges t net ion in the iciest d tho- com ing og 1 ca I I jus- in the ersity Today ds of u s t i c e et y in For opo I i - e d by t oth- c ount y e Los e com- tself . ry did f com- which of one ontend from t the c ross sort t r i sons mpara- as its edera I II in number compared to state level offensest any study which tries to analyze low-level bureaucracies must aggregate across a large num- ber of agencies. S post cal live Uhi I Repo year letns leet bett net h used rec e i or . to d ly ze for Bee u p re - they or c in a ice for term such t let na t i wh i c -- a cu I a teen t udi es -ig'tS advant data e the rts be s had .C17] ed and ert a Land this nt st cie: e vel op expe pol ase t aggr eg do no oneept ggrega aeoar t the t s of t dif fe yet onal b h they drama r i st i e t h e en which era ha age of coll FBI gan i severe More aggre nd res and data udi es Expli their ndi tur i ce hei r ated t cons ual im ting a ment s est of he ana renees the asi s f ac cep tic sh stud tury . eon ve t ace ect e •s n 19 re ree gate earc Marc in o of eitl mo e da arre data n a ider pi i e cros in the lysi wou whol or t w ift ies cent r he me ess t d by Unifo 30t liabi ent d by hers us Fe ne of poli y usi delt ta t st came nat i o the at ion s mul diver i r m s the Id m e no behav i thou from of ate on thodol eomp the rm C the e Mty p data the FB like Ison the ce be ng th they o ace behav to na I ba h i stor s invo tiple se pi ode I . y pres a 1 1 er t ion ior is t ques the pa the n the ogi- ar a- FBI. rime ar ly rob- eo l- I is Ken- have best ha V- eory ana- ount ior. them sist i cal I ved po l- aces In ent t lit- f a one t ion rt i- ine- Se or i en of Un mi d-n t went appea model of po behav emp i r s i s .[ come inter which vera ted ited inet ieth red to lici i or t i ca I 19] of pr et em It stud Sta eent rece acco ng a alt te The the i ve phas non-em ies of tes po h e ent u century ntly. unt for nd to hough n sts of most i se work split ize t piri the lici ry t h Each bo dese one th nt er s i bet he ea 1 1 deve ng f th ave dev th t ribe deve eir est i s a ween poli left lopment r om the e early also e lops a he role police lop any ana I y- ng out- clear t hose ee as lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 3, No. t (Fall 1979) direct bourgeo ciously on the argue t sent wo cept 1 on the mos urban p mUltla the wo Instant role of ing the s1e.C20 latter give r1 opment s hough n cent s 1 e wh men i t one h hat th rk 1 ng s. Th t pre ol 1 c e « and rk of e , em p r i va Inte : The group se t o and one of rol o ac or t h and e po class is la va len to pr to st And phas 1 t e p rests spec of new empl r 1t h age tive e w and lice de tter t, ivat ate rew 2 ing oUc of ulat res cone ical as y Un been the c the deali spect separ first capi t relet soda tive indiv socia Tw Roger 1968 from court urban of argum regio and s and regre argum iseria due t model with vague tain fort don rimi syst ng w Ives atel pe a es I ch emp i dua I ch Lan and the s Izat viol ents nal uici Hill ssio ent Uy an .C22 rat ly s degr unat e on nal em i ith ha y» s rspe rate thes an ge hasi I a rac pr ov e» the ra that Ion ent ha dif de* ha ns to b cor r ess : A es pec i ee o e ly » th just tsel off ve b omet ctiv zes offe t er 1 far OS e c ice s f . ender een imes e em f rates The o an nde rs sties nt s o Ly and or k 1 ng c those often r mand and pe rspec looks b e police police. Scull, the cha e in pro the bou i ons of earchers ept ua I d work , et appea less wor ont ro I le y St em t h Of the s » two used, jointly, phasizes f f enses to I t her per ana lys i and ocat 1 one other tes mo decre cr im ve b f eren but t s sho which e se elate ent 1 a nd i has f led f ad ve art which a in 19 of fel derni za ase the e.C2i: een m ces in he work wn the supp r i ous I y d error I ly mis n gener tended models hoc the ides ppear ony t Ion inci S1 ade hom of L mul or t ed flaw s» e -spec al, to in a or i z i f a c ons - lass , which epre- per- t i ve » ey end , the with for ng i ng tect- rgeo- this may eve l- alt- red. k has d by an on work pe r- c f t en The per and arger spec- s of their by ed in argue leve I and dene e m i la r about i c ide of t i n tiple the ed by rror s if ied work have c er- ng. T mine indi gull but thei ipr ishe r e f o and L ink m 1 n a trat proc And exp I that pa up c aus thes a c e e beco lack G ice, indi su r p unde give of cial deal be e spec beh a urba ques ity r e c o ei t i s 1 on Cert the syst poll to indi as t spea ous I itut i mpo hose d th V i du t y most s t ins s r mer c r ed, tion es c eedi my idt urb e r i z ed e st pt ed me t ing. i ven th V i du iris r way n t f elo 'nor xplo if ic V lor n an tion of rds, es t to ainl pre ems , ce a test vi du he k f y av e a rt an st e so a I f s emp esti t anc the s» i m i n whi of I ear ngs boo i-y an1 z alio c r i m udi e gen r ui s the e s al ing. as he s ny the e re red ally to d so the man t c so y t sent pa nd p th a I t ena or t i de samp t ai udi e cial f fen ome loy ng.C e, n c la i ali t le M sla ly t ag k on test atio n e.L2 s t era I ms a 1 n mall offe S d yst e cour re i sea r rang c the cial sy user hey ont r cial he re rt1e enit roug f fen ency hems d, t I e w mens s wh cha der s fid some 23] ef fe 1net ms t y i cha ve he b a ins Co s n ea and 5J T ake s izat nd f tere amo nde r ever i sse mat i t r s ro eh. ed over boa his stem ipt ex i ibut sc gene sear ular enti h t der s to el ve hes e ith ions ich h r a c t e r have h 0£ t h form Ha r ve etivel eent h hat i were el Hin trials i as of t si I umbus the h used that hus , on p i ons w inds t ave Isti also eor i of y G y d ce Hit c au dus • de eri aves » ypot c r 1 m po eac r e v i hich hem exa- c s of been zing, hypo- raff, emo I - nt ury e rac y sally exa- mons - m i na I .C24] Ohio, h ese s e and ver t y h of ous ly have to be st i unt s i a I p rtat c a ec or om Q from ing rder t ory atlc pol st e a i enc rail ch ly t a r 1 e he let s" rec inte of s s ro j e ions vai I ds, for ue st tho c is ava ice for new e h zati on hat re CO And the is or ds rest he po l- wor k on ome what ct s are , but ability es pe- a great ions to se more r im ina I sues in While I ilabi l- ar res t enough d i men- 1st ory . ons of control on the is open rds of as long "facts ass i du- eonst- ing and 19 - lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 3. No. t (Fall 1979) While this survey has been brief Buffalo Police* 1872-1900: and has not included all of the Labor Unrest* Political Power work of importance, it should sug- and the Creation of the Police gest the concerns, questions, and Institution," Crijne and Social, methods of a field which continues iilisLi£.£ (Fa I l-U i nt er , 1975), to grow in liveliness. At this 5-l'»; Marring* "The Development juncture the field is fragmented; of the Police Instituion in the the work varies greatly in quality United States," £,ri_me and and mutual awareness. Further, as Social Oyitlce (Spring-Summer, the field publishes in a bewilder- 19767, 54-59; and Steven L. ing number of Journals, scholars Schlossman, "Juvenile Justice have been and continue to be iso- in the age of Jackson," Teach- lated from one another, and the ers Col.L,eae Rec.ord (Sept., questions more often reflect the 1974) 119-133. parochial concerns of the various academic departments of the scho- 4. David Rothman, T.he Di.sc.overi oi lars involved, rather than what the Asj^L^um: So£i.aL. Order and should be the major substantive and SisoL^er i.n ItLS. American methodological issues. The Crimi- E.£Eyfeti£ (New York: Little, nal Justice Network of the Social Bro.Jou£naL. oi and Perceptions of the St. Social. History (Winter, 1968), Louis Police, 1899-1970," In 156-163; "Crime and the Indus- John Conley, ed.. Current trial Revolution: British and l££IldS Id Criminai. ^lyiiice: American Views," J ourn al of Itie2£X and RiliiliK* (cTncIn- Sgclai. Hi£torx (Spring, 1974), natlT Anderson, ~1979) . 2B7-303. 16. Eric H. Monkkonen, "Toward a 22. Colin Loftin and Robert H. Dynamic Theory of Crime and Hill, "Regional Subculture and the Police: A Criminal Justice Homicide: An Examination of Systems Perspective,' HiS.tori- the Gas t i I -Hac kney Thesis," £.al Met hods Neji^letter (Fall, iJieri£.an So£i2i2alcal Review 1977)7 157-165; "Systematic (Oct., 1974), 714-724. Criminal Justice History: Some Suggestions," Journal, of int^r- 23. For Instance, Douglas Green- diiciaiinarii His,To£2 "^Winteti burg, C£im£ and Law £nf2Ci£- 19 797, ~4 51-4 64 ." ~ Hent iQ the CoL.oni of New York, 1^51-1775 (Ithaca, NY: Cornel Michael D. Maltz, "Crime 21 lASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 3» No. t (Fall 1979) Univ., 1976), and Harvey J. Criminal Prosecutions of Slaves Graff, "Crime and Punishment 1n In Antebellum South Caroline," the Nineteenth Century: A New iiournal of. *21£.I.iL2.Q !lislo£x Look at the Criminal," Journal Toec, 1976), 575-599. See Of Interdisciplinary tLiilor^ also, Hindus, "The Contours of (Winter, 1977), 477-491, both Crine and Justice in Massachu- exempllfy the dangers of ad hoc setts and South Carolina, theorizing. 1767-1878," The Al!l££i£.3n Jour- DSk £l k£.a£i. tliS.t£LZ (July, 24. Harvey J. Graff, "Pauperism, 1977 ) 7~212-237. Misery, and Vice: Illiteracy and Criminality in the Nine- 25. Monkkonen, The D^naerous Class: teenth Century," Journal of £.Li!l£ §.U.i E.2i£I.li iQ Co I umbus , Soclai. H1.ii££x (Winter, 197777 OhToT 1860-188^ Tcambridge: 245-268. Michael S. Hindus, Harvard Univ., 1975). "Black Justice Under White Law: