IBN AL- H AITHAM J. FO R PURE & APPL. S CI. VO L.22 (4) 2009 Seasonal Abundance of Adult Fly Species on the Exposed Carcasses in Baghdad City M . S . Abdul – Rassoul , R. S . Augul , H. H. Al – Saffar Iraqi Natural History Mus eum, Unive rsity of Baghdad. Abstrac t Adult of dipt erous flies were collected monthly from exp osed animals carc asses during the p eriod from February 2006 to January 2007 in Baghdad city . The results obtained show ed that flies cou ld be co llected all ov er the y ear wit h var iation of their p op ulation densit y in different seasons. The majority of the collected species were abundant during Spring and late Autumn (at lowest numbers) . In t his invest igation, nineteen species confin ed t o four fa milies w ere collected; these families are: Callip horidae, Muscidae, Sar cop hagidae and Fann iidae. The species Musca domestica Linn .was the most abundant followed by Chrysomya megacephala ( Fabricius ) , while Pollenia sp . and Fannia sp . were the least abundant species. Introductio n The dip terous flies can be dist inguished from most ot her insects by the possession of only one p air of functional wings; immediately behind the wings arises a p air of club – s hap ed organs called halters which are derived from the posterior p air of wings [ 1 ] .The most important feature of the wings , for p urp ose of identification and class ification ,is the wing – venat ion . This is quite ast onishingly constant within one sp ecies , and oft en genera , tribes and families can be recognized immediately by s ome ap p arently insignificant detail [ 2] . In suborder Cy clorrhap ha , the ant ennae are comp osed of three segments an arist ae or st y le carried dors ally on the last segment ; p alp i with a single segment ; this group is large , consist ing mainly of the insects normally called ( flies ) , many are closely similar t o one another and their class ification [2] . The flies of the series schizop hora are remarkable for the p ossession of an eversible sac or p tilinum, which p rot rudes from their heads and with which they p ush op en the p uparium and work their way through t he soil beneath which they may have pup ated [ 3 ] , t he families M uscidae , Fanniidae , Callip horidae and Sarcop hagidae for exam lie of this series above . The families M uscidae , Fanniidae of older aut hors , may be defined as Calyp trate Dip tera which lack a row of st rong set ae on the hy p opleuron [ 1 ] . Adult of these families may be recognized by the 6 th (anal) vein (A1) , this vein is short , and does reach wing – margin in bot h families . Adult Fanniidae can be recognized by the extremely short 6 th (anal ) vein , which does not extend half the dist ance from it s base to the wing – margin , and by the curvat ure of the 7 th vein , an imaginary extension of which would int ersect an imaginary extension of the 6 th vein well before t he wing – margin ; and by the p resence of a true dorsal sub median seta on hind tibia , which the adult of M uscidae recognized it , hind t ibia without a strong median t rue dorsal seta , vein (A1) is longer than (A1) in Fanniidae , if extended does not meet an imaginary extension of vein (A2) before w ing – margin [ 4 ] . The Callip horidae and Sarcop hagidae are the well – known blue bot tles and green bottles flies , also know n as blow flies , and the grey flesh flies [ 5 ] , although bearing a sup erficial resemblance to flies of ot her families ( e . g . Muscidae ) the Callip horidae are dist inguished by having well – develop ed thoracic squamae and a row of brist les on t he hyp op leuron . In IBN AL- H AITHAM J. FO R PURE & APPL. S CI. VO L.22 (4) 2009 Sarcop hagidae (flesh flies), the adult large gray ish – black chequered abdomen and black – st rip ed thorax, a few s p ecies are brow nish – y ellow in colour but the thoracic strip es are alway s p resent [1, 2,3 ] . The adult flies are att racted to carrion and faces at which they normally breed, and occur throughout the world and mostly breed in decay ing animal matt er [6]. Flies succession on carrion decomposition are influenced by many factors, most important of them are temp erature, humidity, rain fall [7]. M any studies had been all the four seasons and attemp ted to describe the succession of insect on carrion exp osed such as; [8 ,9 ,10] . Flies have been implicated in the direct and indirect mechanical transmission of a number of pathogens responsible for human disease, esp ecially those causing diarrheal illness ; the common factor in the ecology of several sp ecies of flies is their utilization of decomp osing organic materials as food sources for the adults and as develop mental media for their larvae. Considering that these materials are often carrion, feces and food wast es (all with associated p athogens) [11], furthermore there are many sp ecies of flies can lay their eggs in an op en wound on man and animals causing M y iasis disease [ 5 ] . The aim of this study is to identify the fly species which are associated with exp osed animal carcass es in Baghdad city . M aterials and M ethods The st udy was carried out in the garden of Iraqi Natural Hist ory M useum. A survey of adult flies was undertaken during the p eriod from February 2006 to January 2007 on decomp osed carcass es of rabbits and fishes decomp osition. The Rabbit were killed by st rangulation using chloroform, and t hen p laced with fishes in a metal cage according to the method of Denno and Cot hran [12]. The cage was located in an op en area and was exp osed to direct sunlight and rep licated monthly . Collection and samp ling were performed randomly among the carcasses. Flies were captured by aerial net, and then killed by freezing and mounted on entomological p ins. The sp ecimens were observed under dissecting microscop e and identified to family and s pecies using numerous key s [2, 3, 4, 13, 14, 15, 16] Results Adult of dipterous flies collected from the garden of Iraqi Natural Hist ory M useum, Baghdad city ; using exp osed carcasses (fishes and rabbits) during the p eriod (from February 2006 to January 2007) of investigation were located in four families. T heir seasonal abundance and the relative annual abundance were given in Table (1 ,2 ) and Table (3) show ed the temperature and relative humidity which were recorded in Baghdad city during this p eriod . (1) Family: Calliphoridae: Five species were collected. Calliphora vicina Rob – Desvoidy; it st arted with a high p op ulation during February . It s natural p opulation then decreased during next mont hs. In Jun, July , August, Sep tember, October and December, no flies were collected. During November the insect reap p eared with a lowest numbers. Results showed that sp ecies ap peared to one p eak during Spring. Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann): T his sp ecies was abundant throughout the year, its pop ulation st arted with a lowest level in February , while it had a highest number in Ap ril. T he abundance of this sp ecies was fluctuated in ot her mont hs; no flies were collected during January . The p opulation showed one p eak during Spring. Chrysomya megacephala ( Fabricius ) : This species was found all the y ear round , its highest p opulation was reached during April and lowest during February and M arch , also ; September , IBN AL- H AITHAM J. FO R PURE & APPL. S CI. VO L.22 (4) 2009 October , December and January , while the flies reap p ear with a highest numbers in November . This sp ecies ap p eared t o have two p eaks; the first during Spring and t he second during Aut umn. Lucilia sericata (Meigen): The p opulation of t his sp ecies was fluctuated during this p eriod; it was highest during Spring, no flies were collected during July to January . Pollenia sp .: This sp ecies was scare during this investigation; this species was recorded during February only , but in lowest number. The results Table (2) show ed that the relative annual abundance of these species; in family of Callip horidae was 15.34, 33.93, 39.2, 11.45 and 0.08 % resp ectively . Accordingly , Ch. megacephala was the most abundant in this family, followed by Ch albiceps , C . vicina , L sericata and finally Pollenia sp . (II) Family : M uscidae: T here were five collected species. Musca domestica Linn. : This sp ecies was the most abundant throughout the year excep t December. A high p eak occurred during Spring reaching its maximum in Ap ril. The p op ulation then decreased gradually reaching the lowest level in January . Musca sorbens Wied. : The p opulation of this sp ecies was scare in this period, its seasonal abundance show ed a high p eak during Sp ring and late Summer. No flies were collected during M arch, M ay, Jun, July , Sep tember, October, December and J anuary . Musca biseta Hough: T his sp ecies was recorded during August only , but in lowest numbers. Musca sp .: Its p op ulation st arted with lowest numbers during February , it increased during Spring and reached its highest p eak in April. One ot her p eak occurred in November. No flies, however, were collected during June to October; also in December and J anuary . Muscina stabulans (Fallen): Flies were abundant during late Winter and Spring . The highest p eak was reached in Ap ril. No fly was recorded in Summer, early Autumn and early Winter. These results showed that sp ecies in lowest numbers during November and January . The relative annual abundance of the above mentioned sp ecies was 84.46, 2.73, 0.21, 6.4 and 6.2 % resp ectively . Accordingly , M . domestica comes first , followed by Musca sp . , Mus cina stabulans, Musca sorbens, and finally Musca biseta . (III) Family: Fanniidae: There were two sp ecies collected in this investigation. Fannia canicularis (Linn.): The pop ulation of this sp ecies st arted with a high level in February forming its first p eak. N o flies could be collected for t he next mont hs from Ap ril to December. Fannia sp .: This species was scare during the invest igating p eriod; it's recorded in lowest number in March only . The relative annual abundance of these species was 97.3 and 2.7 %. Accordingly , F. canicularis was much more abundant than Fannia sp . (IV) Family Sarcop hagidae : Seven sp ecies were collected during the invest igating p eriod . Sarcophaga africa ( Wiedemann ) : This was t he most abundant species in this family ; flies were abundant during Spring , Summer , late Aut umn and early Winter . The highest level occurred during Summer, esp ecially in July. Sarcophaga melanura Meig . : This was the least abundant of Sarcophagid sp ecies. Only two individuals were collected during March. Sarcophaga sp.1 : This species was collected during March and June only ; the highest number was in June. Sarcophaga sp.2: No flies could be collected during February , its p opulation st arted with high numbers during Spring. The highest p eak was reached in March. No flies collected from July till January. Sarcophaga carnaria (Linn.): This sp ecies has a similar abundance of S. melanura, but it was collected during April only. IBN AL- H AITHAM J. FO R PURE & APPL. S CI. VO L.22 (4) 2009 Sarcophaga argyrostoma (Rob – Desvoidy ): Flies were collected during late Spring and late Aut umn with highest number in reached Ap ril, There were no flies collected during other months. Ravinia pernix ( Harr . ) : Flies were abundant during Sp ring ; the highest p eak was reached in Ap ril . No flies could be collected during other mont hs. The relative annual abundance of these sp ecies was 60.23, 2.27, 5.68, 10.23, 2.27, 6.82 and 12.5 % respectively . Accordingly S. africa comes first; it was much more abundant than other sp ecies of this family ; followed by R. pernix, Sarcophaga sp .2, Sarcophaga argyrostoma, Sarcophaga sp 1 and last ly S. m elanura , S . carnaria at similar ap p earance. Discussion A summary of t he relative annual abundance of the collected sp ecies of adult dipterous flies from one locality in Baghdad city is given in Table (2), seasonal activity of flies species were fluctuating dep ending on season and environmental condition, temp erature is most important factor affecting the growth and develop ment of insects [17]. The adults of five families of dip tera collected from the carcass es. Adults in the families Callip horidae and Muscidae were the initial colonizers of the carcasses and t hen arriving adults in the family Sarcop hagidae ; the species of Callip horidae rep ort ed from carrion ; Ch . albiceps , Ch . megacephala and Lucilia sp . [18] ; the abundance of other group of flies in Dip tera; it responds to the environmental conditions and that weather exerts a very p owerful influence on their activities such as feeding and emerging [19]. Field observations sup port ed by the data recorded in the p resent st udy , show that most, if not all, sp ecies of t he collected Dip terous flies are more abundant during the moderate temp eratures of Spring and Autumn seasons than during cold Winter and hot Summer seasons. Most flies were highly abundant and reached their highest activity during the period from February to M ay except three species; Ch. albiceps , Ch . megacephala and M . dom estica which p resent all the y ear for the first and the second sp ecies and occurred in eleven mont hs for the third sp ecies; but their p opulations fluctuated during the season of t he y ear influenced by temp erature and relative humidity . It was rapid invasion of carcasses by adults Dip tera (especially Callip horidae and Sarcop hagidae ) , in Callip horids ; they were collected C . vicina , L . sericata and Ch . albiceps , also assured that L . sericata was able to breed successfully in carrion in rain fall , Winter and Spring ; in Summer , it was surp rising to find adult of t his sp ecies in abundance on carrion from first day after the dead of the animals [10]. The flies associated with p ig carrion and human corp ses, these sp ecies; Ch. albiceps, Ch. megacephala and Lucilia sp . [18] , Ch . albiceps which is us ually associated with warm weather was found as well [20] , also find that Ch. albiceps is by far the most abundant sp ecies of Dip tera found in Autumn, while in Winter its presence is extremely rare [21] , this result in an agreement with the p resent st udy .On the ot her hand, Ch. albiceps is common in Summer , although in lower numbers than in Aut umn ; this sp ecies is considered to be the p rincipal taxon p resent of the p rimary diptera ; which suggest s colonization of the carcass at the end of Summer or beginning of in Aut umn , since this w hen Ch . albiceps is t he most abundant species [21]. Adult sp ecimens of, Ch. megacephala, was p resent on a man corpse when the temp erature was 27 C o max & 15 C o minimum [22],while t he t emp erature of 25 C o and 70 % r.h. were best condition for adult flies survival and p roduced higher adult p op ulation , least adult p roduction was at 37 C o and 70 % r.h. [23] . C. v icina occurs in winter in t he subt ropics and in Spring when rain fall occurs in the temp erate zone [24]: on t he other hand, C . vicina was well rep resented in carrion in Winter only [10]. IBN AL- H AITHAM J. FO R PURE & APPL. S CI. VO L.22 (4) 2009 The C. vicina was identified on meat exp osed, and ass ured that ovip osition of this sp ecies occurrin g in late April (28C o max, 13 C o min. and r.h. max. 91% & 31 % min.) [25], whereas that C . vicina occurred only on t he unsheltered carcass in Winter ( the most common sp ecies at this time of t he year ) [20] . On t he other hand, C . v icina was found the most dominant species in the coldest mont hs [26], also this result is in an agr eement with t he p resent investigation . The sp ecies of Pollenia sp . was rare in this st udy ; this sp ecies was rep ort ed in Diyala Governorat e [14]. In M uscidae ; the muscid adults found ear ly arrival such as M . dom esti ca , Musca sp . [18]. The flies of this family were found on Rabbit carrion e xp osed carcass ; Muscina stabulans , M . domestica , M . sorbens ; and assured t hat Muscina stabulans was the domin ant fly breedin g in Winter [ 10 ] . On the ot her hand Fanniidae sp ecies w ere collected in small numbers in this st udy ; it w as rep resented by F . cancularis and Fannia sp . In t he cold seasons ; it was record ed in Winter and early Spring as assured by T antawi et al [10]. S.ar gyrostom a bred successfully in carrion only in ra in fall [10] ; while the other st udies mentioned that the flesh flies ar e p rimary invaders of carrion in warmer temperate and tropical region [ 27 , 28 ] , whereas they are secondary species in cooler regions [ 29 ] . S . Africa was identified on meat exp osed and ass ured t hat larvip osit ing of this sp ecies occurrin g in late May as a dominant species [25], and the p rimary role of Sarcopha gidae in carrion co lonization [30], while the adult of S. ar gyros toma was dominant fly in rain fall [10] . Sarcophaga sp ecies cannot survive in a cold temp erature climate [31], as referenced to Ward ' s M anual [32] ; the development rates of Sarcophaga species were temp erature and light dep endent , cooler temperatures and less light exposure will slow down the growth of develop ment ; and the opt imal temp erature of development arrest is at 4 C o . In addition, the opt imal culturin g cond itions were 25 C o and 24һ. light e xp osure. Generally from this investigation we can conclude that the numbers of sp ecies which were collected on e xp osed car cass es in lowest number durin g Summer as comp ared with other season; M ay cause that st ages of decomp osit ion were very quick in Summer or hot months [ 20 ]. Finally, the Callip horidae sp ecies were the most abundant , followed by Muscidae , Sarcop ha gidae and fin ally Fanniidae sp ecies . References 1.Oldroy d , H . (1970) Diptera : Introduction an key to families , Handbooks for t he identification of British insects . Royal Entomol . Soc. of London, Vol . IX. Part 1 . 104 pp . 2.Smith , K . G . V . (1973)Insects and ot her arthrop ods of medical importance. Brit ish M useum ( Natural History ) , London . 561 pp . 3.Z umpt , F . (1965) My iasis in Man and animals in t he world, London: But terworth’s, 267pp . 4.Pont , A . C .( 1991) Fauna of Saudi Arab ia , 12 : 312 – 365 . 5.Spradbery , J . P . (199 ) A M anual for the Diagnosis of Screw – Worm fly . Commonwealth of CSIRO Division of Ent omology , Aust ralia , Canberra : 62 p p . 6.Greenburg , B .(1973)Flies and Disease . Vol . 11 , Biology and Disease Transmission , Princeton U niversity p ress , Princeton , NJ . 447 pp . 7.Galloway , A . , W . H . Brikby , A . M . Jones , T . E . Henry , and B . O . Parks (1989) J . Forensic . Sci . 34: 607 – 616 . 8.Reed , H . B . J . r .(1958) Am . Midl . Nat . 59 : 213 – 245 ( cited in Tantawi et al 1996 ) . 9.Johnson , M .D . (1975) J . Amer . M idland Naturalist . 93 : 79 – 90 . IBN AL- H AITHAM J. FO R PURE & APPL. S CI. VO L.22 (4) 2009 10.Tant awi , T . I . , El - Kady , E . M . ; Greenberg , B . and El – Ghaffar , H . A .(1996) . J . M ed . Ent omol . 33 (4 ) : 566 – 580 . 11.White , G . B .(2006) Filth flies : significance , Surveillence and cont rol in cont ingency op erations , Technical Guide No . 30 . published and Dist ributed by Armed forces pest M anagement Board , Washington , 54 p p . 12.Denno , R . F. and Cothran , W . R .(1976 ) Ann . Entomol . Soc . Am .69 (1) : 109 – 113 . 13.Roback , S . S .(1951) Ann. Entomol . Soc . Am . 44 : 327 – 361 . 14.M awlood , N . A .(2001) Taxonomic st udy of the blowflies ( Dip tera : Callip horidae ) in middle of Iraq. A thesis of Ph.D., college of agriculture, university of Baghdad . 15.Al – Saffar , H . H.(2003)T he Taxonomic st udy of t he family M uscidae ( Insecta : Dip tera ) in the Middle of Iraq . A thesis of M . Sc. in Biology , College of Science, University of Baghdad. 194 p p . 16.Al – Hadidi , S . N.(2005) Taxomic st udy on the family flies (Dip tera : Sarcop hagidae ) in Diy ala Governorate . A thesis of M . Sc. in Biology, College of Education, Diyala University . 116 p p . 17.Catts , E . P . and Goff , L .(1992) A nn . Rev . Ent omol . 37 : 253 – 272 . 18.Carvalho et al .L . M . L . ;Thy ss en , P . J . ; Goff , M . L . and Linhares , A . X .(2004) Anil Aggrawal◌ُ s Int ernet Journal of F orensic Medicine and T oxicology , 5 (1): 33 – 39 . 19.Kamal , M .(1939) Egy pt , M in Agr . Tech . and Sci . Bull . 207 , 110 p p . 20.Cent eno , N. ; Maldonado , M . and Oliva , A .(2000) Forensic Science International , 126 : 63 – 70 . 21.Arnaldos , M . I ; Romera , E. ; Garcia , M. D . and Luna , A .( 2001) Int ernational. J . of Legal Medicine , 114 : 156 – 162 . 22.Oliveira – Costa , J . and M ello –Patiu , C . A . (2004 ) Anil Aggrawal ◌ُs Int ernet J . of forensic M edicine and T oxicology , 5(1) : 40 – 44 . 23.Al – Zuby di, R. SH. A.(2000) Comparat ive st udy of some biological and ecological asp ects between old world screw worm fly Chrysomya bezziana Vill. and big headed secondary my iasis fly Ch . megacephala ( Fab . ) ( Dip tera : Calliphoridae ) in Baghdad . A thesis of M .Sc. in Biology , Baghdad U niversity . 24.Greenberg , B and Povolny , D .(1971)Bionomics of flies , pp . 57 – 83 . In B . Greenberg , flies and disease vol. 1 . P rinceton University p rees , Princeton. N .J. 25.Leccese , A .(2004).Anil Aggrawa◌ُls Int ernet J . of forensic Medicine and Toxicology , 5 (1) : 26 – 32 . 26.Schroed er , H . ; Klotzbach , H . and P uschel , K .( 2003). Legal M edicin e, 5 : 372 – 374 . 27.Early , M . and Goff , M . L .( 1986 ) J . M ed . Ent omol . 23 : 520 – 531 . (28)Pay ne , J . A .(1965) Ecology , 46 : 592 – 602 . 29.Rodrigu ez, W . C . and Bass W . M .(1983). J . Forensic Sci : 28 : 423 – 432 . 30.Hall , R . D . and Doisy , K . E .(1993) Ann . Ent omol . Soc . Am . 86 (5): 589 – 593 . 31.Sam , S. (2006) Bio lo gy J . 1 : 233 – 243 . 32.Ward ◌ُs M annal .( 2001) Workin g with Nasonia . PP . 1 – 2 . Ward ◌ُs Natural Scienc e Est ablishments, inc . , Rochest er, Ny . (Cited in Sam 2006 ) . IBN AL- H AITHAM J. FO R PURE & APPL. S CI. VO L.22 (4) 2009 Table (1):Seasonal abundance of fly adults in Baghdad go vernorate during the period from February 2006 to January 2007 __________________________________________________________________ Number of flies in mont hly collection D ipterous flies Feb.2006ar. Ap r. May Jul. Aug. Sept. O ct. Nov. Dec. Jan. 007 5 - 1 - - 1 - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 2 34 112 - - 35 2 - 8 1 - - 4 - - - - 2 - - 14 4 - - 82 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 4 - - 36 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 21 - - 39 7 2 - - - - 5 - - - - - - - 5 10 - - 40 - - - - - - 15 - - - - - - - 20 15 1 - 44 - - - - - - 10 - 3 1 - - - 1 23 19 5 - 75 - - 4 2 - - 4 - - 2 - 1 1 18 264 391 39 - 386 16 - 35 27 - - - 8 - - 2 2 3 9 76 31 3 92 - 64 - - 12 22 17 1 - 6 2 2 4 - - 1 87 2 2 4 1 2 1 - 2 6 18 - - - - - - - - - Fam.:C alliphoridae Cal liphora vicina Chryso mya al bi cps Ch. megacephala Luci lia sericta Pollenia sp. Fam.:Musci dae Musca dome stica M.sorben s M.biseta Musca sp. Muscina stabulans Fam.:Fanniidae Fannia canicularis Fan nia sp. Fam.sarcophagidae Sarcophaga africa S. melanura Sarcophaga.sp.1 Sarcophaga.sp.2 S. carnaria S.argyro sto ma Ravi via pernix IBN AL- H AITHAM J. FO R PURE & APPL. S CI. VO L.22 (4) 2009 Table (2):The relative annual abundance of the collected species of the fl y adults on exposed carcass in Baghdad city during the period of i nvestigation Annual abundance% Dipterous flies 15. 34 33. 93 39. 20 11.45 0. 08 84.46 2.73 0.21 6.4 6. 20 97.30 2.70 60.23 2.27 5.68 10.23 2.27 6.82 12.5 Fami ly : cal liphoridae Cal liphora vicina Chrysomya albiceps Ch. megacephala Luci lia serieata Pollenia Sp. Fami ly: Muscidae Musca domestica M. sorbens M. bi seta Musca sp. Muscina stabulans Fami ly : Fanni idae Fan nia canicularis Fan nia sp. Fami ly: S arcophagidae Sarcophaga africa S. melanura Sarcophaga.sp.1 Sarcophaga.sp.2 S.Carnaria S. argyrostoma Ravi nia pernix IBN AL- H AITHAM J. FO R PURE & APPL. S CI. VO L.22 (4) 2009 Table(3):The tempe ratuec and relative humidity thro ugh the study mo nths (Accord ing to Iraq i meteorolo gical o ffice) Mo nths Feb- 2006 March 200 6 A pr- 2006 May 2006 Jun 2006 Jul - 2006 A ug- 2006 Sep - 2006 O ct - 2006 N ov- 2006 D ec- 2006 Jan - 200 7 8.7 11.5 17.0 22.5 25.5 27.0 26.5 20.9 18.5 8.1 3.1 3.0 Mi n ċ Max ċ 19.6 26.6 30.3 38.2 44.2 45.3 42.7 40.0 34.0 22.7 15.7 14.0 R.H % 63 43 49 33 20 22 23 28 43 49 62 67 الصرفة والتطبیقیة المجلد 200) 4 (22مجلة ابن الھیثم للعلوم 9 على الجثث المكشوفة في مدینة ) الدور الكامل ( التواجد الموسمي النواع الذباب بغداد رسول ني عبد الحسینھناء ھا، رزاق شعالن عكل ،محمد صالح عبد ال جامعة بغداد ،متحف التأریخ الطبیعي الخالصة 200شباط ( مدةجمعت كامالت ذباب ثنائیة األجنحة لل 200 كانون الثاني – 6 أوضحت النتائج إنه باإلمكان ،في مدینة بغداد ) 7 یـع ونهایـة سـجلت الدراسـة أعـداد كبیـرة مـن الـذباب خـالل فـصل. الذباب علـى مـدار الـسنة لكـن بكثافـة متفاوتـة لكـل نـوع جمع كامالت الرب .الخریف ر نوعـا تعـود إلـى أربعـة عوائـل Calliphoridae ،Muscidae ،Sarcop: هـي ًسجلت الدراسة تـسعة عـش hagidae و Fannidae . Mus النوع ca domestica Linn . كان األكثر وفرة تاله النوع ) Chrysomya megacephala ( Fab. ل نـواع خـال ع ـمدةًاعتمـادا علـى أعـداد وظهـور تلـك األ ، بینمـا كانـت األنـوا Pollenia sp الدراسـة أعـاله Fannia sp و . هـي أقـل . من بین األنواع التي سجلت . وفرة