Conseguences of soil crude oil pollution on some wood properties of olive trees
Biology | 1
2102( عام 2( العدد ) 30الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية المجلد ) مجلة إبن
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.03 (2) 2017
Assessment of Risk factors For myocardial Infraction in
Sample of Patients Attending in Coronary Care Unit
Ward in AL-Zahra hospital-Karbala City
Muna Abdul Kadhum Zeidan
Dept. of Community Health / College of Health and Medical Technology/
Middle Technology University
Shatha Ahmed M.A
AL-Mansur Medical Institute / Middle Technology University
Makki Hasan kadhum
Diyaa Aldeen al-khateeb
Dept. of Community Health / College of Health and Medical Technology/
Middle Technology University
Received in :22 /November /2016 ,Accepted in : 19 /March/ 2017
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to determine the rate of myocardial infarction
among sample patients attending in CCU medical ward in AL-Zahra hospital and to identify
factors associated with the myocardial infarction (age, gender, residence, occupation and
educational level ), Family history (hypertension…..etc. A case control study conducted in
Karbala city / AL-Zahra hospital /medical ward /CCU for cardio pulmonary care unit..
Sampling was (non probability convenient ) the study was included 100 cases and 100
controls.. The study was started from 15
th
July 2015 to the 20
th
October 2015. Data was
collected by questionnaire to obtain socio- demo graphic information. The result shows that
mean age of the subjects was 49.02± 8.3 years, and the 23.5% were Free profession ; about
(24.5%) of patient with myocardial infarction were smokers. Analyses of results by (chi-
square test ) show that (unemployment, low educational level, Family history for
hypertension, overweight, chronic diseases: there is a high significant association between
hypertension and myocardial infarction, smoking and lipid profile ) were significant factors
associated with myocardial in fraction . Conclusions This study showed the rate of
myocardial infraction was 12.5 % among age group (51-60) year, factors that were
associated with higher rate of myocardial infraction were unemployment, low educational
level, Family history for hypertension, overweight and chronic diseases: there is a high
significant association between hypertension and myocardial infarction, smoking and lipid
profile.
.
Key words: Myocardial, Infraction , Factors, Karbala
Biology | 2
2102( عام 2( العدد ) 30الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية المجلد ) مجلة إبن
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.03 (2) 2017
Introduction
Myocardial infarction (MI) or a cute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as
heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart
muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort, which may travel into the
shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Often it's in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for
more than a few minutes. The discomfort may occasionally feel like heart burn. Other
symptoms may include shortness, nausea, feeling faint, a cold, or feeling tired[1]. About 30%
of people have atypical symptoms, [2]with women more likely than men to present
atypically. In Iraq the risk of death in those who have had an Segment Elevation Myocardial
infarction is about 10%. Rates of myocardial infarction for a given age have decreased
globally between 1990 and 2010. About one million people have an myocardial infarction
each year in the United States. . Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an
myocardial infarction with little or no history of symptoms. A myocardial infarction may
cause heart failure, an irregular heart beat, or cardiac arrest.[2]
Most MIs occur due to disease. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes,
lack of e exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol in take,
among others. The mechanism of an MI often involves the rupture of an atherosclerotic
plaque, leading to complete blockage of a coronary .MIs are less commonly caused
by coronary, which may be due to cocaine, significant emotional stress, and extreme cold,
among others. A number of tests are useful to help with diagnosis,
including electrocardiograms , blood tests, and coronary [3]. Aspirin is
an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected myocardial infarction. Supple mental
oxygen should be used in those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath . People who
have a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction are often managed with the blood thinner ,
with the additional use angioplasty in those at high risk [4]. In people with blockages of
multiple coronary arteries and diabetes, by pass surgery (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting)
maybe recommended rather than angioplasty. After an myocardial infarction, life style
modifications, along with long-term treatment with aspirin, beta-blockers, and stating, are
typically recommended [5]
. The aim of this study is to determine the rate of myocardial
infarction among patients attending in CCU medical ward in AL-Zahraa hospital & to
identify factors associated with the myocardial infarction MI (age, gender, residence,
occupation and educational level ), Family history (hypertension) .
Methods
A case control study design was used. The study was conducted in Karbala city / AL-
Zahra hospital /medical ward /CCU for cardiopulmonary care unit.The patients were selected
(none probability convenient sampling), Subjects in this study included all patient (cases) of
myocardial infarction admitted to the AL-Zahraa hospital /medical ward /CCU for
cardiopulmonary care unit and their control. Study included 100 cases and 100 controls. The
study has started from 15
th
July 2015 to the 20
th
October 2015. The data were collected by
direct interview using special questionnaire .Information were included socio-demographic
data (age, education and occupation), Family history (hypertension, diabetes mellitus) , Body
Mass Index, Smoking behavior, lipid profile, ……..ect
Criteria for the selections of cases and controls
1) Inclusion criteria for cases :
-The entire patients who were diagnosed by the electrocardiograph, serum troponin, clinical
signs & symptoms (sever chest pain, sweating, vomiting and dyspnea) as myocardial
infarction.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_flow
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_muscle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_muscle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_pain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartburn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presyncope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction#cite_note-HLB2014-1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction#cite_note-HLB2013MI-5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercholesterolaemia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takotsubo_cardiomyopathy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction#cite_note-HLB2013D-11
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_therapy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_therapy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction#cite_note-Oc2010-12
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blockers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction#cite_note-Europe2012-2
Biology | 3
2102( عام 2( العدد ) 30الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية المجلد ) مجلة إبن
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.03 (2) 2017
- All age groups and both gender.
For Controls -Age, gender are matched.
-Do not have myocardial infarction and other type of heart diseases.
2) Exclusion criteria for cases:
- Patient who live outside Karbala.
Cigarette – smoking : consists of three groups : (a) nơn – smoker ( did not smoke through
out the pregnancy) ; (b) smoker ; (c) and passive smoker ( had a house hold member who
smoked ten cigarettes per day) [6].
Lipid profile can be divided into [7] :
Normal value
60 to 130 mg/ dl Low Density Lipoprotein
Greater than 40 mg/ dl High Density Lipoprotein
Less than 200 mg/ dl Cholesterol
10 to 150 mg/ dl Triglycerides
Statistical analysis: data was analyzed by SPSS package version 18, X
2
test was used for
significance of association (p – value of < 0. 05 was considered significant) .
Results
Table (1) shows that higher parentage (12.5%) of patients was in the age group (51-60)
years, and the higher percentage (12.5%) of control was in the age group (41-50) years. The
total number of cases was (100, 50.0 %), the number of males was (69, 34.5 %) and the
number of females was (31,15.5 %), while the total number of controls was (100, 50.0 %) the
number of males was (66, 33.0 %) and the number of females also (34,17.0 %) were shown in
table (2). Table (3) shows that higher percentage of cases that residence with urban is (70 ,
35.0 %), and higher percentage of control that residence with urban is ( 71, 35.5 %), and
higher percentage of occupation of the sample in this study was free profession (16.0 %) in s
ample with myocardial infarction group and ( 1.5 %) in sample without myocardial infarction
significant association (P-value <0.05) , the read and write rate was higher among the sample
with myocardial infarction (4.5% vs. 15% ) compared to control . The family history of
patients with hypertension (26.5% vs. 23.5 %) compared to control show in table (4). Table
(5) shows that body mass index of cases was higher among sample with overweight (23.5%
vs. 21.5 %) compared to control. The chronic disease of hypertension higher among sample
with myocardial infarction (26.5 %) while in controls was (18.5). The percentage of cases
with DM among sample with myocardial infarction was (20.0%) While controls was
(11.0%), The percentage of cases with kidney disease among sample with MI was (10.0%)
While controls was (6.0%). The percentage of cases with thyrotoxicosis among sample with
myocardial infarction was (3.5%), while controls was (4.2%) shown in table (6). Table (7)
showed that association of myocardial infarction and smoking behavior in this study showed
that the percentage of smoker was (24.5 %) in the people with myocardial infarction and
about (36 %) in people without myocardial infarction the risk of myocardial infarction
significantly increased (4.1874) times in the people with passive smokers. And the risk of
myocardial infarction significantly increased (4.152) times in the people duration of smoking
(30 -40) years, and increased (12.078) times in the people with number of cigarettes more
than (60) per day. The association of MI and lipid profile in this study shows that the
percentage of normal " High Density Lipoprotein " was (31.0 %) in the people with
myocardial infarction and about (40 %) in people without MI the risk of MI significantly
increased (0.352) times in the people with low " High Density Lipoprotein ". The risk of
myocardial infarction significantly increased (1.5455) times in the people with higher" LDL"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction#cite_note-HLB2014-1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction#cite_note-HLB2014-1
Biology | 4
2102( عام 2( العدد ) 30الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية المجلد ) مجلة إبن
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.03 (2) 2017
lipid profile, and the risk of myocardial infarction significantly increased (3.9516) times in
the people with higher cholesterol, the risk of myocardial infarction significantly increased
(1.444) times in the people with higher triglycerides were shown in table (8).
Discussion
Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is the irreversible necrosis of
heart muscle secondary to prolonged ischemia. This usually results from an imbalance in
oxygen supply and demand, which is most often caused by plaque rupture with thrombus
formation in a coronary vessel, resulting in an acute reduction of blood supply to a portion of
the myocardium.
[8]
. In this study, most of the patients in both study group belong to the age
(51-60) years (12.5 %). The finding of the present study is agreement with finding reported
in USA .
[9]
increasing prevalence of myocardial infarction with age the cases of myocardial
infarction with age group (41-50) is ranging (17.28%), and the control age group (51-60)is
ranging (22.43%) this may cause contrast in time and place of the studies
[9]
.
This study
showed that about (34.5%) of the studied group were males while the females were (15.5
%),the risk of males infecting with myocardial infarction was (1.14) more than females,
,similar finding is reported by the European Society of Cardiology
[10]. Because supporting
the aspect that women are protected from myocardial infraction due to the presence of cardio
protective estrogens[11]. This study is the highest percentage of cases that residence with
urban is (35.0%), and higher percentage of occupation among sample with free profession
(16.0%), and the literacy status was higher among (12.5%),these result that occur have similar
finding which is reported by India[11], the residence with urban is (37.45 %), occupation is
middle socio- economic status was (17.6 %), and lower educational level was (46.33%). This
may be explained contrast in time and place . Regarding family history of myocardial
infarction was higher among patient with myocardial infarction (26.5%) compared to control
group (23.5%) with significant is reported by in India
[12] patients were (33.45 %), and in
control were (9.55%), (95%,CI 2.99-7.89) (OR=4.75),
a possible explanation for this may be
due to the aggregation effect of heredity may originate from the here dietary transfer of
hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and diabetes
[13]
.
This study found association between
overweight with p-value < 0.05 similar finding is reported by in Middle East and North
Africa
[14], a possible explanation for they may be due to weight increase is associated with
bad lifestyle in both men and women. In this study, the percentage of cases with
hypertension was (26.5 %), the risk of myocardial infarction of individual with hypertension
is(1.92) more than individual without hypertension ,probably due to ventricular hypertrophy
associated with high blood pressure [15]. In this study, the percentage of cases with diabetes
mellitus was (20.0%), the risk of myocardial infarction of individual with diabetes mellitus is
(2.3636) more than individual without diabetes mellitus, and this may be explained by
diabetes mellitus damages blood vessels including the coronary arteries of the heart. In this
study, the percentage of cases with kidney , disease was (10.0 %), the risk ơf myocardial
infarction of individual with kidney disease is(1.833) more than individual without kidney
disease, similar finding is reported by ( south Africa)
, [13]
. This study, shows that the
percentage of never smoker was (14.5 %) in the people with myocardial infarction and
passive smoker about (11.0 %),and the people were smokers about (24.5%) the risk of
myocardial infarction significantly increased (4.1874) times in the people with passive
smokers. This is similar to study done by South Korea)
[15]
(40%) of the patients attempted
smoking; (13.5%) of them passive smoking while (26%) of the patients overall had never
smoking. From the multivariate logistic analysis including smoking patterns and clinical
characteristics, the severity of coronary artery disease was the only in dependent predictor for
smoking cessation (Relative risk (RR): 1.230; P = 0.022). This maybe because smoking
Biology | 5
2102( عام 2( العدد ) 30الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية المجلد ) مجلة إبن
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.03 (2) 2017
increases the risk of an initial cardiac event and doubles the rate of subsequent infarction and
death
[16] .
This study shows the association of myocardial infarction and lipid profile in this study
shows that the percentage of normal " High Density Lipoprotein " w ere (31.0 %) in the
people with MI and about (40 %) in people without myocardial infarction the risk of
myocardial infarction significantly increased (0.352) times in people with low " High Density
Lipoprotein ", the risk of myocardial infarction significantly increased (1.5455) times in
people with higher " Low Density Lipoprotein " lipid profile , and the risk of myocardial
infarction significantly increased (3.9516) times in the people with higher cholesterol, the
risk of myocardial infarction was significantly increased (1.444) times in people with higher
triglycerides. This is similar to study done by South Korea[15]
, may be explained by the
higher level of blood cholesterol, the greater the risk of heart disease or heart attacks[16]
.
Conclusions
The results of the present study was indicated that rate of myocardial infarction was higher
in male than female. Factors that were associated with myocardial infarction were
Residence: in urban, unemployment, low educational level, family history for hypertension,
overweight ,and chronic diseases: there is a high significant association between hypertension
and myocardial infarction, smoking and lipid profile.
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Table (1): Distribution of age sample according to cases and controls
P-value "= 0.004 Significant "degree freedom" =5
Table (2): Distribution of gender according to cases and control.
Gender
Groups
Total
OR 95%CI
P-value
Case Controls
NO. % NO. % NO. %
Male 69 34.5 66 33.0 135 67.5 1.14 0.63–2.07 0.65
NS Female 31 15.5 34 17.0 65 32.5
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100.0
ge /years
Groups
Total
Case Controls
NO. % NO. % NO. %
21 – 30 5 2.5 20 10.0 25 12.5
31 – 40 17 8.5 22 11.0 39 19.5
41 – 50 23 11.5 25 12.5 48 24.0
51 – 60 25 12.5 19 9.5 44 22.0
61 – 70 22 11.0 8 4.0 30 15.0
>= 70 8 4.0' 6 3.0 14 7.0
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100.0
Biology | 7
2102( عام 2( العدد ) 30الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية المجلد ) مجلة إبن
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.03 (2) 2017
Table (3): Distributions the demographic characteristics.
Demographic
characteristics
Cases Controls Total P-value
NO. % NO. % NO %
Residence
Urban 70 35.0 71 35.5 141 70.5 0.87
Rural 30 15.0 29 14.5 59 29.5
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100
Occupation
Gov. employee 15 7.5 20 10.0 35 17.5 0.003*
Free profession 33 16.0 14 7.0 47 23.5
Unemployed 10 5.0 17 8.5 27 13.5
Retired 12 6.0 8 4.0 20 10.0
Private sector employee 2 1.5 12 6.0 14 7.0
Other 28 14.0 29 14.5 57 28.5
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100
Educational level
Illiterate 14 7.0 3 1.5 17 8.5 0.000*
Read & write 25 12.5 6 3.0 31 15.5
Primary 24 12.0 20 10.0 44 22.0
Intermediate 10 5.0 13 6.5 23 11.5
Secondary 18 9.0 28 14.0 46 23.0
Higher education 9 4.5 30 15.0 39 19.5
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100
* Statistically significant.
Table (4): Distributions of the s ample according to family history.
Family history
Cases Controls Total Test
NO. % NO. % NO %
Hypertension
Have H.T. 53 26.5 47 23.5 100 50.0 O.R.= 1.2716
Have not H.T. 47 23.5 53 26.5 100 50.0 (95%CI) =0.729 - 2.215
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100 P-value=0.396 NS
Heart disease
Have H.D. 30 15.0 23 11.5 53 26.5 O.R.= 1.4348
Have not H.D. 70 35.0 77 38.5 147 73.5 (95%CI)=0.762 - 2.703
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100 P-value=0.262 NS
Diabetes mellitus
Have D.M. 41 20.5 45 22.5 86 43.0 O.R.= 0.8493
Have not D.M. 59 29.5 55 27.5 114 57.0 (95%CI)=0.485 - 1.4875
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100 P-value=0.568 NS
Biology | 8
2102( عام 2( العدد ) 30الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية المجلد ) مجلة إبن
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.03 (2) 2017
Table (5): Distributions of population according to BMI.
BMI
Groups
Total
Case Controls
NO. % NO. % NO %
Under weight 1 .5 4 2.0 5 2.5
Normal weight 32 16.0 31 15.5 63 31.5
Over weight 47 23.5 43 21.5 90 4 5.0
Obese 20 10.0 22 11.0 42 21.0
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100.0
"P-value" = 0.002 S "df" =3
Table (6): Distributions of study population according to chronic diseases
Chronic diseases
Cases Controls Total Test
NO. % NO. % NO %
Hypertension
Have H.T. 53 26.5 37 18.5 90 45.0 O.R.= 1.92
Have not H.T. 47 23.5 63 31.5 110 55.0 (95% C1)=1.0915 - 3.378
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100 P-Value= 0.02 S
Diabetes mellitus
Have D.M. 40 20.0 22 11.0 62 31.0 O.R.= 2.3636
Have not D.M. 60 30.0 78 39.0 138 69.0 (95% C1)=1.272 - 4.392
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100 P-Value= 0.006 S
Kidney disease
Have K.D. 20 10.0 12 6.0 32 16.0 O.R.= 1.833
Have not K.D. 80 40.0 88 44.0 168 84.0 (95% C1)=0.843- 3.988
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100 P-Value= 0.123 NS
Thyrotoxicosis
Have thyro. 7 3.5 9 4.5 16 8.0 O.R.= 0.761
Have not thyro. 93 46.5 91 45.5 184 90.2 (95% C1) =0.272- 2.13
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100 P-Value= 0.602 NS
Biology | 9
2102( عام 2( العدد ) 30الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية المجلد ) مجلة إبن
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.03 (2) 2017
Table (7): Distribution of study population according to smoking behavior
Smoking
Behavior
Cases Controls Total Test
NO. % NO. % NO % O.R (95%CI)
Smoking habit
Passive smoker’s 22 11.0 20 10.0 42 21.0 vvcfee 1.018 - 4.589
Smoker’s 49 24.5 23 11.5 72 36.0 4.1874 2.148 - 8.161
Never smoker’s 29 14.5 57 28.5 86 43.0 - -
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100 - -
Duration of smoking
1-10 years 5 2.5 2 1.0 7 3.5 3.774 0.705-20.203
10-20 years 14 7.0 7 3.5 21 10.5 3.019 1.1403-7.996
20-30 years 11 5.5 4 2.0 15 7.5 4.152 1.253-13.755
30-40 years 15 7.5 8 4.0 23 11.5 2.8309 1.119-7.1619
More 40 years 4 2.0 2 1.0 6 3.0 3.019 0.5332-17.0991
NO smoking 51 25.5 77 38.5 128 64.0 - -
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100.0 - -
Number of cigarettes per day
< 20 cpd 1 0.5 3 1.5 4 2.0 0.503 0.0509-4.9736
20-40 cpd 17 8.5 14 7.0 31 15.5 0.833 0.8312-4.0433
40-60 cpd 23 11.5 5 2.5 28 14.0 6.945 4.4799-19.4505
More 60 cpd 8 4.0 1 0.5 9 4.5 12.078 1.466-99.5056
No smoking 51 25.5 77 38.5 128 64.0 - -
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100.0 - -
Table (8): Distribution of study population according to lipid profile.
Lipid profile
Cases Controls Total Test
NO. % NO. % NO % O.R (95%CI)
HDL
High 4 2.0 5 2.5 9 4.5 0.352 0.0829-1.502
Normal 62 31.0 80 40.0 142 71.0 0.3419 0.1711-0.6831
Low 34 17.0 15 7.5 49 24.5 - -
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100.0 - -
LDL
High 34 17.0 22 11.0 56 28.0 1.5455 0.2062-11.7917
Normal 64 32.0 76 38.0 140 70.0 0.8421 0.1153-6.1481
Low 2 1.0 2 1.0 4 2.0 - -
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100.0 - -
Cholesterol
High 28 14.0 31 15.5 59 29.5 3.1613 0.6056-16.5019
Normal 70 35.0 62 31.0 132 66.0 3.9516 0.7913-19.7344
Low 2 1.0 7 3.5 9 4.5 - -
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100.0 - -
Triglycerides
High 39 19.5 36 18.0 75 37.5 1.444 0.3023-6.9013
Normal 58 29.0 60 30.0 118 59.0 1.2889 0.2764-6.0114
Low 3 1.5 4 2.0 7 3.5 - -
Total 100 50.0 100 50.0 200 100.0 - -