Conseguences of soil crude oil pollution on some wood properties of olive trees https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1943 Physics | 52 2018( عام 2( العدد ) 31مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية المجلد ) Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.31 (2) 2018 Measurement of Radon Concentration in College of Education for Pure Science / Ibn Al- Haitham Buildings Using CR-39 Detector Duaa Abed Salim Sameera Ahmed Ebrahiem Dept. of Physics / College of Education for Pure Science /(Ibn Al Haitham) University of Baghdad . Husseinsh2007@yahoo.com Received in:2/January/2018, Accepted in:24/January/2018 Abstract In the present work , radon concentration was measured indoor buildings in the College of Education for Pure Science/ Ibn Al- Haitham University of Baghdad using detector (CR-39) by counting track of alpha resulting from decay series of uranium on the detectors which have exposure to air inside the rooms for (30) days , have been applied the equation (1) and (2) to calculate concentrations of Radon and the results showed that all samples were within the allowable range globally except two samples F1 and F2 where concentrations were (445.868Bq/m3) and (436.791Bq/m3) respectively , they were higher than allowable range globally which was (200-300) Bq/m3 recorded by (ICRP) [1] . Kay word: Radon, reaction, Calibration, detector, Radiation. https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1942%201 mailto:Husseinsh2007@yahoo.com https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1943 Physics | 53 2018( عام 2( العدد ) 31لمجلد )ا مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.31 (2) 2018 Introduction Radon is a gas that results from the disintegration of 235Uand 238U or 232Th, as both sources of Radon are 232Th and 235Uand238U which are found in low concentration in rock and soil [2]. Its atomic number is (86) and mass number is (222) in the periodic table [3]. Radon is a rare natural element as it is found in gas form, noble and radioactive in its isotopes. Radon gas can gather in buildings, especially in closed regions, such as under roofs and basement. It is found in some spring waters and hot springs too [4]. But from other opinion, inhalation may be a problem to human's health. Since Radon is noble gas, this guarantees that it cannot be frozen through chemical reactions [5]. 226 Ra whose half-life is (1600) years can be formed through Radon decay with 238 U during four intermediate cases in order to form 226Ra, after that it decays to form 222Rngas which has half -life (3.82) days, which in turn gives sufficient time to be diffused through soil and into houses, where it then disintegrates in order that it can produce more radiologically active Radon breeds (Radon daughters) [4]. The presence of 226 Ra in the ground of the facilities and in the building materials is considered the main radon source [6]. The outside air also has a role to Radon concentration indoors, through the air ventilation. Other Radon sources can be existed in tap-water; the domestic gas supplies are generally 229Rn source. It was noticed that high indoor Radon levels are created from Radon that is in the underlying rocks and soils [7]. Experimental Details Radon concentration was measured using solid state nuclear track detectors type CR-39 detector with a thickness of (250 µm) and the approximate area (1cm²) were used in this work. The detectors are covered from both sides with plastic and this plastic is removed when the detector is used to prevent detector from radiation background and there are distortions that occur as a result of exposure to external stresses,where detectors were distributed in random buildings inside College of Education , in every room placed two detector . The detectors were placed at hight (160cm) for (30) days. After it has been collected for the configured to chemical etching process using sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) , water bath from type (Memmert) German-made used for heating sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) and the temperature was suitable for etching process of CR - 39 detectors (60 C°) for four hours , afterward previewed microscopically to count number of track for alpha per unit area and calculate radon concentrations after the comparison process with standard source as shown in figure (1). Calibration of the CR -39 detector in the present work , four (CR – 39) detectors were used standard source (226Ra) .Figure (2) shows the relation between the exposure of Radon (Es) and the density of track (ρs). Slope= ρs/ Es… (1) where: ρs is the density of track of standard source (tracks/mm2). Esis the exposure of Radon of standard source (Bq/m 3).days = (Bq/m3) The radon concentration was determined by using the following equation [8,9] : CRn(Bq/m3) =1/slop* (ρ/t )… (2) Since : 1/slop= Es (Bq.d/m 3) /ρs(track/mm 2) CRnis radon concentration It has been calculation of the effects of radiation ; 1-The annual effective dose (AED) in units (mSv/y) was calculated by using following equation[10] . https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1942%201 https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1943 Physics | 54 2018( عام 2( العدد ) 31لمجلد )ا مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.31 (2) 2018 AED (m Sv/y) =CRn* F * H * T * D …(3) Where , F: is the equilibrium factor , F= (0.4) H : is the occupancy factor , H =(0.8) [11] . T :is the time in one year in hours , T= (8760 h/y). D:is the dose conversion factor D = (9*10-6 (m Sv) / (Bq.h.m-3)) [11]. 2-The lung cancer cases per year per million person (CPPP) was calculated using the following equation [12,13] : (CPPP) = AED *(18*10-6 mSv.y-1)… (4) 3-Exposure to radon progeny (EP) in term of (WLM Y -1) units was calculated using the following equation [14]: EP(WLM Y-1) = 8760 * n * F *CRn / 170* 3700 … (5) n : is the fraction of time spent indoors n= (0.8) . where the number of hours per yearis (8760) and is the number of hours per working month(170) [11] . 4-The potential Alpha energy concentration (PAEC) in units (WL) were calculated using the following equation [12,15] : PAEC (WL) = F * CRn / 3700 … (6) Where CRn : is the radon concentration in (Bq.m -3) units . F : is the equilibrium factor F = (0.4) . (a) (b) Figure (1): CR-39 detector https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1942%201 https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1943 Physics | 55 2018( عام 2( العدد ) 31لمجلد )ا مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.31 (2) 2018 Figure (2): The relation between the exposure of Radon (Es) and the density of track (ρs). Result and Discussion In this work, radon concentration was measured indoor buildings in the College of Education. Table (1) the result obtained in this work for radon concentration indoor college buildings. y = 0.2568x R²=0.9728 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 ρ s (N .o f tr a ck /m m 2 ) ES (Bq.day/m 3) calibration https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1942%201 https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1943 Physics | 56 2018( عام 2( العدد ) 31لمجلد )ا مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.31 (2) 2018 Table (1): The radon concentration, the effects of radiation ((AED) , (CPPP) ,(EP) and (PAEC)) for concentration of radon in the buildings indoor college . Sample code Sample location CRn (Bq/m3) AED (mSv/Y) CPPP *10 – 6 Ep (WLM/Y) PAEC (WL) D1 Gr.floor 101.695 2.565 46.18 0.453 0.0109 D2 Gr.floor 152.08 3.836 69.06 0.677 0.0164 D3 Gr.floor 85.58 2.159 38.86 0.381 0.0092 D4 Basement 138.372 3.490 62.83 0.616 0.0149 D5 Basement 177.458 4.477 80.58 0.790 0.0191 PH1 1Fst floor 40.011 1.009 18.16 0.178 0.0043 PH2 1Fst floor 35.01 0.883 15.89 0.156 0.0037 PH3 1Fst floor 92.804 2.341 42.14 0.413 0.0100 PH4 1Fst floor 61.128 1.542 27.75 0.272 0.0066 CH1 Gr.floor 95.397 2.406 43.32 0.425 0.0103 CH2 Gr.floor 108.734 2.743 49.37 0.484 0.0117 CH3 Gr.floor 197.093 4.972 89.50 0.878 0.0213 CH4 Gr.floor 122.257 3.084 55.51 0.544 0.0132 CH5 Gr.floor 125.406 3.163 56.94 0.558 0.0135 CH6 Gr.floor 170.974 4.313 77.64 0.761 0.0184 CH7 1fst floor 164.491 4.149 74.69 0.733 0.0177 BIO1 Gr.floor 101.881 2.570 46.26 0.454 0.0110 BIO2 Gr.floor 202.465 5.107 91.94 0.902 0.0218 BIO3 Gr.floor 102.066 2.575 46.35 0.454 0.0110 BIO4 Gr.floor 131.704 3.322 59.80 0.586 0.0142 PS1 Gr.floor 120.219 3.032 54.59 0.535 0.0129 PS2 Gr.floor 132.074 3.332 59.97 0.588 0.0142 B1 1Fst floor 65.944 1.663 29.94 0.293 0.0071 B2 1Fst floor 97.435 2.458 44.24 0.434 0.0105 B3 1Fst floor 142.262 3.589 64.60 0.634 0.0153 B4 1Fst floor 135.779 3.425 61.65 0.605 0.0146 B5 1Fst floor 87.061 2.196 39.53 0.387 0.0094 https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1942%201 https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1943 Physics | 57 2018( عام 2( العدد ) 31لمجلد )ا مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.31 (2) 2018 Sample code Sample location CRn (Bq/m3) AED (mSv/Y) CPPP *10 – 6 Ep (WLM/Y) PAEC (WL) M1 Gr.floor 147.079 3.710 66.79 0.655 0.0159 M2 Gr.floor 140.225 3.537 63.67 0.624 0.0151 M3 Gr.floor 149.394 3.769 67.84 0.665 0.0161 M4 1Fst floor 78.355 1.976 35.58 0.349 0.0084 M5 Gr.floor 75.577 1.906 34.32 0.336 0.0081 L1 Gr.floor 159.675 4.028 72.51 0.711 0.0172 L2 Gr.floor 74.65 1.883 33.89 0.332 0.008 L3 Gr.floor 58.905 1.486 26.74 0.262 0.0063 L4 First floor 47.976 1.210 21.78 0.213 0.0051 L5 First floor 45.753 1.154 20.77 0.203 0.0049 L6 First floor 34.639 0.873 15.73 0.154 0.0037 C1 Gr.floor 17.412 0.439 7.90 0.077 0.0018 C2 Gr.floor 213.95 5.397 97.15 0.953 0.0231 E1 Gr.floor 21.302 0.537 96.73 0.094 0.0023 E2 Gr.floor 60.387 1.5234 27.42 0.269 0.0065 F1 Basement 445.868 11.248 202.47 1.987 0.0482 F2 Basement 436.791 11.019 198.35 1.946 0.0472 R1 Gr.floor 176.717 4.458 80.25 0.787 0.0191 R2 First floor 186.534 4.706 84.70 0.831 0.0201 H Gr.floor 60.572 1.528 27.50 0.269 0.0065 A Gr.floor 133 3.355 60.39 0.592 0.0143 CH8 Gr.floor 117.255 2.958 53.24 0.522 0.0126 Average 123.8652 (3-10) mSv/y [16] (170-230) [16] (1-2) WLM/Y [17] (53.33) mWL [18] Global limit (200-300) Bq/m3 [1] https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1942%201 https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1943 Physics | 58 2018( عام 2( العدد ) 31لمجلد )ا مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.31 (2) 2018 Figure (3): levels concentration of radon indoor college buildings. The radon concentration (CRn) as observed from table (1) , for buildings inside college of education varies from (17.412 Bq/m3) to (445.868 Bq/m3) with average (123.8652 Bq/m3) . The highest value was found in sample F1 which value of radon concentration was (445.868 Bq/m3) and the lowest value was found in sample C1 which value of radon concentration (17.412 Bq/m3) . All results of radon concentration were lower than the recorded value by [ICRP] except two samples F1and F2 were higher than the recorded value by [ICRP] (200- 300)Bq/m3[1] . As observed from the table (1) the annual effective dose (AED) was calculated using equation (3) for buildings and was found in samples F1, F2 (11.248 mSv/y) (11.019mSv/y) respectively, they were higher than the allowable limits and all samples were within the allowable limit (3-10 mSv/y) recorded by (ICRP) [16] . The lung cancer cases per year per million person (CPPP) vary between value (7.90) and (202.47) , all the results in the table (1) for samples were within allowable limit (170-230) per million person recorded by (ICRP) [16]. The highest value of exposure to radon progeny (EP) as observed in table (1) was found in samples F1and F2 which was (1.987 WLM/Y) and (1.946 WLM/Y) ,the lowest value was found in sample C1 which was (0.077 WLM/Y) , all the results of samples were within allowable limit recorded by (NCRP) which was range of (1-2) WLM/Y [17].The potential Alpha energy concentration (PAEC) as observed from the table (1) ,for samples the values were varied between (0.0018 WL) and (0.0482 WL) , all the result of samples were within allowable limit (53.33mWL) which was recorded by (UNSCEAR) [18] . References 1. (ICRP) (International Commission on Radiological Protection Statement on Radon), (2009) ICRP, Ref. 00/902/09, 2. (UNSCEAR 1993) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, ''Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. '', Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes. United Nations sales publication United Nations, New York (1993). 3. (UNSCEAR 2000) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2000)''Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation”, the General Assembly, 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 C o n ce n tr a ti o n o f ra d o n ( B q /m 3 ) Code sample https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1942%201 https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1943 Physics | 59 2018( عام 2( العدد ) 31لمجلد )ا مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.31 (2) 2018 with scientific annexes, United Nations Sales Publication, United Nations, New York, Report.1). 4. (NCRP 1988) National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, ''Measurement of Radon and Daughters in Air" NCRP, Bethesda, (M.D.),.97, U.S.A. November 15, (1988). 5. (EPA1992) Environmental Protection Agency, "A Citizens Guide to Radon, The Guide to Protecting yourself and your Family from Radon", U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 402-k92-001, May (1992). 6 .Nero, A.V. (1988), "Radon and its Decay Products in Indoor Air: an Overview", Chapter 1 of "Radon and its decay products in Indoor Air", Wiley Inter science,.1-53. 7. Castrkn, O.; Voutilainen, A.; Winqist, K and Miikelainen, I. (1985) "Studies of High Indoor Radon Areas in Finland", Journal of the Science of the Total Environmental.45,.18,. 311-318. 8-Wiegand, J. (2001) ''A Guideline for the Evaluation of the soil Radon Potential Based on Geogenic and Anthropogenic parameters '' Journal of Environmental Geology, 40, 949- 963. 9. Mahmoud, R. (2003) '' Measurement of radon and Its Daughter’s Concentration in indoor and outdoor throughout Gaza Strip " theses is M.Sc. Islamic University of Gaza. 10. Mowlavi, A. M.; Fornasier ,M.R.; Binesh, A. and de Denaro, M. (2012) " Indoor radon measurement and effective dose assessment of 150 apartments in Mashhad, Iran" Environ Monit Assess,184,.1085-1088,. 11.UNSCEAR United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation: (2000)Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, 1,United Nations ,New York,. 12.Ismail, A. H and Jaafar, M.S.(2010). " Indoor Radon concentration and its Health Risks in Selected Locations in Iraqi Kurdistan using CR-39 NTDs" Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE) , ldo 4th international Conference in Cheng du ,18-20 June. 13.Abdullah,A.A. (2013) "Internal and external radiation exposure evaluation amongst selected workers and locations in Iraq" Ph.D. Thesis, University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia,. 14 . ICRP "International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication", Protection against Radon-222 at home and at work, Annals of ICRP:Oxford: Pergamon press, (1994). 15.Kansal, S.; Mehra, R and Singh, N.P. (2012), " Life time fatality risk assessment due to variation of indoor radon concentration in dwellings in western Haryana, India" Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 70,.1110-1112. 16.ICRP, (1993)"Protection Against Rn-222 at Home and at Work" International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication, 65, Annals of ICRP 23 (2), Pergamon Press; Oxford,. 17.Ismail, A.H and Jaafar M.S. (2010) " Indoor Radon concentration and its Health Risks in Selected Locations in Iraqi Kurdistan using CR-39 NTDs" Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE) , ldo 4th international Conference in Cheng du ,18-20 June. 18. UNSCEAR (1993). "Genetic and somatic effects of ionizing radiation" ,United Nations, https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1942%201