Microsoft Word - 69-78 https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1945 Physics | 69 2018) عام 2) العدد ( 31المجلد ( مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.31 (2) 2018 Calculation of Stopping Power and Range of Nitrogen Ions with the Skin Tissue in the Energies of (1-1000) MeV Saad Nafea Yaqoob Directorate of Education of the first Rusafa. Ministry of Education. saadalzaide69@gmail.com Bashair Mohammed Saied Dept. of Physics/College of Education (Ibn Al- Haitham) for Pure Sciences/University of Baghdad. Received in:6/May/2018, Accepted in:27/June/2018 Abstract The use of heavy ions in the treatment of cancer tumors allows for accurate radiation of the tumor with minimal collateral damage that may affect the healthy tissue surrounding the infected tissue. For this purpose, the stopping power and the range to which these particles achieved of Nitrogen (N) in the skin tissue were calculated by programs SRIM (The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter),(SRIM Dictionary) [1],(CaSP)(Convolution approximation for Swift Particles  )[2]which are famous programs to calculate stopping power of material and Bethe formula , in the energy range (1 - 1000) MeV .Then the semi - empirical formulas to calculate the stopping power and range of Nitrogen ions in the skin tissue were founded from fitting for average the values which calculated by using these programs using (MATLAB2016) program,the maximum value of energy for Nitrogen ions can lose along its path in skin tissue is founded and the range correspond to this value, the maximum range for Nitrogen ions can be reached in the skin tissue is founded too .The importance of the research is to know the data of thes particles and their use in treatment without causing a bad effect on the patient. Keywords:  Stopping power, Range, Nitrogen ions, skin tissue.    https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1945 Physics | 70 2018) عام 2) العدد ( 31لمجلد (ا مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.31 (2) 2018 Introduction Of the important quantities that must be known when studying the particles therapy field or interaction of heavy particles with matter is the stopping power and range.The stopping power is the ability of the medium to stop the particles which penetrate it,the mass stopping power of a material is obtained by dividing the stopping power by the density (ρ). Unit for mass stopping power is Mev.cm g 3,4 , the range of the particle is the average distance travelled before the particle loses all its original kinetic energy [5],which computed by numerical integration of the stopping power.These quantities are studied to determine the energy needed for the particle to penetrate a specific dimension in the tissue,the energy range (1-1000)MeV has been chosen because in low energies heavy ions cannot penetrate the materials as the light particles. The interaction of charged particles with materials enters a number of medical fields and nuclear interactions; generally, the interaction of heavy charged particles such as Nitrogen (N) is different from that of other particles such as protons and alpha particles, which makes it more positive in the treatment of cancer diseases because of the ionic density in the latter orbit, making the damage in the RNA molecule in one cell more effective and this increases the biological efficiency of the dose factor (1.5-3) compared with the use of protons [6]. The aim of this work is to study appropriate database can be chosen by selecting the appropriate energy of Nitrogen ions to irradiate the infected skin tissue and prevent the passage of these particles into adjacent non-infected tissues, which may cause adverse medical effects on the patient, tables (1) & (2) show some properties of both Nitrogen ion and skin tissue respectively [18,19]. Table (1): Properties of Nitrogenion Name of element Sym bol Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons Atomic weight (amu) Electrons configuration Valenc y Atomic density atoms/cm3 x1022 Nitrogen N 7 7 7 14.0067 4 [He]2s22p3 3 4.4111 Table (2): Properties of skin tissue Human Tissue Density g/cm3 Composition (element: fraction) by weight C Cl H K N Na O P S Skin 1.09 0.204 0.003 0.100 0.001 0.042 0.002 0.645 0.001 0.002 Thus, the range and stopping power of the skin tissue for Nitrogen ions will be studied using several programs which are CaSP, SRIM and SRIM Dictionary and Bethe formula, also we calculate the range of this particle.Previous research in this area has been carried out on this ion and carbon such as shown in references [7,8].In the present work we compared some famous and available theoretical (Casp 5.2)[13] and semi-empirical (SRIM 2008)is a software package concerning the stopping and range of ions in matter. Since its introduction in 1985, major upgrades are made about every six years. Currently, more than 700 scientific citations are made to SRIM every year [14 & 15], procedures of stopping power calculation has been checked using statistical analysis of deficits between computed and experimental data of (skin tissue) for (Nitrogen) ions in energy range of (1-1000) MeV. The range formulas were obtained by directly integrating the reciprocal of stopping power for (Nitrogen) ions and the values of the range for the (skin tissue) are calculated and compared with (SRIM). https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1945 Physics | 71 2018) عام 2) العدد ( 31لمجلد (ا مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.31 (2) 2018 Theory Stopping power The Bethe -Bloch formula is used to calculate the stopping power of heavy charged particles derived using relative quantitative e mechanics given by the relationship [9,10]: ])1ln( 2 [ln 4 2 2 2 22 0 2 0 42 0 2 ccI m m eKnz dx dE     --------(1) Where (dE/dx): stopping power Z: charge of the incident particle n: number of electrons per unit volume. m0: rest mass of electron. Ѵ: velocity of incident particle. e: electron charge. K0: 1/4 ЛЄ 0 I: mean excitation or the ionization energy of the medium. This equation shows dependence of (dE/dx) on the velocity of interact particle but (ln ) almost does not give any little change in (v) .Many researchers have reported different tables and relationships for stopping power. For mixture or compound the stopping power can be calculated from the following relation [11]: iii dx dE w dx dE )( --------(2) Where 𝑊 :Wight fraction of I the element, (dE/dx):stopping power Range of Nitrogen ions Because the stopping power depends on the energy of particle, thenit is possible to calculate the path of the particle which corresponds to the lower particle energy from the initial value𝐸 to some smaller value𝐸 . Based on the definition of the stopping power, that path is equal to the integral [12]       0 10 0 1 )( 11 0 0 T TT T T R TR dx dE dE dx dE dE dx dE dE dxR --------(3) Where dx: path length variable of integration. (dE/dx): stopping power. T0: the initial kinetic energy of the charge particles. T1: some limit of energy below the calculation cannot be performed. Results and discussion In the present work the calculations of the mass stopping power and range of Nitrogen ions in the elements of skin tissue (C=20.4%,Cl=0.3%,H=10%, K=0.1%,N=4.2%,Na=0.2%,O=64.5% ,P= 0.1%andS=0.2%) [14] in energy range (1- 1000)MeV have been done using the (SRIM 2008), (Casp 5.2) and (SRIM Dictionary for I m 202  https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1945 Physics | 72 2018) عام 2) العدد ( 31لمجلد (ا مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.31 (2) 2018 compound) programs. The results tabulated in table (3) and plotted in figures (1, 2, 3 ) show these measurements. 1-Using MATLAB 2016 we obtained the following semi-empirical formula for mass stopping power for Nitrogen ions by calculation of the weighted average for mass stopping power. 32 2 1 3 65 2 4 3 3 4 2 5 1 qEqEqE PEPEPEPEP .)S.P.in(P.W    PE We get the equation constants which are as follows: p1 = 0.001452 , p2 = -2.065 , p3 = 902.8 , p4 = 2.727e+05 , p5 = - 2.761e+05 p6 = -3.569e+04 , q1 = 14.56 , q2 = 23.18, q3 = -45.88 R-square: 0.9994 https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1945 Physics | 73 2018) عام 2) العدد ( 31لمجلد (ا مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.31 (2) 2018 Table (3): Mass stopping power for Nitrogen ions interacts with the skin tissue by using (four methods) Mass stopping power (MeV.cm2/gm) for (Nitrogen) in skintissue Energy of ion (MeV) Present work Bethe formula CaSP SRIM Dic. SRIM S.P.(P.W) average 5348.636351 5498.342706 --- 4762.8523485902.3 5829.87577 1 6664.196082 6634.273718 --- 5263.0765747353.66 7286.08458 1.5 7645.374797 7549.93627 --- 5763.3008018474.3 8412.20801 2 8361.436688 8268.893359 --- 6263.5250279300.42 9242.73505 2.5 8885.628442 8825.101834 --- 6763.7492539882.93 9828.62625 3 9267.338962 9256.841003 --- 7263.97347910279.86 10226.68953 3.5 9541.483557 9600.707628 --- 7764.19770510546.72 10491.20518 4 9733.364575 9879.342044 --- 8264.42193210714.22 10659.3842 4.5 9861.675633 10111.70696 --- 8764.64615810812.17 10758.30473 5 9940.45256 10123.01719 --- 8699.56809610860.46 10809.02347 5.5 9980.380449 10108.24712 --- 8634.49003410869.01 10821.24134 6 9989.691218 10076.91082 --- 8569.41197210857.77 10803.55049 6.5 9974.793011 10028.35965 --- 8504.33391 10816.68 10764.06504 7 9891.456953 9897.476491 --- 8374.17778610684.89 10633.36169 8 9759.445934 9737.666082 --- 8244.02166210513.47 10455.50658 9 9597.41597 9555.034872 --- 8113.86553810302.31 10248.92908 10 8647.4009098550.374333 ---7415.1862999141.6839094.253699 15 7753.203714 7619.180609 --- 6716.50706 8090.766 8050.268767 20 7000.109233 6927.222881 --- 6359.1745517228.57 7193.924093 25 6376.125145 6404.210358 --- 6001.8420426619.748 6591.041032 30 5856.608617 5950.732872 --- 5644.5095326115.147 6092.542085 35 5419.554539 5637.212168 6044.4372365287.1770235618.688 5598.546414 40 4727.6602044840.997116 5082.0387594572.5120054862.0294847.408699 50 4205.5379454298.381142 4403.9414264181.1897294309.5774298.816412 60 3797.328098 3861.807817 3898.0230943789.8674533883.248 3876.092723 70 3468.849045 3496.151626 3504.7910093398.5451773542.996 3538.274317 80 3198.223214 3211.266294 3189.5907863134.4115633261.797 3259.265825 90 2970.866049 2962.604411 2930.7986472870.2779493025.636 3023.705049 100 2214.256719 2163.353299 2111.3471122099.1421982221.138 2221.785886 150 1774.286927 1706.189704 1670.3930151664.9353261744.8786 1744.551875 200 1477.109751 1420.887228 1392.2212881433.4112511429.7185 1428.197874 250 1258.509254 1206.408714 1199.6532921201.8871761213.6094 1210.48499 300 1089.288779 1064.475676 1057.9220511077.2542821062.53 1060.196372 350 954.2707945 954.8027113 948.963801 952.6213887959.7696 957.8560555 400 844.7863435 872.8300878 862.4258826874.2780738877.922 876.6943946 450 755.5246614 799.3505753 791.9324599795.9347588805.3835 804.1515824 500 683.0508682 741.0540129 733.3342081741.8201841745.0517 744.0099594 550 625.045018 689.7032241 683.8101478687.7056094694.1249 693.1722391 600 579.8837272 647.3790763 641.3730382648.0007671650.502 649.6404998 650 546.3970222 609.3535828 604.5811076608.2959249612.6823 611.8549986 700 511.2011931 547.838088 543.9010829547.2791275550.4499 549.7222417 800 514.7370867 499.2052336 495.8667158499.1535146501.2245 500.576204 900 554.1427266 459.6853769 456.8551042459.8376999461.3039 460.7448034 1000 https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1945 Physics | 74 2018) عام 2) العدد ( 31لمجلد (ا مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.31 (2) 2018 2-The following semi-empirical equation were obtained from same program for range of Nitrogen ions in skin tissue: cbaEWPRange .).( We get the equation constants which are as follows: a = 4.617e-06 ,b = 1.794 , c = 0.002386 R-square: 1 3-We note that the maximum value of mass stopping powers found in Hydrogen element, because Hydrogen was gas molecules in the traversing path of the heavy ions and hence the more probability of interaction and more energy loosed, this conclusion is identical to what is stated in the reference [15].  4- From table(3)we found that the maximum value of energy the Nitrogen ions can lose along its path in skin tissue are ( 9989.691218MeV.cm2/g ) which correspond to the energy ( 6.5 MeV) . Figure (4), illustrates this. 5-We note that the range corresponds to energy which can lose along its path of Nitrogen ions in skin tissue is (0.002518656cm) in energy (6.5 MeV). Figure (5), illustrates this. 6-From figures (4) note that the theoretical values are consistent with the present work values of the mass stopping power values for Nitrogen ions in skin tissue indicating the validity of the present results. 7-From figures (5) note that the theoretical values correspond to the present work values of the range for Nitrogen ions in skin tissue, this indicates the validity of the present results. 8- Figure (6) shows the of the Bruuge peak the range to which the Nitrogen ions loses most of its energy in skin tissue. 9- Nitrogen ions can penetrate skin tissue a distance (1.115039336 cm) in the energy (1000MeV). https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1945 Physics | 75 2018) عام 2) العدد ( 31لمجلد (ا مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.31 (2) 2018 Figure (1): Mass stopping power for nitrogen in elements presented in skin using SRIM program Figure (2): Mass stopping power for nitrogen in elements presented in skin using CaSP program https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1945 Physics | 76 2018) عام 2) العدد ( 31لمجلد (ا مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.31 (2) 2018 Figure (3): Mass stopping power for N with skin tissue using SRIM ,SRIM Dictionary, CaSP programs, Bethe formulae and average for these values Figure (4): Comparison mass stopping power for N with skin tissue calculated by P.W and average of four methods https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1945 Physics | 77 2018) عام 2) العدد ( 31لمجلد (ا مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.31 (2) 2018 Figure (5): Comparison Range for N with skin tissue calculated by semi-empirical P.W and range calculated theoretically. Figure (6): The Braggcurve(P.W.) for N in skin tissue Conclusions The menders can be provided with a database of Nitrogen ions to enable them to deal with these ions to treat tumors in the skin tissue,we conclude that the atoms most responsible for loss of energy in the skin tissue are Hydrogen atoms,the maximum value of energy the Nitrogen ions can lose along its path in skin tissue are ( 9989.691218MeV.cm2/g ) which correspond to the energy ( 6.5MeV) ,the Range correspond to energy which can lose along its path of Nitrogen ion in skin tissue is (0.002518656cm) in energy ( 6.5 MeV).Nitrogen ions can penetrate skin tissue a distance (1.115039336 cm) in the energy (1000MeV),which allows the processor to take into account this energy and the corresponding range of the reach of this particle when used in treatment. https://doi.org/10.30526/31.2.1945 Physics | 78 2018) عام 2) العدد ( 31لمجلد (ا مجلة إبن الهيثم للعلوم الصرفة و التطبيقية Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 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