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Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 33 (1) 2020
Zainab I. Hasan Adel H. Taleb
Abstract
The study aims to assess some physical, chemical, and bacterial characteristics of two
drinking water treatment plants of Al- Dora and Al-Qadisiya in the area of Karkh, Baghdad,
Iraq. The areas covered by each plants and these sites of areas selected as the nearest and the
farthest point from plants, for winter and summer season. Some physicochemical parameters
of water quality were taken in this study and these parameters were temperature water, pH,
electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, free residual chlorine, calcium, magnesium,
nitrate, nitrite, sulphate and heavy metals (lead). In addition to four bacterial indicators of
drinking water pollution (APC, Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform and Salmonella spp.). The
results showed within the permissible limits for Iraqi criteria and standards for drinking water.
Keyword: water pollution, drinking water, physical and chemical properties, bacterial
contamination.
1. Introduction
Water is an essential component of the environment has a major impact on all vital
processes occurring within living organisms therefore, its pollution can cause serious damage
to living organisms and disruption of environmental balance ]1[. Monitoring the
physicochemical and biological factors of water bodies and the drinking water plants is
important for life of aquatic organisms and public health ]2[. WHO [3]. Emphasized the
importance to assess the treatment plants from the raw water source to users. Many countries
are interested in setting water quality guideline and water quality indices for household, agro-
industrial and other use [4,5]. Unfortunately, some sources of drinking water have become
exposed to different pollutants such as biological contamination (bacteria , viruses, and fungi)
and high level of inorganic elements or heavy metals such as Mg
+2
,Ca
+2
and Na
+1
,that are
toxic substance at increasing the limit, that makes the water unsuitable for consumption ]6[.
So drinking water is not valid for drinking when the rates of those pollutants are higher than
the acceptable limit or un safety ratio of these contaminants, especially bacteria and some
chemical elements ]7[. In the Tigris River stretch the pollution increase due to effluent
discharges by various uncontrolled sources as domestic, industries, agriculture along the
Assessment of the Quality of Drinking Water for Plants in the Al-Karkh, Baghdad,
Iraq
Ibn Al Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Science
Journal homepage: http://jih.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/j/index
zainabvaina_86@yahoo.com
Doi: 10.30526/33.1.2385
Department of Biology, Collage of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
Article history: Received 7 September 2019, Accepted 13 October 2019, Publish January
2020.
file:///C:/Users/PHD.%20Luma/Downloads/zainabvaina_86@yahoo.com
file:///C:/Users/PHD.%20Luma/Downloads/zainabvaina_86@yahoo.com
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Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 33 (1) 2020
downstream stretch so, river water quality monitoring is necessary to evaluate the water
quality for different uses ]8[. Contamination of water has been frequently found associated
with transmission of diseases causing bacteria, Vibrio, Salmonella, bacterial and parasitic
dysentery, and acute infection diarrhea causing E. coli [9]. It is reported that drinking water is
a major source of microbial pathogen and considered to be one of the main reasons for
increased mortality rates among children in developing countries [10]. Water quality is
determined by comparing the physical and chemical characteristics of a water sample with
water quality guidelines or standards. Drinking water quality guidelines and standards are
designed to enable the provision of clean and safe water for human consumption, thereby
protecting human health. These are usually based on scientifically assessed acceptable levels
of toxicity to either humans or aquatic organisms [11-13]. Although there are several
contaminants in water that may be harmful to humans, the first priority is to ensure that
drinking water is free of pathogens. The greatest risk to public health from microorganisms in
water is associated with drinking water that is contaminated with human and animal feces ]3[.
2. Materials and methods
2.1.Description of study district
This study has examined two water treatment plants in Baghdad city. Iraq included Al-
Qadisiyah (AQ) water treatment plant Figure 1. and Al-Dora (AD) water treatment plant
Figure 2.
Figure 1. Al-Qadisiyah water treatment plant from G.I.S.
Figure 2. Al-Dora water treatment plant from G.I.S.
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Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 33 (1) 2020
2.2.Samples collection
Water samples were collected from Al-Qadisiyah, Figure 1. and Al-Dora Figure 2. plants
in the district of Al-Karkh from final basin that reaches to the houses directly and another
water samples were taken from the tap water of the houses from January 2019 to August
2019. Water samples were taken by using clean glass bottles of 250 ml with tight stoppers,
and it has been sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C and 1.5 atmospheres pressure for 15 min.
The first group was used for bacteriological tests. A 0.2 ml of sodium thiosulfate solution
(10%) was added to offset the effect of residual chlorine. The second group were used for
chemical tests (APHA, 2012).
2.3.Physicochemical Tests
The physical tests of water samples were conducted in a field. Temperature, pH, Electrical
Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Salts (T.D.S) were measured by using (Milwaukee)
device and the free residual chlorine (Cl) was measured by using the HI 701 Free chlorine
(HANNA) device and was calibrated in the laboratory with standard solutions for the device.
The chemical tests of water samples were conducted in the laboratory. Calcium Ca
+2
,
Magnesium Mg
+2
and Lead Pb
+2
were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
and Sulfate SO4 , Nitrate NO3 and Nitrite NO2 were measured by UV-Vis Spectrophoto Meter.
2.4.Biological Tests
The bacteriological analysis was done using MPN method with MacConky broth multiple
tube method for determining the most probable number of coliforms according to APHA,
2012 [14].
3. Results and Discussion
Bacteriological tests the presence of total coliform in drinking water indicates the
possibility of water contamination by pathogens or disease causing bacteria or viruses that
exist in fecal matter ]15[. In this study is showed that total coliform (TC) and the fecal
coliform (FC) for the two water treatment plants Al-Qadisiyah and Al-Dora and also the tap
waters of houses were negative in winter and summer season (0 CFU / 100ml), no significant
biological contamination was found, these microorganisms are removed or died from water
due to the high concentration of chlorine action, the WHO and Iraqi drinking water standard
is set at zero because bacterium may cause adverse health effects. So the TC and the FC
values were not exceeded the allowable limit (Zero CFU /100 ml) [16]. Total count of aerobic
bacteria (APC) are showed the highest value was 4 in the tap waters of houses that away from
the plants and the houses near plants are recorded 2 while plants are recorded zero (Nil). The
APC values were not exceeded the allowable limit (10 CFU/ml) [16].
Physiochemical tests the water temperature, the highest mean value (27.13±1.27ºC) was
recorded during the summer season in water sampling of Al-Dora plant while the lowest mean
value was (14.03±1.03 ºC) in the winter season see Figure 3. The highest mean value was
(27.1±2.22ºC) during the summer season for the nearby areas from Al-Dora plant while the
lowest mean value was recorded (14.43±2.09 ºC) in the winter season and for the areas away
from Al-Dora plant, the highest mean value was (27.66±2.91ºC) in the summer season while
the lowest mean value was (15.90±2.22 ºC) in the humid season. In Al-Qadisiyah plant the
water temperature was recorded the highest mean value (27.93±1.44ºC) in summer season
while the lowest mean value was (14.33±1.03 ºC) in winter season. The highest mean value
was (29.36±1.44ºC) in the summer season for the nearby areas from Al-Qadisiyah plant while
the lowest mean value was recorded (14.16±1.69 ºC) in the winter season and for the areas
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Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 33 (1) 2020
away from Al-Qadisiyah plant, the highest mean value was (30.70±2.37ºC) in the summer
season while the lowest mean value was (15.33±2.12 ºC) in the winter season. The overall
range in water temperature was a minimum mean value in the winter season and a maximum
mean in the summer season seemingly these values followed almost identical seasonal cycles.
The raised of temperature in dry seasons than in humid seasons could be due to long and high
sunlight intensity [17]. The PH was recorded the highest mean value (6.57±0.18) during the
summer season in water sampling of Al-Dora plant while the lowest mean value was
(6.11±0.1) in the winter season. The highest mean value was (6.47±0.19) in the summer
season for the nearby areas from Al-Dora plant while the lowest mean value was recorded
(6.16±0.03) in the winter season and for the areas away from Al-Dora plant see Figure 4. the
highest mean value was (6.47±0.09) in the summer season while the lowest mean value was
(6.08±0.07) in the winter season. In Al-Qadisiyah plant the PH was recorded the highest mean
value (6.7±0.0) in summer season while the lowest mean value was (6.37±0.05) in winter
season. The highest mean value was (6.57±0.03) in the summer season for the nearby areas
from Al-Qadisiyah plant while the lowest mean value was recorded (6.32±0.04) in the winter
season and for the areas away from Al-Qadisiyah plant, the lowest mean value was
(6.23±0.09) in the summer season while the highest mean value was (6.3±0.07) in the winter
season. LSD shows no significant differences between water plants and water sites (P≤0.05).
The minimum and maximum mean value of pH recorded in present study was within the
permissible limits for Iraqi criteria and standards for drinking water [16]. which was range
between 6.5- 8.5. The lowest electrical conductivity (EC) mean value was 734.33 µs/cm (±
121.88) at Al-Dora plant during winter season and the highest mean value was 899.33 µs/cm
(± 26.42) in the summer season see Figure 5. EC values of nearby areas from Al-Dora the
lowest mean were 708.00 µs/cm (±81.99) in the summer season and the highest mean were
872.67 µs/cm (± 22.56) in the winter season and for areas away from Al-Dora plant the lowest
electrical conductivity mean were 693.67 µs/cm (± 82.08) in the summer season while the
highest mean were 777.00 µs/cm (± 51.42) in the winter season. The lowest electrical
conductivity mean value was 696.00 µs/cm (± 76.73) at Al- Qadisiyah plant during summer
season and the highest mean value was 875.67 µs/cm (± 56.36) in the winter season. EC
values of nearby areas from Al- Qadisiyah plant, the lowest mean were 680.67 µs/cm
(±89.40) in the summer season and the highest mean were 875.00 µs/cm (± 42.52) in the
winter season and for areas away from Al- Qadisiyah plant, the lowest electrical conductivity
mean were 636.67 µs/cm (± 74.22) in the summer season while the highest mean were 823.33
µs/cm (± 15.30) in the winter season. LSD shows no significant differences between water
plants and water sites (P≤0.05). The results showed a higher concentration of conductivity in
winter than in summer and thus may due to rainfall and soil erosion of the river or due to river
loads of tons of sand deposits and various elements loaded with salts [18].These values
obtained are not exceeding the permissible limits for Iraqi criteria and standards for drinking
water [16]. Which was 1500 µs/cm. In case of water T.D.S, the highest mean value
(464±17.21mg/l) was found during the winter in Al-Dora plant while the lowest mean value
(395.66±65.36 mg/l) during summer , the nearby areas of Al-Dora plant are recorded the
highest mean were (451.00±16.50 mg/l) during winter, while the lowest mean were
(367.66±40.88 mg/l) in the summer and for the areas away from Al-Dora plant, the highest
mean were(397.67±26.01 mg/l) during winter and the lowest mean(351.67±42.78 mg/l) in the
summer, the T.D.S water for Al-Qadisiyah water plant, the highest mean value
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Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 33 (1) 2020
(499.00±35.17mg/l) was found during the winter while the lowest mean value was
(384.00±58.97 mg/l) during the summer , the nearby areas of Al-Qadisiyah water plant are
recorded the highest mean were (460.33±31.48 mg/l) during winter, while the lowest mean
were (346.33±45.26 mg/l) in the summer and for the areas away from Al-Qadisiyah water
plant, the highest mean were (383.66±11.79 mg/l) during winter and the lowest mean were
(323.00 ±38.00 mg/l) in the summer. LSD shows no significant differences between water
plants and water sites (P≤0.05). Higher concentrations of TDS in winter are attributed to
precipitation, especially in densely populated cities and industrial areas where they carry
pollutants in the atmosphere [19]. These values obtained are not exceeding the permissible
limits for Iraqi criteria and standards for drinking water [16]. Which was less than 1000 mg/l.
The values of residual chlorine (Cl) are ranged from 2.3mg/l (± 0.12) at Al-Dora plant in the
winter to 2.7 mg/l (± 0.17) in the summer and the sampling water of nearby areas are ranged
from 1.9 mg/l (± 0.42) in the winter to 1.7 mg/l (± 0.21) in the summer and the areas away
from Al-Dora plant are ranged from 0.8 mg/l (± 0.19) in the winter to 1.4 mg/l (± 0.22) in the
summer. The values of residual chlorine are ranged from 1.8 mg/l (± 0.15) at Al-Qadisiyah
plant in the winter to 1.3 mg/l (± 0.12) in the summer and the sampling water of nearby areas
are ranged from 1.7 mg/l (± 0.15) in the winter to 0.9 mg/l (± 0.04) in the summer and the
areas away from Al-Qadisiyah plant are ranged from 1.3 mg/l (± 0.3) in the winter to 0.6 mg/l
(± 0.11) in the summer. LSD shows no significant differences between water plants and water
sites (P≤0.05). The gradual decrease of concentrations of residual chlorine from the addition
point to the farthest sampling point due to the decomposition of chlorine when it react with
water to Hypochloric acid (HOCl). This acid decomposes rapidly into hydrogen and
Hypochlorite ions [20]. The minimum and maximum of free residual chlorine values recorded
in present study were within the permissible limits for Iraqi standards for drinking water [16].
Which not less than 0.3. It has been found that highest mean calcium ions value 71.23 mg/l (±
11.71) was found in the water sample of Al-Dora water plant during winter while the lowest
mean value 52.86 mg/l (± 4.17) was detected in summer , the sampling water of nearby areas
are ranged from 60.40 mg/l (± 1.53) in the winter to 54.84 mg/l (± 2.33)in the summer and the
areas away from Al-Dora plant are ranged from 66.53 mg/l (± 6.23) in the winter to 64.37
mg/l (± 12.83) in the summer. In the Al-Qadisiyah plant the highest mean calcium ions value
was 64.67 mg/l (± 4.02) in the winter while the lowest mean was 63.15 mg/l (± 5.38) in the
summer and the sampling water of nearby areas are ranged from 61.37 mg/l (± 3.33) in the
winter to 61.18 mg/l (± 5.19) during summer and the areas away from Al-Qadisiyah plant are
ranged from 59.67 mg/l (± 0.98) in the winter to 52.66 mg/l (± 3.14) in the summer. LSD
shows no significant differences between water plants and water sites (P≤0.05).These results
showed that there is an increase in calcium values during winter, might be due to the increase
in water levels because of the rain falls that bring salts including calcium then increase of it
concentration in water, also the Off Cree operations occurred near the project intake exposed
new layers of soil led to increase salts in water including calcium, also the decrease of
temperature helps in CO2 increasing in the water and forming carbonic acid that helps in
dissolution the salts of calcium ]21[. The values of calcium not exceeded the maximum
allowable limits according to Iraqi criteria and standard for drinking water [16]. Which was
150mg/L. In case of water magnesium ions, the highest mean value 29.77 mg/l (± 2.48) was
found in the water sampling of Al-Dora water plant during winter while the lowest mean
value 17.91 mg/l (± 8.43) was detected in the summer, the sampling water of nearby areas are
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Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 33 (1) 2020
ranged from 30.93 mg/l (± 6.00) in the winter to 14.66 mg/l (± 6.75) in the summer and the
areas away from Al-Dora plant are ranged from 32.27 mg/l (± 2.74) in the winter to 14.22
mg/l (± 6.81) in the summer. In the Al-Qadisiyah plant the highest mean magnesium ions
value was 27.82 mg/l (± 3.07) in the winter while the lowest mean was 15.12 mg/l (± 7.08) in
the summer and the sampling water of nearby areas are ranged from 25.36 mg/l (± 2.62) in the
winter to 14.94 mg/l (± 7.28) during the summer and the areas away from Al-Qadisiyah plant
are ranged from 25.72 mg/l (± 0.51) in the winter to 12.47 mg/l (± 6.16) in the summer. LSD
shows no significant differences between water plants and water sites (P≤0.05). These results
showed that the Magnesium ions increased to high level during the winter season that might
be due to Mg
+2
ions in the soil which discharge the water resources by the actions of the rain
fall, industrial and domestic discharge, sedimentation by forming non dissolved compounds in
water, in addition to absorption of Mg
+2
ions by plants which depends on water temperature,
pH, and dissolved Oxygen concentration that record the highest levels of consumption during
summer due to the plant growing [22]. The study results showed that the calcium ion were
higher than Mg
+2
ions, that’s because the geological nature of the land, the results were
similar to [23]. That found that the Ca
+2
ions concentration values were higher than Mg
+2
ion
concentration during study period. The values of the Mg
+2
not exceeded the maximum
allowable limits according to Iraqi criteria and standard for drinking water [16]. Which was
100mg/L. Nitrate NO3, the highest mean value 8.97mg/l (± 0.30) was found in the water
sampling of Al-Dora water plant during winter while the lowest mean value 5.03 mg/l (±
0.90) was found in the summer , the sampling water of nearby areas are ranged from 9.58
mg/l (± 0.40) in the winter to 4.95 mg/l (± 0.90) in the summer and the areas away from Al-
Dora plant are ranged from 8.68mg /l (± 0.82) in the winter to 4.97 mg/l (± 0.91) in the
summer. In the Al-Qadisiyah plant the highest mean NO3 value was 7.50 mg/l (± 0.31) in the
winter while the lowest mean was 3.80 mg/l (± 0.72) in the summer and the sampling water of
nearby areas are ranged from 7.58 mg/l (± 0.29) in the winter to 3.89 mg/l (± 0.78) during
summer and the areas away from Al-Qadisiyah plant are ranged from 7.87 mg/l (± 0.33) in
the winter to 3.71 mg/l (± 0.93) in the summer. LSD shows no significant differences between
water plants and water sites (P≤0.05). The study showed that NO3 concentration is increased
in winter due to the precipitation and erosion of certain salts rich deposits, which contains
NO3 [23]. The results of percent study were agreed with Iraqi standard for drinking water
[16]. Which was 50 mg/L see Figure 6. In case of water sulphate content, the current study
has recorded mean values to vary from minimum mean value of 132.32 ± (36.33) mg/l in
water sampling during summer to maximum value of 166.69 ±( 8.42) mg/l during winter at
Al-Dora water plant and the sampling water of nearby areas are ranged from 178.10 mg/l (±
19.90) in the winter to 140.59 mg/l (± 40.55) in the summer and the areas away from Al-Dora
plant are ranged from 165.54mg /l (± 34.35) in the winter to 131.10 mg/l (± 38.23) in the
summer. At Al- Qadisiyah plant the minimum mean value of sulfate was 135.42± (39.01)
mg/l during summer to maximum value of 181.78 ± (5.47) mg/l during winter and the
sampling water of nearby areas are ranged from 170.47 mg/l (± 21.93) in the winter to 171.61
mg/l (± 31.95) in the summer and the areas away from Al- Qadisiyah plant are ranged from
146.77mg /l (± 15.35) in the winter to 149.34 mg/l (± 34.97) in the summer see Figure 7.
LSD shows no significant differences between water plants and water sites (P≤0.05). The
increase of sulphate values in the drinking water due to the traditional removing methods or
due to adding Ammonium alum with irregular doses [21]. The values obtained are not
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Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 33 (1) 2020
0
500
1000Temprture
PH
Ec
TDS
CL
Ca
Mg
exceeding the permissible limit for Iraqi criteria and standards for drinking water [16]. Which
was 400mg/L for drinking water. Most of results of nitrite showed U.D.L means under
detection limits in the bath water plants Al-Dora and Al- Qadisiyah plant and all houses that
near and far away from plants during winter and summer season. The nitrite was within the
permissible limit of the Iraqi standards for drinking water (3mg/l ) [16]. The heavy metals
(lead) results showed U.D.L means under detection limits in the bath water plants Al-Dora
and Al- Qadisiyah plant and all houses that near and far away from plants during winter and
summer season see Figure 8. The lead concentration was within the permissible limit of the
Iraqi standard for drinking water (0.01mg/l) [16].
Figure 3. Physicochemical Parameters in AL-Dora Plant.
Figure 4. Physiochemical Parameters in areas nearby from AL-Dora Plant.
Figure 5. Physiochemical Parameters in areas away from AL-Dora Plant.
0
500
1000Temprture
PH
Ec
TDS
CL
Ca
0
500
1000Temprture
PH
Ec
TDS
CL
Ca
Mg
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Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 33 (1) 2020
Figure 6. Physicochemical Parameters in AL-Qadisiyah Plant.
Figure 7. Physiochemical Parameters in areas nearby from AL-Qadisiyah Plant.
Figure 8. Physiochemical Parameters in areas away from AL-Qadisiyah Plant.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Temprture
PH
Ec
CL
TDS
Ca
Mg
No3
0
200
400
600
800
1000
January
February March
May
June
July
Temprture
PH
Ec
TDS
CL
Ca
Mg
No3
No2
So4
0
500
1000
Temprture
PH
Ec
TDS
CL
Ca
Mg
No3
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Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 33 (1) 2020
4. Conclusions
1- The values of microbial pathogens (APC, TC, and fecal coliform) were not exceeded
the allowable limit for drinking water in both of plants and all sites that near and far
from plants
2- The results of heavy metals (Lead) were not exceeded the allowed limits in all sites of
the study
3- The physiochemical parameters were not exceeded the allowed limits in both of plants
and all sites that near and far from plants
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