Microsoft Word - 27-33 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 33 (4) 2020   27    Study of Lung Cancer Hazard Due to Radiate Radon Gas for Two Factories in Industrial Region (Shaikh Omar) of Baghdad Governorate Article history: Received 25 December 2020, Accepted 20 February 2020, Published October 2020. Abstract During the winter, in the industry region (Shaikh Omer) and by applying a passive radon detector (CR-39), lung cancer risk has been measured in twelve rooms of different workshops of two old factories in this site. The radon concentration is ranged from (123.345 Bq/m3) to (328.985 Bq/m3) with an average of (244.19±61.52 Bq/m3). Lung cancer risk ranged from 55.993 to 149.346 per million people and with an average of (110.855 per million people) which were lower than the recommended values (170-230 per million people), so there was no cancer risk on workers in these locations. Keyword: Radon decay, radon risk parameters, Shaikh Omer region. 1. Introduction Radon is found in all types of soils and rocks in concentration that varies from region to region and during the seasons. when gas is sent out from the soil, it spreads in the open air at small speed and safe due to its half-life. Once it infiltrates into closed places,it can pile, and reach to dangerous levels relying on its concentration in soil, buildings materials. It can enter the buildings through groundwater or from the building materials that have Radium[1].when the radiation enters the lung, it decays inside it, which is the subject? save for a few amounts transported by blood. The risk of radon begins from the fact that when it decays, that it's solid decays products settle in the airways and inner surfaces of the lung. The decays products of    Doi: 10.30526/33.4.2522 Ibn Al Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Science Journal homepage: http://jih.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/j/index N. A. Mohammed Ministry of Education, Directorate General of Education Rusafa3, Baghdad, Iraq noorphysics1@gmail.com  S.A.Ebrahiem Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences Ibn Al- Haitham , University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.  samaeb85@gmail.com       28  Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 33 (4) 2020 radon are polonium (218Po), half-life (t1/2 = 3.05 min), which end with the lead (214Pb), half- life (t1/2 = 26.8 min), then Bismuth (214Bi) the half-life of it (t1/2= 19.7 min) down to polonium (214Po)which has half-life (t1/2= 162μs). Two of these products are emitters of alpha particles (218Po emitter alpha at energy 6MeV and 214Po emitter alpha at energy 7.69MeV), which are the main source of harmful radiation if they stabilize within the lung[2].The danger of lung cancer from exposure of the Radon and its decay outputs depend on their concentration level in the home; also the extent of time that a person ;is exposed to Radon exporter and whether the human is a smoker. Radon, that comes from the materials in floors, ceiling, and walls can grant rise to increase the concentrations of indoor Radon. The size of Radon emission from different portions of the building relies on the concentration of Radium in the building material, also the materials humidity, permeability, and porosity, furthermore the thickness of the wall [3] 2.Description of Study Area Shaikh Omar region as shown in figure (1), is an old industrial area located on the side of Rusafa and specializes in the availability and repair of car equipment and is one of the most important industrial areas in Baghdad, including a number of factories, workshops that contain many types of metals, tools and equipment for work such as Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) which is electro-mechanical device used to design several tools of metal. Figure 1. Shaikh Omar location in Baghdad governorate 3. Experimental Two factories dating to 1930s were chosen to monitor in the industrial region (Shaikh Omar) which had many workers who where spending spend long periods in these places (7 Am to 3 Pm). It was, therefore, necessary to recognize the radiation levels and their health effects to ensure the safety of the worker. Twelve rooms were chosen randomly, which belong  to different workshops that contained different types of metals and machines needed for their work. This study was done using, Solid-state nuclear detectors type CR-39 which distributed inside study positions in different numbers, and at a height of 150cm from the ground level. After an exposure time of 30 days, the parts of the detector was collected, and chemically etched by using NaOH at 60°C for 4.5 hours; the traces of alpha damage per unit area were       29  Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 33 (4) 2020 counted using an optical microscope with a magnification of 400X. Figure (2) shows the calibration curve between the exposure of radon (Es) and the track density (𝜌 ) in unit tracks/mm2 of the standard source (226Ra) with an activity of 181692Bq. The concentration of Radon in the air (CRM) in the samples was calculated by the following relation [4]. C (1) Where :(C ), represents the concentration of Radon in the air ( Bq/m3). = slope, that represents the calibration factor and it is obtained from the linear calibration curve in figure (2). (ρ ) indicates to tracks density (in unit tracks/mm2) from radon exposure inside the location which was calculated by dividing the average number of tracks per detector (10 readings were counted of each detector) by the area of the square (0.07mm2). (t) Symbolizes the time of exposure (30 days). UNSCEAR2000 reports (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation) consider that radon contributes 55% of the average annual dose per capita from natural sources. Continued exposure to radon at high concentrations can lead to lung cancer. is in allowable level at 150 Bq/m3 in new buildings and 200 Bq/m3 in old buildings[5]. After obtaining the radon concentrations, it can deduce the lung cancer with anther risk parameters as follow: 1. The Annual Effective Dose (AED) has been measured in a unit of (mSv/y) as follow: [6,7] AED mSv. y C x F x H xT x D (2) Where: Where: (F) is the operator of equilibrium which is of (0.4) as reports by (UNSCEAR, 2000); (H) is the factor of occupancy of (0.8), (D) is the transformation factor dose (9x10-6 mSv/(Bq.h.m3), and (T) indicates to hours per year (8760 h/y). 2. The Lung Cancer per year per 106 people (LCR) has been valuation in the next relation[8] LCR AED mSv. y x18x10 (3) 3. Exposure to Radon Progeny (EP) was measured as in the following relation: [9] EP (WLM Y-1) = 8760 * n * F * CRn / 170 * 3700 (4) Where: (n) represents the fraction of time spent indoors (0.8), (8760) the number of hours per year, and (170) is the number of hours per working month.       30  Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 33 (4) 2020 Figure 2. The Calibration Curve for the Radon Exposure (Es) and Track Density (Ρs) of Standard Source. 4. Results and Discussion The outcomes of radon concentration for twelve rooms in the two old factories which were calculated using equation (1) with standard deviation(S.D), track density, and rooms dimensions are given in table(1). in this table, it can be noticed that the concentrations of indoor radon ranged from (123.345±12.788) Bg/m3 to (328.985±46.074) Bg/m3 as shown in figure(3), and most values of radon concentrations have exceeded 200 except for two workshops (P1d and P1g) which had results exceeding 300 (328.985±46.074Bg/m3 and 312.732±40.517 Bg/m3, respectively), and two other were lower than 200 (P1a and P1b) at values 123.345±12.788 Bg/m3 and 131.117± 16.569Bg/m3. back to the 1930s and are poorly ventilated, that in these locations several types of chemicals materials Were used as well as different types of metals and equipment that were especial to these workshops. The average value of radon concentration was 244.19±61.52 Bg/m3 which was within the universally allowed limit (200-300Bg/m3)[10]. The health effects of this gas represented by annual effective dose (AED), lung cancer risk (LCR) per million people and exposure to radon progeny (EP) were listed in table(2). in this table, it can be seen that the values of AED were ranged from 3.110 mSv/y to 8.297 mSv/y, and with an average of 6.158 mSv/y which were within the universal limit (3-10 mSv/y) [10] .Also in table(2), and figure(4), the values of LCR were ranged from 55.993 to 149.346 per million people, and with an average of 110.855 per million people who were within the universal limit (170-230 per million people) [11].At last, in table(2), it can be noticed that the values of EP were ranged from (0.550 to 1.466 )WLM/Y, and with an average (1.088WLM/Y) which were lower than the accepted universal limits (1-2 WLM/Y) [7]. All result in this study more than another study in Baghdad governorate [12]. 5. Conclusion Outcomes showed that the average of radon concentration with its risk parameters inside these locations in spite of they were lower than the acceptable universal limits but some of these locations had a high value of radon concentrations that can pose a risk of lung cancer slope=0. 2545(track.m3/Bq.mm2.day) R² = 0.9953 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 T ra ck s  D e n si ty  ( tr a ck /m m 2 ) Radon Exposure (Bq/m3.day)        31  Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 33 (4) 2020 over time. also other sites had concentrations that could not be underestimated and should be continuously monitored to ensure safety of their workers. The results of radon health effects (AED, LCR and EP) were all within the acceptable limits given by ICRP, 2009. So, there was no cancer risk of radon in the two factories under study. Table 1. Code, Room Name with it Details, Track Density and Radon Concentration No. Code Room name Room details (LxWxH) Track density (No. of tracks/mm2) (CRn ± S.D) Bq/m3 1 P1a Workshope1 4x3x3 1008.592 131.117±16.569 2 P1b Workshope2 4x3x3 948.8077 123.345±12.788 3 P1c Generator room 3x3x3 2118.185 275.364±27.117 4 P1d Workshope3 4x2x3 2530.654 328.985±46.074 5 P1e Workshope4 4x2x3 2114.185 274.844±28.565 6 P1f CNC machine room 20x5x3 1965.615 255.53±26.727 7 P1g Office 3x1.5x3 2405.631 12.732±40.517 8 P2a Workshop 1 4x3x2.5 1902.054 247.267±27.608 9 P2b Workshope2 4x3x2.5 1973.346 256.535±35.683 10 P2c Office 2x1.5x2.5 1924.777 250.221±27.583 11 P2d Workshope3 4x3x3 1849.451 240.4286±29.41 12 P2e Workshope4 2.5x4x3 1800 234±29.771 Table (2): Radon Concentration, and Lung Cancer Risk with two other Risks Parameters in the Two Factories No. Code CRn(Bq/m3) AED mSv/y LCR/106person EP(WLM/Y) 1 P1a 131.117 3.306 59.521 0.584 2 P1b 123.345 3.110 55.993 0.550 3 P1c 275.364 6.944 125.004 1.227 4 P1d 328.985 8.297 149.346 1.4662 5 P1e 274.844 6.931 124.768 1.225 6 P1f 255.53 6.444 116.000 1.138 7 P1g 312.732 7.887 141.967 1.393 8 P2a 247.267 6.236 112.249 1.102 9 P2b 256.535 6.469 116.456 1.143 10 P2c 250.221 6.310 113.590 1.115 11 P2d 240.4286 6.063 109.144 1.071 12 P2e 234 5.901 106.226 1.042 Average 244.19±61.52 6.158 110.855 1.088 Universal limit 200-300 3-10 170-230 1-2       32  Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. 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