IHJPAS. 36(1)2023 Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences Journal homepage: jih.uobaghdad.edu.iq A Review Article: Green Synthesis by using Different Plants to preparation Oxide Nanoparticles Alawi H.AL-Abadi Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science / Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. allawaihussain2020@gmail.com Entisar E. Al-Abodi Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science / Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. entisaree2000@gmail.com Article history: Received 7 July 2022, Accepted 22 September 2022, Published in January 2023. doi.org/10.30526/36.1.2933 Abstract Green nanotechnology is a thrilling and rising place of technology and generation that braces the ideas of inexperienced chemistry with ability advantages for sustainability, protection, and the general protection from the race human. The inexperienced chemistry method introduces a proper technique for the production, processing, and alertness of much less dangerous chemical substances to lessen threats to human fitness and the environment. The technique calls for in- intensity expertise of the uncooked materials, particularly in phrases in their creation into nanomaterials and the resultant bioactivities that pose very few dangerous outcomes for people and the environment. In the twenty-first century, nanotechnology has become a systematic breakthrough. Metallic nanoparticles (steel or steel oxide nanoparticles) have attracted loads of hobbies because of their different physiological, technological, and chemical The biological technique is popular because it produces green nanoparticles in a n environmentally friendly, simple, easy, quick, and cost-effective manner. Amino acid phenolic, flavonoids, terpenoids, and proteins are examples of reduced and oxidizing agents. Agents of stabilization, synthesis using plants, on the other hand, was already being debated., basics of green synthesis techniques explored in this study with an emphasis on metals or metal oxides (ZnO, AgO, and TiO2), 246 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License http://jih.uobaghdad.edu.iq/ mailto:allawaihussain2020@gmail.com mailto:entisaree2000@gmail.com https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 247 IHJPAS. 36(1)2023 terpenoids as well as proteins, which can operate as chemical reducing and oxidizing agents, as well as stabilization and of agents. Green synthesis using plants, , is still being debated. kywords:eco-friendly synthesis, nanotechnology, biological activity. 1. Introduction Nanotechnology is one of the most intriguing fields for developing and utilizing materials consisting of interatomic structural characteristics. Nanotechnology was established. Advances in science in the twenty-first century, Particles with a diameter of less than 100 nanometers are known as nanoparticles. The dimensions were on a one-billionth scale of a meter and size partical was in the less than (100) nm. Nanoparticles are cutting-edge science and technology materials. Electronic agricultural (1-5) and other use in The domains of chemical and pharmaceutical (6,7). Approaches were applied. Size, technology, and science. While these strategies have yielded more nanoparticles, a basic understandingof the enhanced fabrication method is still necessary for commercial and industrial applications. In the available literature, two alternative basic techniques (such for example bottom-up and top-down techniques) analyzed to produce nanoparticles with the appropriate form, as shown in Figure 1. Traditional methods for producing nanoparticles include grinding machines, sputtering, lithographic processes, and etching. The bottom-up method (in which particles are created from less complex materials). and medical studies of nano-oxides from the effect on the human body, such as the effect of nano-oxide on the liver and kidneys [8].Various sectors continually offering more comprehensive solutions to the serious issues with silver nanoparticles [9] as well as other approaches to environmentally friendly processes. for instance, the production of silver nanoparticles [10]. Figure1. Top-Up and bottom –synthesis techniques material and metereral oxide nanomaterial[11]. IHJPAS. 36(1)2023 248 2. The Principle of Sustainability and Green Chemistry The first mentions of "green chemistry" in relation to environmental preservation date back fewer than 15 years. Sustainable development is progress that thinks ahead to the requirements and abilities of future generations. The emphasis on expansion sets sustainable chemistry apart[12]. Figure 2. Scheme extraction of nanomaterial from different plants IHJPAS. 36(1)2023 249 3. Synthesis Oxide Nanoparticles Using Plants The synthesis of nanoparticles utilizing biological organisms is a simple, ecologically friend ly method of producing the necessary properties in nanoparticles. Both sorts of organisms participate in biological synthesis. Plants are well-known inexpensive and environmentally beneficial natural chemical manufacturers. Plants have shown great potential in heavy metal purification and collecting because the residue of the thee toxic substances are also harmful. In comparison to other biosynthetic processes including those using bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and algae, plant extract nanoparticle production has a number of benefits [13] Figurt 3. Scheme extraction of nanomaterial from different plants. 3.1. Plants-Based Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles. A great number of leaves have been utilized in the production of ZnO nanoparticles. ZnO nanoparticles can be produced through biological processes. Zinc was first created in table 1, below. Oxide nanoparticles derived from the peels of fruits, leaves, roots, and seeds, as well as flowers. Due to the fact that it plays a part in the storage of information, activities that fight microbes, pollution, and climate change [14] Table 1. Production of zinic Oxide nanoparticles of leaves, roots, seeds, flowers, and fruit peel extracts Sr. Reducing Agent Part of Plant Size(nm) shape Biological Activitiesand application Ref. 1 Zizyphus jujube [Common jujube] fruit 29 spherical - 15 2 Cinnamomum tamala Leaf 62-57 Spherical and hexagona l - 16 3 Cayratia pedataLeaf Utilized in the immobilization Leaf 52.24 Hexagon al shape and spherical Glucose oxidase the immobilization of the Enzyme. 17 4 Aloe perryi [socotrina aloe] Leaf 15-50 - E. coli and (ZOI = 1–4 mm)S. aureus (ZOI = (2–3 mm) 18 5 Achyranthes aspera Leaf 28.63– 61.42 Hexagon al S. gallinarum MIC 0.195 mg 19 IHJPAS. 36(1)2023 250 6 Trigonella, foenum (graecum) seed Irregular, Spherical , and flake Needle Potential, application in Agriculture and Food industries 20 7 Solanum torvum Leaf 34-40 spherical Decreased serum, Uric acid level.and Renal performance in rats.Could affect hepatic 21 8 Atalantia monophylla [Wild lime] Leaf 30 spherical - 22 9 Rubus Fairholmianus root 11.44 spherical S. aureus (MIC = 157.22 g/mL) 23 10 Kalopanax septemlobus [Castor aralia] bark 500 - S. Typhimurium (ZOI = 26 ± 0.27 mm)and Degradation of methylene blue (69% degraded after 200 min). 24 11 Musa, acuminate peel 30-80 Triangula r - 25 12 Aquilegia Leaf 34.23 Spherical F. solani (ZOI = 13 - 14 mm and aeruginosa (ZOI = 10.3 0.19 mm). 26 13 Artocarpus heterophyllus [Jackfruit] Leaf 12-24 spherical Catalytic activity against methylene blue 27 14 Matricaria chamomillaL flowe r 62.4 - Pv. Oryzae ZOI = 2.2 cm 28 15 Pandanus Leaf 90 - E. coli (ZOI = 24 mm). (ZOI = 24 mm). 29 16 Solanum Leaf 34–40 Spherical renal performance in rats and Could affect hepatic . 30 17 Cucurbita seed 45-65 Rectangu lar, rod - 31 18 Phoenix dactylifera Root hair 30.87– 47.89 - Anticancer cytotoxicity and E. coli (ZOI = 2.7 cm. 32 19 Typha latifolia flowe r - - - 33 3.2. Nanoparticles of silver Nanoparticles are frequently used in numerous analytical procedures, in addition to biomedical applications, due to their unique physicochemical features. They're crucial in biosensor and imaging technologies . Silver nanoparticles are also used in instruments for many analytical methods [34-35]. They are employed in biomaterials as fillers. Recently, silver nanoparticle films have been employed. 3.2.1. Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Leaf, stems, roots, flowers, seeds, and fruit can all be used to make silver nanoparticles [36]. Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis. Utilization of Plant Extract cheval. As demonstrated in Table 2, IHJPAS. 36(1)2023 251 many different leaf extracts have been employed to make silver nanoparticles. Table 2. Synthesis of sliver Oxide nanoparticles from seeds, roots, flowers and fruit peel extracts. Table 2. Synthesis of sliver Oxide nanoparticles from flowers, leaves, roots,seeds, and fruit peel Sr. N o Reducing Agent Part of Plant Size(n m) Shape Biological Activities and application Ref. 1 Lippia citriodora Leaf 20 spherical phpohtootcoactatlayltyicticacatcivtivtyity(A(Acicdidoroarnagnegedye dye 37 2 Malva Leaf 50.6 Nm Spherical F. oxysporum, inhibited the 81%, alternate and F. solani (81%). 38 3 Helleborus odorus Waldst Lea f 10.45 Spherical Cytogenotoxicity (Allium assay) 39 4 Symplocos racemosa Leaf - - S. aureus, ZOI = 21.00±1.00 mm P. aeruginosa, (OI = 22 mm 40 5 Trigonella foenum-graecum Leaf 30.4 irregular Hemolytic activity (Human blood samples) 41 6 Ruellia Leaf 55.65 Nm Spherical CBB recorded CBB at 586, and 590 nm cancer line with IC50 = 68 µg/mL. Egraded the brilliant, blue and crystal violet absorbance, degraded CV 43 7 Psidium Leaf - - Potency Anti-chikungunya 44 8 Ficus, benghalensis root 42.7 spherical Antimicrobial [Streptococcus mutans, [Lactobacilli sp.] 45 9 Herniaria, hirsute plant 51,51 Spherical Photocatalytic, activity [Methylene blue] 46 10 Zephyranthes flower 10-30 spherical Anti-inflammatory 47 11 Melia Leaf 18–30 Spherical Dahlia Verticillium 48 12 Rosa canina seed 150 Rod, and Spherical - 49 13 Ziziphus Leaf 25.6 Oval ,and Spherical Exhibited ABTS activity IC50= 55 mg/mL.,and activity IC50 =520 mg/mL 50 14 Capparis zeylanica Leaf - Spherical C. albicansZOI = 20 mm,and E. faecalis ZOI = 20 mm, A. niger ZOI = 21mm 51 15 Osmium sanctum Leaf 36-40 spherical Photocatalytic activity (Paracetamol) 52 16 Ganonerion polymorphum Leaf 20-60 Spherical and Hexagonal E. coli 99.94% and B. Cereus (99.75% 53 17 Premna integrifoliaL Leaf 9-35 Spherical Cytotoxicto, cancer cell line (SiHa).flexneri MIC = 70 g/mL appeared Anti-oxidant, activity IC50 = 524.19 2.63 g/mL 54 14 Capparis zeylanica Leaf - Spherical C. albicansZOI = 20 mm,and E. faecalis ZOI = 20 mm, A. niger ZOI = 21mm 51 3.3. Nanoparticles of Titanium Oxide. Titania (in the form of TiO2 nanoparticles) has unique magnetic, thermal, optical and electrical properties. oxide was usually found in three different forms: brook ite polymorphs , and rutile. Photocatalytic degradation and splitting, electrical and electrochromic, sensing IHJPAS. 36(1)2023 252 instruments, and photovoltaic cells are the most prominent applications of TiO2. Titanium oxide nanoparticles, like all other metal nanoparticles, had distinct morphologies (shape,size, and texture) and surface chemistry. It's used in themanufacturing of papers, meals, colours, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Hazardous compounds in water are degraded using colloidal titanium oxide nanoparticles. chemical vapour. Chemical and physical processes, such as chemical precipitation, Chemical deposition, hydrothermal sol-gel, and are commonly used to make titanium oxide. nanoparticles. All of these traditional methods necessitate high pressure, high temperature, and harmful chemicals. To manufacture nanoparticles on a bigger scale with less toxicity, however, ecologically safe, quick, and economical technologies are necessary [58 - 62]. 3.3.1. Leaves, seeds,roots, flowers, and fruit peel extracts were used to make titanium oxide nanoparticles. Plants are one of the most advantageous agents for the creation of titanium oxide nanoparticles among plants extracts, (precursor) is mixed with plant extract, the reaction begins quickly, and the color. Change (light-green to black) is the first indicator of the biosynthesis of titanium oxide, as indicated in shape 3,[63]. Plant phytochemicals (phenol, amino acid, carbohydrate, and flavonoid) influence titanium oxide nanoparticle manufacturing through stabilization and reduction the creation of titanium oxide nanoparticles among plants extracts[64], as indicated in Table 3. Figure 3: Plant-based green nanoparticle[64] Table 3. Synthesis of titinum Oxide nanoparticles from , roots, leaves, flowers, seeds, and fruit peel extracts Sr.No Reducing Agent Part of Plant Size(nm) shape Biological Activities and application Ref. 1 Nyctanthes Mentha arvensis Leaf 100- 150 Spherical Biomedical systems 65 2 Pouteria Leaf - Spherical Toward Aedes aegypti Exhibited larvicidal activity 66 3 reticulata [Orange] Coleus aromaticus fruit 24 - - 67 4 Aegle marmelos leaf 150 spherical Removed, ornidazole of Waste water 68 IHJPAS. 36(1)2023 253 5 Bixa orellana seed 13 _+2 Spherical -. 69 6 Aloe vera gel extract 80-90 Almost spherical Photocatalytic activity 70 7 Carica papaya Leaf 20 Spherical Degradation of RO-4 dye Photocatalytic ctivity (91.19%) 71 8 Hibiscus, rosasenansis Aloe barbadensis Flowe,r aqueous 7 Monodispersed, and spherical Antibacterial activity 72 9 Aloe vera leaves 32 Irregular, structure - 73 10 jasmine Flower 31– 42 Spherical Methylene blue dye (92% after 120 min) as exhibited excellent egradation. 74 4. Conclusion about Manufacturer's Future Roles The risk of contamination from the multiple chemicals used during physical or chemical procedures must be reduced because typical nanoparticle synthesis methods are expensive and produce potentially hazardous components. A significant frontier in nanotechnology is the creation of nanostructures from plant extracts, or "green synthesis." Additionally, extracts are readily available to develop a financially advantageous and environmentally responsible plan for scaling up and industrialising. This review concentrates on recent advancements toward the plant-assisted synthesis of novel metallic nanoparticles and critically evaluates the many techniques proposed to account for it. A multitude of benefits, such as eco-friendliness, biocompatibility, and cost-effectiveness, are offered by plant-assisted metal NP synthesis employing plant extracts. 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Santhoshkumar, T. ; Rahuman, A.A. ; Jayaseelan, C.; Rajakumar, G.; Marimuthu, S.; Kirthi, A.V. , Green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Psidium guajava extract and its antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2014, 7(12), 968–976. 73. Rao, K.G. ; Ashok, C.; Rao, K.V. ; Chakra, C.S. ; Tambur, P. Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using Aloe vera extract. Int. J. Adv. Res. Phys. Sci. 2015 ,2(1A), 28–34. 74. Aravind, M.; Amalanathan, M.; Mary, M.S.M. Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by chemical and green synthesis methods and their multifaceted properties. SN Appl. Sci. 2021, 3, 1–10. IHJPAS. 36(1)2023 Alawi H.AL-Abadi Entisar E. Al-Abodi Article history: Received 7 July 2022, Accepted 22 September 2022, Published in January 2023. 246 IHJPAS. 36(1)2023 (1) 1. Introduction 2. The Principle of Sustainability and Green Chemistry 3. Synthesis Oxide Nanoparticles Using Plants 3.1. Plants-Based Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles. 3.2. Nanoparticles of silver 3.2.1. Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles 3.3. Nanoparticles of Titanium Oxide. 3.3.1. Leaves, seeds,roots, flowers, and fruit peel extracts were used to make titanium oxide nanoparticles. 4. Conclusion about Manufacturer's Future Roles References