@1a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ÚÓ‘Ój�n€a@Î@Úœäñ€a@‚Ï‹»‹€@·rÓ:a@Âig@Ú‹©@Ü‹26@@ÖÜ»€a@I1@‚b«@H2013 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 26 (1) 2013 Effect of Carbimazol-induced Hypothyroidism on Male Rat Reproductive System Saadi M. Mahmood Mohammed N.Taha Gaida. A. K. Yahia Dept. of Biology/College of Education for Pure Science(Ibn-Al Haitham)/ University of Baghdad Received in:30 April 2012 , Accepted in:15 October 2012 Abstract The present study is undertaken to evaluate the effects of hypothyroidism induced by carbimazol in male rat reproductive system. Rats were treated with carbimazol (80 and 160 mg/kg body weight) daily for two, four, six, and eight weeks, while control rats were given distilled water orally. The results of these experiments are: 1-Treatment with carbimazol produced increase in body weight of treated animals. This increase was not statistically significant even at high concentrations. 2-Decrease in testicular weight was observed during all administration points. This decrease was aggravated proportional to duration and dose (p≤0.001). 3-Results of most intervals showed significant decrease in epididymal-head weight, while no significant decrease was observed in epididymal-tail weight. 4-Carbimazol increased seminal vesicle weight, particularly after six (P≤0.05) and eight weeks for both doses. 5-Prostates were responsive to reduce thyroid hormones by increasing its weight in a dose- dependent manner. Key words : Hypothyrodisim ,Carbimazol , Reproductive system ,Rat. 46 | Biology @1a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ÚÓ‘Ój�n€a@Î@Úœäñ€a@‚Ï‹»‹€@·rÓ:a@Âig@Ú‹©@Ü‹26@@ÖÜ»€a@I1@‚b«@H2013 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 26 (1) 2013 Introduction The experimental evidence available indicated that eaten food which contains thiocyanate interfere with use of iodine by thyroid. These foods known as goitrogens such as: Broccoli, cabbage, Kale and soybean (1,2). The use of thiourea derivatives such as carbimazol made the elucidation of hypothyroidism effect easier (3).Carbimazol is a common oral treatment widely prescribed for hyperthyroidism, The primary effect is to inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis by interfering with thyroid peroxidase-mediate thyroglobuline organification (4,5). Many investigations attempted to present coherent pictures concerning the relationship between thyroid gland and reproductive functions (6). This has postulated that thyroid hormones play a significant role in male but not female reproductive tract development in human and rodents (7). Therefore, anattempt has been made to present a coherent picture concerning thyroid-gonad interrelationships using chemical- induced thyroid dysfunction biosynthesis in male rat and the relevance of reproductive effects observed for prediction of adverse effects in man. Materials And Methods Fifty two male rats (250-300g) obtained from the institute of embryo research and infertility treatments were used throughout this study. They were maintained under standard laboratory conditions, in a well ventilated room with 12h light: 12h darkness schedule at 20- 30 C, and were given food and water ad labium. Animals were divided into three groups: Group I: Twenty rats were daily given orally low dose of carbimazol (80mg/kg body weight). Group II: Twenty rats ware daily given orally high dose of carbimazol (160mg/kg body weight) Group III: Twelve control rats were daily drenched distilled water orally. Then, animals were killed after weighed under ether anesthesia, autopsied after two, four, six, and eight weeks of treatment. Testes, epididymies, prostate, and seminal vesicle were immediately dissected out, cleaned from adherent mesentery and blood vessels, and then their weights were calculated relative to body weight (8). Testes volume was calculated according to the following equation (9). V=2/3(abc) x ת Where a=testis length b=testis width c=testis thickness 3.1416=ת Then testis was decapsulated and the tunica albuginea was weighted. Testicular tissue weight was obtained by subtracting the tunica weight from original testicular weight. Results One of the experiments performed was to determine whether hypothyroidism could affect the body weight by using carbimazol treatment. It can be seen that body weight gain in both control and treated groups, increased linearly with time and reached its maximum after eight weeks of treatment, but this increase was not statistically significant even at high concentration (table 1). The degree to which hypothyroidism affect testicular weight in carbimazol treated rats can be shown in table (2). It can be seen from these data that the testicular weight of these animals were lower than those of control group during all administration points. The magnitude of this reduction was proportional to length, so that it's maximum value (-23.23) reached after eight weeks. Table (3) shows that carbimazol caused inhibition of the volume of treated rat testis especially at the high concentration (160mg/kg); this decrease became significant after eight weeks for both concentrations. On the other hand, hypothyroidism was found to increase the 47 | Biology @1a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ÚÓ‘Ój�n€a@Î@Úœäñ€a@‚Ï‹»‹€@·rÓ:a@Âig@Ú‹©@Ü‹26@@ÖÜ»€a@I1@‚b«@H2013 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 26 (1) 2013 tunica albuginea weight of treated rats. These results summarized in table (4). It can be seen that this increase was more pronounced after four and eight weeks of treatment in a dose dependent-manner. The results here also showed significant increase (p≤0.05) after eight weeks of treatment at high dose compared with low dose. It is worth mentioning that the testicular tissue weight was decreased in all treated groups, but it did not show any significant changes except that of fourth and eighth weeks of treatment. This decrease was sensitive to the duration and dose, and reached minimum value (0.276±0.006) after eight weeks, see table (5). Table (6) shows gradual increase of epididymal-head weight with age for both control and carbimazol treated rats. In spite of this, all values of carbimazol treated rats were lower than those of control and statistically significant in all time points except the end point. Despite a trend toward decreased epididymal tail weight in carbimazol treated rats compared with control, this was decreased at each time points were not significantly different between age-match controls and carbimazol rats (Table 7). Carbimazol at high and low doses have increased the weight of seminal vesicle. After six weeks of treatment, high dose caused marked significant (p≤0.05) increase compared with control and other treated groups, then after eight weeks this increase was highly significant (p≤0.001). The relation between different concentrations of this agent and seminal vesicle weight is shown in table (8). Similarly, table (9) shows significant increase after six and eight weeks in rat prostate weight treated with carbimazol (160mg/kg) and reached highest value after eight weeks (0.393±0.017) while, the results of treated rats with low dose showed a significant (p≤0.01) increase only in last period. Discussion Recently many investigations are now actively being pursued to understand the primary effects of thyroid hormones on male reproductive and fertility (10). Results of the present study indicated that carbimazol caused structural changes in male rat reproductive system. However, there are controversies about hypothyroidism effect on the body weight and strong evidence is still lacking to draw firm conclusion. Data obtained from this study showed no significant increase in the body weight of carbimazol treated rats despite losing appetite. The result was anticipated, since, the decrease in thyroid hormones secretion lead to decrease in basal metabolic rate (11).A similar situation has been reported by(12). Alternatively, a different mechanism of hypothyroidism action can be suggested when (13) found that the seasonal loss of body weight observed in male mammals during sexual activity is correlated with elevated plasma testosterone level seems to be another reason for body weight gain. To aid the investigation of hypothyroidism effect on male reproductive system, reproductive organs were employed. These effects on testis activity are less clear-cut. The results presented here, showed that carbimazol reduce testicular weight. This may be due to that all previous studies were performed on neonatal rats while, this study performed on adult rats. This inhibitory effect is not unexpected and it is in agreement with finding of other investigator (14, 15,16). There are two possible ways to explain this, firstly, impairment of spermatogenesis as a result of delaying germ cell maturation (14). Secondly, the decline in steroidogenic activity of leydig cells (15,17). The fact that testicular volume always related to testicular weight explained the significant decrease in testicular volume observed in this study. The results also revealed that the absence of thyroid hormones decreased of epididymal weight. This observation is consistent with the suggestion that hypothyroidism induces epididymal hypofunction (18).One possible explanation of this finding is the decrease of testicular activity, this may cause decrease hormone support to epididymis which regulate growth and activity of this organ (19). 48 | Biology @1a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ÚÓ‘Ój�n€a@Î@Úœäñ€a@‚Ï‹»‹€@·rÓ:a@Âig@Ú‹©@Ü‹26@@ÖÜ»€a@I1@‚b«@H2013 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 26 (1) 2013 Surprisingly, carbimazol was found to have different effect on the accessory sex organs, increase seminal vesicle and prostate weight, since the growth of these organs was androgen- dependent (14,20).However,it can not be rolled out that adrenocoticotropic hormone (ACTH) increase in hypothyroidism (21) consequently, induce growth of prostate (22). Finally, (23) reported that circulatory oestradiol in male mouse is positively correlated with adult prostate size and number of prostatic androgen receptors. It is apparent that hypothyroidism may cause oestrogen increase (24). If this is true, it is reasonable that there is another reason for prostate weight increase. Thus, further investigation is needed to understand how thyroid affect process such as spermatogenesis which could help uncovers the connection between thyroid and male infertility. References 1. Stoewsand, G.S. (1995) Goitrogens. Food Chem. Toxicol., 33(6): 537-543. 2. Chandra, A.K.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Lahari D. and Tripathy S. (2004) Goitrogenic content in Indian cyanogenic plant foods and their in vitro anti-thyroidal activity. Indian J. Med.Res.119: 180-185. 3. Laurence, D.R. and Bennet, P.N. (1987).Clinical pharmacology, 6th edn, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh: 776. 4. Cano-Europa, E.; Blas-Valdivia,V.; Lopez-Galindo, G.; Franco-Colin, M.; Pineda- Reynoso, M.;Hernandez-Garcia, A. and Ortiz-Butron, R.(2010) Methimazole-induced hypothyroidism causes alteration of the REDOX environment, oxidative stress, and hepatic damage; events not caused by hypothyroidism itself. Ann.Hepatol. 9(1):80-88. 5. Saber, A. Sakr; Hoda A. Mahran, Amany E. Nofal (2012).Effect of selenium on carbimazol-induced histopathlogical and histochemical alteration in prostate of albino rats. Amer.J. Med.Medical.Sci 2(1): 5-11. 6. Billings, H.J.; Viguie, C.; Karsch, F.J.; Goodman, R.L.; Connors, J.M. and Anderson, G.M.(2002) Temporal requirements of thyroid hormones for seasonal changes in LH secretion. Endocrinology, 143(7): 2618-2625. 7. Jahnke, G.D.; Choksi, N.Y.; Moore, J.A. and Shelby, M.D. (2004). Thyroid toxicants: Assessing reproductive health effects. Environ.Health.Perspect, 112: 363-368. 8. Joyce, K. L.; Porcelli, J. and Cook, P. S.(1993). Neonatal goitrogen treatment increases adult testis size and sperm production in the mouse. J. Androl., 14(6): 448-455. 9. Kadhim, A.H.; Nakash, M.M.; Elias, E.A.; Wahid, I.N.and Mustafa, A.M.(1988).Reproduction of Rattus Frugivrus (Muridae Rodentia) in mixed citrus-date palm orchards of central Iraq. Biol.Sci.Res .J. 19: 761-771. 10. Singh, R.; Hamada, A.J .and Agarwal, A. (2011).Thyroid hormones in male reproduction and fertility. The Open Reproductive Science Journal, 3: 98-104. 11. Baquer, N.Z.; Cascales, M; Mclean, P and Greenbaum, A.L.(1976) Effect of thyroid hormones deficiency on the distribution of hepatic metabolites and control of pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in liver and adipose tissue of the rat. Eur.J. Biochem.68:403-413. 12. Abid M.; BillingtonC.J.and Nuttall, F.Q.(1999) Thyroid function and energy intake during weight gain following treatment of hypothyroidism.J.Amer.Coll.Nutrition 18(2):189-193 13. Ben Saad M.M.B; and Maurel, D.L.(2004) Reciprocal interaction between seasonal testis and thyroid activity in zembra island wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus): Effect of castration, thyroidectomy, temperature, and photoperiod. Bio.Reprod.70: 1001-1009. 14. Biswas, N.M.; Ghosh, P.K.; Biswas,R.and Ghosh,D (1994) Effect of thyroidectomy and thyroxin and ɑ24-globulin replacement therapy in testicular steroidogenic and gametogenic activities in rats. J. Endocrinol., 140: 343-347. 15. Antony, F.F.; Aruldhas, M.M.; Udhayakumar, R.C.R. and Maran R.R.M. (1995) Inhibition of Leydic cell activity in vivo and vitro in hypothyroid rats.J.Endocrinol.,144: 293- 300. 49 | Biology @1a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ÚÓ‘Ój�n€a@Î@Úœäñ€a@‚Ï‹»‹€@·rÓ:a@Âig@Ú‹©@Ü‹26@@ÖÜ»€a@I1@‚b«@H2013 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 26 (1) 2013 16. Handelsman, D.J.; Spaliviero, J.A.; Simpson, J.M.; Allan, C.M. and Singh, J. (1999). Spermatogenesis without gonadotropins: Maintenance has a low testosterone threshold than initiation. Endocrinology, 140(9): 3938-3946. 17. Kim,I.S.; Ariyaratne, H.B.S. and Mendis-Handagama, S.M.L.C.(2002).Changes in the testis interstitium of brown Norway rats with aging and effects of luteinizing and thyroid hormone on the aged testes in enhancing the steroidogenic potential. Biol. Reprod., 66:1359- 1366. 18. Jiang, J.Y.; Umezu, M. and Sato, E. (2000).Characteristics of infertility and the improvement of fertility by thyroxin treatment in adult male hypothyroid rdw rats. Biol.reprod.63:1637-1641. 19. Cooper, T.G. and Waites, G.M.H. (1974) Testosterone in rete testis fluid and blood of rams and rats. J. Endocrinol.62: 619-629. 20. Yeh, J.Y.; Tsia, S.C.; Kau, M.M.; Lo, M.J.; and Wang, P.S. (1999). Effects of thyroid hormones on the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) by rat prostate gland in vitro. Chin. J. Physiol. 42(2): 89-94. 21. Tohei, A.; Akai, M.; Tomabechi, T; Mamada, M. and Taya, K.(1997) Adrenal and gonadal Function in hypothyroid adult male rats. J. Endocrinol. 152:147-154. 22. Bardin, C.W. and Peterson, R.E.(1967) Studies of androgen production by the rat: testosterone and androstenedione content of blood. Endocrinology 80:38-44. 23. Thayer, K.A.; Ruhlen, R.L.; Howdeshell, K.L.; Buchanan, D.L; Cook, P.S.; Preziosi, D.; Welshons, W.V.; Haseman, J. and Saal, F.S.V.(2001) Altered prostate growth and daily sperm production in male mice exposed prenatally to sub clinical doses of 17ɑ- ethinyloestradiol. Human reprod. 16(5): 988-996. 24. Ulisse, S.;Jannini E.A.; Carosa, E.; Piersanti,D.Graziano , F.M. and D‘ Armiento,N (1994). Inhibition of aromatase activity in rat Sertoli cells by thyroid hormone. Ibid.,140:431- 436. Table (1): Body weight difference (mean ± S.E.) of albino male rats treated with two doses of carbimazole (80 and 160 mg/kg) and controls. Probability ≤ Treatment Efficiency (%) Mean ± S.E.(grams) D ur at io n (w ee ks ) Controls Carbimazole treated rats (mg/kg) III II I II I 160 80 N.S. N.S. N.S. +4.77 -5.40 53.33±3.33 a 56.00±7.65 a 50.60±10.04 a 2 N.S. N.S. N.S. +6.83 +11.24 75.00±15.00 a 80.50±12.10 ab 84.50±10.50 b 4 N.S. N.S. N.S. +11.76 +12.37 85.00±13.23 a 95.00±6.71 b 97.00±16.96 bc 6 N.S. N.S. N.S. +23.90 +26.42 88.30±10.14 a 117.00±12.9 0 b 120.00±6.71 c 8 Treatment Efficiency I and II: Doses 80 and 160 mg/kg, respectively. Probability I: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and controls. Probability II: Comparison between dose 160 mg/kg and controls. Probability III: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and dose 160 mg/kg. Different letters: Significant difference between means of the same column. 50 | Biology @1a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ÚÓ‘Ój�n€a@Î@Úœäñ€a@‚Ï‹»‹€@·rÓ:a@Âig@Ú‹©@Ü‹26@@ÖÜ»€a@I1@‚b«@H2013 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 26 (1) 2013 Table (2): Testes index (mean ± S.E.) of albino male rats treated with two doses of carbimazole (80 and 160 mg/kg) and controls. Probability ≤ Treatment Efficiency (%) Mean ± S.E.( w/w ) D ur at io n (w ee ks ) Controls Carbimazole treated rats (mg/kg) III II I II I 160 80 N.S. N.S. N.S. -5.14 -4.63 0.389±0.012 a 0.369±0.012 a 0.371±0.012 a 2 N.S. 0.05 0.05 -14.50 -12.98 0.393±0.016 a 0.336±0.016 ab 0.342±0.019 ab 4 N.S. N.S. N.S. -9.62 -5.06 0.395±0.015 a 0.357±0.015 a 0.375±0.026 a 6 N.S. 0.001 0.01 -23.23 -20.45 0.396±0.015 a 0.304±0.007 b 0.315±0.018 b 8 Treatment Efficiency I and II: Doses 80 and 160 mg/kg, respectively. Probability I: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and controls. Probability II: Comparison between dose 160 mg/kg and controls. Probability III: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and dose 160 mg/kg. Different letters: Significant difference between means of the same column. Table (3): Testes volume (mean ± S.E.) of albino male rats treated with two doses of carbimazole (80 and 160 mg/kg) and controls. Probability ≤ Treatment Efficiency (%) Mean ± S.E.(cm3) D ur at io n (w ee ks ) Controls Carbimazole treated rats (mg/kg) III II I II I 160 80 N.S. N.S. N.S. +3.42 +6.50 5.85±0.23 a 6.05±0.08 a 6.23±0.12 a 2 N.S. N.S. N.S. -5.02 -2.27 6.17±0.12 a 5.86±0.09 a 6.03±0.17 ab 4 N.S. N.S. N.S. -1.98 -0.17 6.06±0.38 a 5.94±0.12 a 6.05±0.11 ab 6 N.S. 0.001 0.01 -14.49 -11.18 6.35±0.13 a 5.43±0.27 b 5.64±0.17 b 8 Treatment Efficiency I and II: Doses 80 and 160 mg/kg, respectively. Probability I: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and controls. Probability II: Comparison between dose 160 mg/kg and controls. Probability III: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and dose 160 mg/kg. Different letters: Significant difference between means of the same column. 51 | Biology @1a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ÚÓ‘Ój�n€a@Î@Úœäñ€a@‚Ï‹»‹€@·rÓ:a@Âig@Ú‹©@Ü‹26@@ÖÜ»€a@I1@‚b«@H2013 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 26 (1) 2013 Table (4): Tunica albuginea index (mean ± S.E.) of albino male rats treated with two doses of carbimazole (80 and 160 mg/kg) and controls. Probability ≤ Treatment Efficiency (%) Mean ± S.E.( w/w ) D ur at io n (w ee ks ) Controls Carbimazole treated rats (mg/kg) III II I II I 160 80 N.S. N.S. N.S. +7.17 +11.48 0.0183±0.0006 a 0.0232±0.0014 a 0.0204±0.0029 a 2 N.S. 0.01 0.01 +52.5 +42.5 0.0160±0.0001 a 0.0244±0.0012 ab 0.0228±0.0018 a 4 N.S. N.S. N.S. +8.37 +7.31 0.0203±0.0008 a 0.0220±0.0011 a 0.0218±0.0024 a 6 0.05 0.01 N.S. +40.00 +14.00 0.0200±0.0017 a 0.0280±0.0014 b 0.0228±0.0011 a 8 Treatment Efficiency I and II: Doses 80 and 160 mg/kg, respectively. Probability I: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and controls. Probability II: Comparison between dose 160 mg/kg and controls. Probability III: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and dose 160 mg/kg. Different letters: Significant difference between means of the same column. Table (5): Testicular tissue weight (mean ± S.E.) of albino male rats treated with two doses of carbimazole (80 and 160 mg/kg) and controls. Probability ≤ Treatment Efficiency (%) Mean ± S.E.( w/w ) D ur at io n (w ee ks ) Controls Carbimazole treated rats (mg/kg) III II I II I 160 80 N.S. N.S. N.S. -5.48 -3.86 0.365±0.012 a 0.345±0.011 a 0.351±0.010 a 2 N.S. 0.01 0.05 -16.35 -14.48 0.373±0.016 a 0.312±0.015 ab 0.319±0.018 ab 4 N.S. N.S. N.S. -9.46 -4.59 0.370±0.015 a 0.335±0.014 a 0.353±0.025 a 6 N.S. 0.001 0.00 1 -26.60 -22.34 0.376±0.013 a 0.276±0.006 b 0.292±0.017 b 8 Treatment Efficiency I and II: Doses 80 and 160 mg/kg, respectively. Probability I: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and controls. Probability II: Comparison between dose 160 mg/kg and controls. Probability III: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and dose 160 mg/kg. Different letters: Significant difference between means of the same column. 52 | Biology @1a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ÚÓ‘Ój�n€a@Î@Úœäñ€a@‚Ï‹»‹€@·rÓ:a@Âig@Ú‹©@Ü‹26@@ÖÜ»€a@I1@‚b«@H2013 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 26 (1) 2013 Table (6): Epididymal-head index (mean ± S.E.) of albino male rats treated with two doses of carbimazole (80 and 160 mg/kg) and controls. Probability ≤ Treatment Efficiency (%) Mean ± S.E.( w/w ) D ur at io n (w ee ks ) Controls Carbimazole treated rats (mg/kg) III II I II I 160 80 N.S. 0.05 0.05 -27.39 -26.87 0.0763±0.0083 a 0.0554±0.0022 a 0.0558±0.0013 a 2 N.S. 0.01 0.01 -28.16 -33.49 0.0863±0.0092 a 0.0620±0.0023 a 0.0574±0.0059 ab 4 N.S. 0.05 N.S. -23.15 -17.08 0.0890±0.0066 a 0.0684±0.0054 a 0.0738±0.0093 b 6 N.S. N.S. N.S. -14.77 -14.77 0.0833±0.0122 a 0.0710±0.0068 a 0.0710±0.0066 ab 8 Treatment Efficiency I and II: Doses 80 and 160 mg/kg, respectively. Probability I: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and controls. Probability II: Comparison between dose 160 mg/kg and controls. Probability III: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and dose 160 mg/kg. Different letters: Significant difference between means of the same column. Table (7): Epididymal-tail index (mean ± S.E.) of albino male rats treated with two doses of carbimazole (80 and 160 mg/kg) and controls. Probability ≤ Treatment Efficiency (%) Mean ± S.E.( w/w ) D ur at io n (w ee ks ) Controls Carbimazole treated rats (mg/kg) III II I II I 160 80 N.S. N.S. N.S. -10.31 -11.34 0.0776±0.0127 a 0.0696±0.0016 ab 0.0688±0.0027 ab 2 N.S. N.S. N.S. -4.02 -11.15 0.0646±0.0185 a 0.0620±0.0023 a 0.0574±0.0059 a 4 N.S. N.S. N.S. +0.93 -6.51 0.0860±0.0120 a 0.0868±0.0038 b 0.0804±0.0100 b 6 N.S. N.S. N.S. -0.24 +2.89 0.0830±0.0108 a 0.0828±0.0048 b 0.0854±0.0015 b 8 Treatment Efficiency I and II: Doses 80 and 160 mg/kg, respectively. Probability I: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and controls. Probability II: Comparison between dose 160 mg/kg and controls. Probability III: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and dose 160 mg/kg. Different letters: Significant difference between means of the same column. 53 | Biology @1a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ÚÓ‘Ój�n€a@Î@Úœäñ€a@‚Ï‹»‹€@·rÓ:a@Âig@Ú‹©@Ü‹26@@ÖÜ»€a@I1@‚b«@H2013 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 26 (1) 2013 Table (8): Seminal vesicles index (mean ± S.E.) of albino male rats treated with two doses of carbimazole (80 and 160 mg/kg)and controls. Probability ≤ Treatment Efficiency (%) Mean ± S.E.( w/w ) D ur at io n (w ee ks ) Controls Carbimazole treated rats (mg/kg) III II I II I 160 80 N.S. N.S. N.S. +2.27 +3.37 0.086±0.005 a 0.088±0.005 a 0.089±0.003 a 2 N.S. N.S. N.S. +9.57 +14.14 0.085±0.004 a 0.094±0.002 ab 0.099±0.009 ab 4 0.05 0.05 N.S. +19.82 +3.26 0.089±0.012 a 0.111±0.003 b 0.092±0.005 a 6 N.S. 0.001 0.05 +30.53 +20.87 0.091±0.010 a 0.131±0.009 c 0.115±0.012 b 8 Treatment Efficiency I and II: Doses 80 and 160 mg/kg, respectively. Probability I: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and controls. Probability II: Comparison between dose 160 mg/kg and controls. Probability III: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and dose 160 mg/kg. Different letters: Significant difference between means of the samecolumn. Table (9): Prostate index (mean ± S.E.) of albino male rats treated with two doses of carbimazole (80 and 160 mg/kg) and controls. Probability ≤ Treatment Efficiency (%) Mean ± S.E.( w/w ) D ur at io n (w ee ks Controls Carbimazole treated rats (mg/kg) III II I II I 160 80 N.S. N.S. N.S. -3.70 -0.90 0.225±0.009 a 0.217±0.018 a 0.223±0.035 a 2 N.S. N.S. N.S. -4.40 +2.06 0.285±0.030 a 0.273±0.021 b 0.291±0.010 b 4 N.S. 0.01 N.S. +24.79 +14.95 0.273±0.031 a 0.363±0.015 c 0.321±0.021 bc 6 N.S. 0.001 0.01 +35.60 +27.51 0.253±0.012 a 0.393±0.017 c 0.349±0.017 c 8 Treatment Efficiency I and II: Doses 80 and 160 mg/kg, respectively. Probability I: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and controls. Probability II: Comparison between dose 160 mg/kg and controls. Probability III: Comparison between dose 80 mg/kg and dose 160 mg/kg. Different letters: Significant difference between means of the same column. 54 | Biology @1a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ÚÓ‘Ój�n€a@Î@Úœäñ€a@‚Ï‹»‹€@·rÓ:a@Âig@Ú‹©@Ü‹26@@ÖÜ»€a@I1@‚b«@H2013 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 26 (1) 2013 الدرقیة المحث بوساطة الكاربیمازول في أعضاء الجھاز التكاثري تأثیر نقص في ذكور الجرذ سعدي محمد محمود مد ناجي طھمح یداء عبد السالم كریم یحیىغ جامعة بغداد ) /ابن الھیثم( كلیة التربیة للعلوم الصرفة /قسم علوم الحیاة 2012تشرین الثاني 15قبل البحث في: 2012نیسان 30استلم البحث في: الخالصة أجریت الدراسة الحالیة للتحري ع�ن ت�أثیر نق�ص الدرقی�ة المح�ث بوس�اطة الكاربیم�ازول ف�ي الجھ�از التك�اثري ل�ذكور غم 300-250الجرذ، إذ استخدمت جرذ بالغة تتراوح أوزانھا وق��د .ملغ��م /كغ��م م��ن وزن الجس��م یومی��اً 80,60جرع��ت ذك��ور الج��رذان بعق��ار الكاربیم��ازول فمویاًبأح��دى جرعت��ي العق��ار أسابیع في حین جرعت مجموعة السیطرة بالماء المقطر وأوضحت النتائج ما 8,6,4,2أجریت علیھا االختبارات بعد مرور یأتي: ف�ي تجریع الحیوانات بعقار الكاربیمازول أدى إلى حصول زیادة في وزن الجسم ولكن ھذه الزیادة ل�م تك�ن معنوی�ة حت�ى -1 التراكیز العالیة. لقد تم التح�ري ع�ن ت�أثیر نق�ص الدرقی�ة ف�ي أوزان األعض�اء التكاثری�ة وق�د ل�وحظ نقص�ان ف�ي وزن الخص�ى ف�ي جمی�ع -2 .)P≤0.001مراحل المعاملة مع تفاقم ھذا النقصان بزیادة الوقت والجرعة ( معنویاً كذلك ألوزان الذیل أظھرت النتائج حصول انخفاض في وزن رأس البربخ ولكن ھذا االنخفاض لم یكن -3 أسابیع لكال الجرعتین. P≤0.05(8أسابیع (6سبب الكاربیمازول زیادة في وزن الحویصلة المنویة والسیما بعد -4 أظھ��رت أوزان البروس��تات تحسس��اً لنقص��ان مس��تویات ھرمون��ات الدرقی��ة وذل��ك بزی��ادة اوزانھ��ا بش��كل یتناس��ب م��ع مق��دار الجرعة المستعملة. الجرذ -الجھاز التكاثري -الكاربیمازول –نقص الدرقیة : مفتاحیةالكلمات ال 55 | Biology << /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles true /AutoRotatePages /None /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%) /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2) /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error /CompatibilityLevel 1.4 /CompressObjects /Tags /CompressPages true /ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages true /CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default /DetectBlends true /DetectCurves 0.0000 /ColorConversionStrategy /CMYK /DoThumbnails false /EmbedAllFonts true /EmbedOpenType false /ParseICCProfilesInComments true /EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /EmitDSCWarnings false /EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 1048576 /LockDistillerParams false /MaxSubsetPct 100 /Optimize true /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments true /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true /PreserveDICMYKValues true /PreserveEPSInfo true /PreserveFlatness true /PreserveHalftoneInfo false /PreserveOPIComments true /PreserveOverprintSettings true /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts true /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [ true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /CropColorImages true /ColorImageMinResolution 300 /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleColorImages true /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /ColorImageResolution 300 /ColorImageDepth -1 /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterColorImages true /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile () /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False /CreateJDFFile false /Description << /ARA /BGR /CHS /CHT /CZE /DAN /DEU /ESP /ETI /FRA /GRE /HEB /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.) /HUN /ITA /JPN /KOR /LTH /LVI /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.) /NOR /POL /PTB /RUM /RUS /SKY /SLV /SUO /SVE /TUR /UKR /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. 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