@1a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ÚÓ‘Ój�n€a@Î@Úœäñ€a@‚Ï‹»‹€@·rÓ:a@Âig@Ú‹©@Ü‹26@@ÖÜ»€a@I1@‚b«@H2013 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 26 (1) 2013 Isolation and Identification of causative agents from some Iraqi Banknote currency Sawsan M. Abdulla Dept. of Biology/College of Education for Pure Science(Ibn-Al Haitham)/ University of Baghdad Received in:19 October 2012 , Accepted in:16 January 2012 Abstract One hundred and twenty eight currency notes samples 250, 500, and 1000 Iraqi Dinars (ID) values were collected from students, markets, banks, and hospitals in Erbil city , Iraq. The results showed that all collected samples were contaminated with one or more bacteria and fungi species representing 100% contamination and none from the new (control) notes. Seventeen bacterial species and twelve fungal species were isolated, which include Staphylococcus aureus (83.3%), Streptococcus pyogenes (83.3%), Pseudomonas species (83.3%), Aspergillus niger (83.3%), Klebsiella species (75%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (66.6%), and Escherichia coli (66.6%) being the most prevalent. The lower values of currency notes (250 ID and 500 ID ) were highly contaminated . Key words: paper currency, bacteria, fungi, microbial contamination. 75 | Biology @1a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ÚÓ‘Ój�n€a@Î@Úœäñ€a@‚Ï‹»‹€@·rÓ:a@Âig@Ú‹©@Ü‹26@@ÖÜ»€a@I1@‚b«@H2013 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 26 (1) 2013 Introduction Iraqi paper currency is widely used and handled by all manners of people . Money is very important to human life as it facilitates our economics and trade needs [1]. The possibility that currency notes might act as environmental vehicles or fomites for the transmission of potential microorganism was suggested in the 1970s [2]. Many people do not care how dirty their fingers are when handling money [3]. The contaminated currency notes go in circulation and contaminate the hands of others transmitting pathogenic organisms in the process [3,4] . Contamination may occur during production, during storage after production, and during use [5]. So, the infected currency is identified as potential public health hazard as pathogen spread by circulating banknotes [6]. Studies on currency in different countries indicated bacterial and fungal contamination .In south Africa 96% of the used banknotes in were contaminated by different bacteria and one fungal species ( Staphylococcus epidermidis (13%), Klebsiella species (11%) ,Staphylococcus aureus (11%), and Candida albicans (13%)[7]. A study by Umeh et al., [8], revealed that 89.8% of Nigerian currency notes in circulation has microbial contamination, while Tago et al., [9] found that 100% of currency notes in circulation by bacterial contamination and they isolated Coagulase negative Staphylococci (23.4%), Staphylococci aureus (8.4%), Escherichia coli (5.6%), Bacillus species (23.4%), Klebsiella species (5.6%), Enterobacterspecies (2.8%), Enterococci species (10.3%), and Proteus species (8.4%) among others. The microorganisms implicated included members of the family Enterobacteriacea, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus species, Staphylococcus sp., Micrococcus sp. and Corynebacterium sp. Most likely contaminants of paper money are environmental organisms such as Gram-positive flora (especially Bacillus sp.) and those arising from human normal skin flora such as Staphylococcus aureus [10]. In Sudan Saadabi et al., [1]isolated many fungal genera such as Trichophyton sp, Microsporum sp, Epidermophyton sp, Taenia sp, Aspergillus sp and Saccharomyces sp ,while the genera of bacteria that isolated were Escherichia coli, Citrobacter sp, Klebsiella. sp, Proteus sp, Bacillus sp, Corynebacterium sp and staphylococcus sp. Materials and Methods Collection of paper currency In the present study 128 samples of Iraqi paper currency in Erbil city were collected based on the level of usage and thus circulation. Banknotes were obtained from students, markets, banks, and hospitals were obtained. The values of banknotes were: 32 of the 250 ID, 32 of the 500ID, and 32 of the 1000 ID (in addition to new control), which were collected randomly. Each paper currency was collected directly into a sterile plastic bag and transferred to the microbiology laboratory to apply all microbiological examinations for the different values of collected paper currency . Isolation and identification of bacteria Each paper currency was soaked separately in bottles containing 10 ml of sterile buffered peptone water and the bottle vigorously shaken for 2 minutes. The currency was removed and the resulting peptone water solution and incubated for 24hours at of 37oC. The incubated test sample was then cultured by sterilized swab onto Nutrient Agar, Blood agar, MacConkey, Eosin Methyl Blue, xylose lysine deoxycholate agar, salmonella–shigella agar, and Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED). The plates were incubated aerobically overnight in an incubator at 370C. Pure cultures were obtained by sub-culturing distinct colonies. Control samples underwent the same processes. Pure isolated colonies were identified using their morphology, Gram reaction as well as biochemical techniques such as the IMViC, Catalase, 76 | Biology http://www.scialert.net/asci/result.php?searchin=Keywords&cat=&ascicat=ALL&Submit=Search&keyword=Mycobacterium+tuberculosis http://www.scialert.net/asci/result.php?searchin=Keywords&cat=&ascicat=ALL&Submit=Search&keyword=Vibrio+cholerae http://www.scialert.net/asci/result.php?searchin=Keywords&cat=&ascicat=ALL&Submit=Search&keyword=Staphylococcus+aureus @1a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ÚÓ‘Ój�n€a@Î@Úœäñ€a@‚Ï‹»‹€@·rÓ:a@Âig@Ú‹©@Ü‹26@@ÖÜ»€a@I1@‚b«@H2013 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 26 (1) 2013 Coagulase, Oxidase, Urease, test and Triple sugar iron tests (sugar fermentation and gas production) as described by Bjerring and Oberg [11] and Baron [12]. Identification of fungi The growth of fungi on Sabaroud dextrose agar was examined critically after one week, using prepared microscope slides. The prepared specimens were mounted on Lacto phenol cotton blue and identification of the fungal species was performed with aid of binocular compound microscope (40X) adopting the techniques used by Bruge et al.[13]. Results and Discussions A total of one hundred and twenty eight Iraqi dinar notes were analyzed for bacterial and fungal contamination. Seventeen different bacteria species and twelve fungal species were obtained from currency notes from studied places representing 100% contamination . Isolated bacteria from the paper notes with its percentage of contamination were Staphylococcus aureus 83.3% , Streptococcus pyogenes 83.3%, Pseudomonas species 83.3%, Klebsiella species 75%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 66.6%, Escherichia coli 66.6%, Staphylococcus saprophyticus 58.3%, Streptococcus pneumoniae 58.3%, Streptococcus fecalis 58.3%, Enterobacter specie 58.3%, species 58.3%, Proteus species 50%, Citrobacter species 41%, Corynebacterium species 25%, Yersinia species 25%, Salmonella species 25%, Acinetobacter species 16.6% as shown in table 1 , while the isolated genera of fungi were Aspergillus niger 83.3% , Stachybotrys species 50%, Penicillium species 50%, Staccharmycetes species 50%, Epidermophton species 50%, Actinomycetes species 33.3%, Emericella species 25%, Rhizopus species 25%, Botrytis species 25%, Memoneilla species 16.6%, Aspergillus flavus 16.6%, and Mycellia sterilin 16.6% as its shown in (table 2) , also the results showed that most of the paper currency had more than one microbial contamination. On the other hand, the results showed that high values of currency such as 1000 ID were less contaminated with bacteria and fungi with percentage 26.48%, 24.86% respectively than low values 500 ID and 250 ID with percentage 53.44% , 47.75% and 83.83%, 54.16% respectively, Although there was no differences between studied places and these results were similar with those reported by Kuria et al., [14] ; Felgo and Nkansah [15]. In present study the 100% contamination of the currency confirms other research finding about bacterial and fungal contamination of currencies in circulation as well as other researchers have detected contamination level of 89.9% [8] , 94% [16], 96% [7], 100% [9] and this indicated that currency which is handled by large numbers of the people in Erbil city which involves a large population under a variety of personal and environmental conditions and low values are more wide spread and exchangeable between people in population [7]. More handling, more frequent exchange of currency lead to more contamination and can be asource of infection . In the present study, the bacterial and fungal isolates that were isolated were associated with oral, nasal, skin and fecal contamination. This is an indication that money contamination is associated to unhygienic practice of people and this includes indiscriminate sneezing, coughing and defecation with indecent handling of currency notes [17&16]. To minimize the hazards that may arise from the use of dirty and contaminated notes, it is suggested that individuals should improve upon their personal health consciousness by washing hands after handling of currency notes [18 &19] . Children and immunocompromised person must be prevented from handing currency notes and adults should avoid using salvia during counting of paper currency notes and the people should be educated . [20]. 77 | Biology @1a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ÚÓ‘Ój�n€a@Î@Úœäñ€a@‚Ï‹»‹€@·rÓ:a@Âig@Ú‹©@Ü‹26@@ÖÜ»€a@I1@‚b«@H2013 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 26 (1) 2013 References 1. Abrams, B. L. and Waterman, N. G. (1972). Dirty money. J. American Medicine Association, 219(9):1202-1203. 2. Baron, E. J. (1990). Fine Gold SM-Diagnostic Microbiology Text Book for the Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Organism, 8th ed-St-Louis: 132-139 3. Bjerring, P. and Oberg, B. (1986). Bacterial Contamination of Compressed Air for Medical Use .Anesthesia. , 41: 148-150. 4. Bruge, H. P.; Salomon, W. R. and Boise, J. R. (1977).Comparative Merits of Eight Popular Media in Aerometric Studies of Fungi, Allergy.J. Clin. Immunol., 60: 199-203. 5. Emikpe, B.O. and Oyero, O. G. (2007). Preliminary Investigation on the Microbial Contamination of Nigerian Currency. Int. J. Trop. Med. , 2:29-32. 6. Felgo, P. and Nkansah, M. (2010). Bacterial Load on Ghanaian Currency Notes. Afr. J. Microbiology Research ,4(22): 2375-2380. 7. Guerin, P. J.; Brasher, C.; Baron, E.; Mic, D.; Grimont, F. ; Ryan, M.; Aavitsland, P. and Legros, D.(2003). Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1in West Africa: Intervention Strategy for an Outbreak in Sierra Leone. Lancet., 362:705-706. 8. Hosen, J. M.; Sarif, D. I.; Rahman , M. M. and Azad, M.A.K.(2006). Contamination of Coliforms in Different Paper Currency Notes of Bangladesh. Pak. J. Bio. Sci., 9: 868-870. 9. Hugo, W. B.; Denyer, S. P.; Norman, A. H.; Gorman, S. P. and Russel, A. D. (1983).In Pharmaceutical Microbiology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford: 124-146. 10. Igumber, E. O.; Bessong, P. O.; Obi, C. L.; Potgieter, T. C. and Mkasi, T. C. (2007). Microbiological Analysis of Banknotes Circulating in the Venda Region of Limpopo Province, South Africa.South Africa Journal of Science , 103(9-10). 11. Jalgaonkar, S. V.; Agrawal, G.; Rahanghdale, V. and Kokate, S. B. (2007). Currency as Fomites? Indian J. Vommun. Med., 32:157-158. 12. Kuria, J. K.; Wahome, R. G.; Jobalamin, M. and Kariuki, S.M.(2009). Profile of Bacteria and Fungi on Money Coins. East Afr.Med. J., 86(4):151-155. 13. Mensah, P. ; Yeboah-Manu, D. ; Owusu-Darko, K. and Ablordey, A. (2002). Street Foods in Accra, Ghana: How Safe are they? Bull World Health Organ, 80: 546-554. 14. Pope,T. W. ; Ender, P.T.; Woelk,W. K.; Koroscil, M. A. and Koroscil, T. M. (2002). Bacterial Contamination of Paper Currency. Southern Medical J., 95:1406-1410. 15. Saadabi, A. M. ; Ali, L. F.; Omer, A. B.; Ahmed, G. A. and Al Asa,R. K. (2011). Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi from Some Sudanese Banknote Currency. J. Applied Sciences Research, 7(2): 129-133. 16. Singh, D. V.; Thukur, K. and Geol, K.A. (2002). Microbiological Surveillance of Currency . Indian J. Medical Microbiology, 20:30. 17. Tagoe, D. N. ; Baidoo, S. E. ; Dadzie, I. and Ahator, D. (2010). A study of Bacterial Contamination of Ghanian Currency Notes in Circulation. The Internet J. Microbiology, 8(2). 18. Umeh, E. U.; Juluku, J. U. and Ichor, T. (2007). Microbial Contamination on Naria (Nigerian Currency) Notes in Circulation . Research J. Environmental Science , 1(6):336- 339. 19. Uneke, C. J. and Ogbu, O. (2007). Potential for Parasite and Bacteria Transmission by Paper Currency in Nigeria. J. Environ. Health, 69: 54-60. 20. Xu, J. and Moore, J. E. (2005).Ribosomal DNA (rDN A) Identification of the Culturable Bacterial Flora on Monetary Coinage from 17 Currencies. J.Environ.Health ,67. 78 | Biology @1a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ÚÓ‘Ój�n€a@Î@Úœäñ€a@‚Ï‹»‹€@·rÓ:a@Âig@Ú‹©@Ü‹26@@ÖÜ»€a@I1@‚b«@H2013 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 26 (1) 2013 Table (1) Isolation & Identification of some pathogenic bacteria from some Iraqi currency notes in different places. Isolated bacteria Students Bank Markets Hospital 1000 500 250 1000 500 250 1000 500 250 1000 500 250 Control - - - - - - - - - - - - S..aureus - +++ +++ - + ++ + + + + + ++ S..epidermis - + + - + + - - + + + + S..saprophyticus - + ++ + - ++ - ++ ++ - - + Streptococcus pyogenes - ++ ++ - + ++ + + + + + ++ S.faecalis - ++ + - - + + + + - - + S.pneumonae - ++ ++ - ++ +++ - - - ++ ++ ++ Corynbacterium species - - + - - + - - - - - + Acinetobacter species - - + - - ++ - - - - - - Enterobacter species - + ++ - - ++ - - + + + + Citrobacter species - + ++ - + + - - - - + - E.coli - - ++ + +++ +++ - - + ++ ++ +++ Yersinia species - - - - + + - - + - - - Klebsiella species ++ ++ ++ - - + + - ++ + + ++ Proteus species + + ++ + - + - - - - - + Bacillus species - - + - + ++ - ++ ++ - ++ + Salmonella species - - - - - - - + + - - + Pseudomonas aerogenosa - ++ +++ + + + + - + +++ +++ +++ -: non occurrence +: low occurrence ++: medium occurrence +++: high occurrence 79 | Biology @1a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ÚÓ‘Ój�n€a@Î@Úœäñ€a@‚Ï‹»‹€@·rÓ:a@Âig@Ú‹©@Ü‹26@@ÖÜ»€a@I1@‚b«@H2013 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 26 (1) 2013 Table (2) Isolation & identification of some fungi isolated from some Iraqi currency notes. Isolated fungi Students Bank Markets Hospital 1000 500 250 1000 500 250 1000 500 250 1000 500 250 Control - - - - - - - - - - - - Mycelia sterilia - - - - + + - - - - - - Stachybotrys species - - - + + + - - - ++ ++ ++ Penicillium species - + ++ - + + - + ++ - - - Memoneilla species - - - + + - - - - - - - Aspergillus niger - + + ++ ++ +++ - + + ++ +++ +++ Aspergillus flavus + + + + + ++ - + + Actinomycetes species - ++ ++ + - + - - - - - - Emericella species - - - - - - + + ++ - - - Rhizopus species - - - + + + - - - - - - Botrytis species - - - - - - + + ++ - - - Saccharomyces species - - ++ + ++ ++ - - + - - ++ Epidermophyton species - - + - + ++ - - + - ++ +++ -: non occurrence +: low occurrence ++: medium occurrence +++: high occurrence 80 | Biology @1a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ÚÓ‘Ój�n€a@Î@Úœäñ€a@‚Ï‹»‹€@·rÓ:a@Âig@Ú‹©@Ü‹26@@ÖÜ»€a@I1@‚b«@H2013 Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 26 (1) 2013 عزل وتشخیص البكتریا والفطریات من بعض العمالت النقدیة الورقیة سوسن محمد عبد هللا جامعة بغداد / )ابن الھیثم( للعلوم الصرفة كلیة التربیة / قسم علوم الحیاة 2013كانون الثاني 16قبل البحث في: ، 2012تشرین االول 19استلم البحث في: الخالصة االسواق ،ودینار عراقي من الطالب، 1000و ،500 و، 250مئة وثماني وعشرون عینة من العمالت الورقیة تمعج و المستشفیات في مدینة اربیل. اظھرت النتائج بان جمیع العمالت الورقیة كانت ملوثة بواحدة او اكثر من االنواع ،البنوك و % تلوث في حین لم تظھر اي تلوث في العمالت الجدیدة (السیطرة) . 100البكتریة والفطریة متمثلة )Staphylococcus( نواع االكثر توافراً ھيعزلت سبعة عشرة نوعاً بكتیریاً واثنا عشر نوعا من الفطریات واال )83.3% Staphylococcus aureus( ) ،83.3% Aspergillus niger( ) ،83.3% Pseudomonas species) ، (83.3% pyogenes) ، (66.6% Staphylococcus epidermidis) ، (75%) 66.6) و% Escherichia coli (وقد كانت القیم االدنى من العمالت ) دینار عراقي) االكثر تلوثا 500و250الورقیة. عمالت ورقیة، بكتریا، فطریات، تلوث میكروبي.: المفتاحیة الكلمات 81 | Biology << /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles true /AutoRotatePages /None /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%) /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2) /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error /CompatibilityLevel 1.4 /CompressObjects /Tags /CompressPages true /ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages true /CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default /DetectBlends true /DetectCurves 0.0000 /ColorConversionStrategy /CMYK /DoThumbnails false /EmbedAllFonts true /EmbedOpenType false /ParseICCProfilesInComments true /EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /EmitDSCWarnings false /EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 1048576 /LockDistillerParams false /MaxSubsetPct 100 /Optimize true /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments true /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true /PreserveDICMYKValues true /PreserveEPSInfo true /PreserveFlatness true /PreserveHalftoneInfo false /PreserveOPIComments true /PreserveOverprintSettings true /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts true /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [ true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /CropColorImages true /ColorImageMinResolution 300 /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleColorImages true /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /ColorImageResolution 300 /ColorImageDepth -1 /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterColorImages true /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile () /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False /CreateJDFFile false /Description << /ARA /BGR /CHS /CHT /CZE /DAN /DEU /ESP /ETI /FRA /GRE /HEB /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. 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