IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL.24 (3) 2011 Effect of GA3 on Growth and Some Physiological Characterizes in Carrot Plant (Daucus Carota L.) E. D. Abbas Departme nt of Horticulture, Kalar Technical Institute, Foundation of Technical Education, Kurdistan Received in : 7 Novcmber 2010 Accepte d in : 18 April 2011 Abstract This exp eriment was carried out in the field of researches in Kalar Technical Inst itut e / Field crop dept. The aim of the research is to st udy the effect of foliar sp rays of different concentrations of Gibberellic acid on growt h and some p hy siological characterizes in Carrot p lant (local white cultivar). The exp eriment treatments included three concentrations of Gibberellic acid (0, 50 and 100 p p m) and were carried out as app licable agricultural p roject (3×4). And the results were recorded as follows: In using the Gibberellic acid concentration at (50 p p m) led to increase significantly the st udied characterist ics p articularly p lant height cm, number of branch/ p lant, number of flower/ p lant, shoot fresh weight (gm), fresh weight of biological weight gm/p lant, shoot dry weight (gm), dry weight of biological weight gm/p lant, chlorop hy ll content (µg/cm2), when comp ared with the other concentrations levels and controlling p lants. And GA3 decreases significantly some of the st udied characterist ics as root fresh weight (gm), root dry weight (gm) and soluble carbohy drate which that comp ared with the controlling p lants. Key words:Plant Physiology ,Daucus Carota , Gibberelic acid Introduction The carrot (Daucus carota L.) belongs t o the Umbelliferae family. It is related to celery , celeriac, coriander, fennel, p arsnip and p arsley , which are all members of this family . The carrot originated in Asia. Initially the roots were long and thin, and either p urp le or y ellow in colors. These colors, as well as white and orange, st ill exist, with the orange or orange-red colors being by far the most p op ular today [1]. M any shap es of roots also exist, from rather long and thin roots to short er and thick. Roots may be cylindrical, conical, or even sp herical in shape [1]. Carrots are p articularly rich in carotene (p ro-vitamin A), B1, C and essential oil, rich in vitamin E. Carrots also have large amount of carbohy drates and are low in p rotein and lip ids. They are consumed either fresh, as a salad crop, or cooked. Large quantities are also p rocessed, either alone or in mixtures with other vegetables, by canning, freezing or dehydration [1] and [2]. Carrot is a biennial herb, which is widely distributed throughout the world. The fruits of t he p lant (common name: wild carrot fruits) have been used in Traditional Chinese M edicine for the treatment of an cylostomiasis, drop sy , chronic kidney disease and bladder afflictions, due to a wide range of reported p harmacological effects, including antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, hepatop rotective, cytotoxic and activities [3]. M ost gardeners grow carrots for munching, salads, or juicing. It is a cool weather p lant, growing best in cool, even temp eratures; ideally of (10° to 25°C) Warm weather p roduces course roots with p oor flavor. Sow seed thinly in rows ¼ to ½ inch deep with 12 to16 inches between the rows (rows can be sp aced 3 to 6 inches ap art in raised beds) [4] and [5]. The aims IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL.24 (3) 2011 for this st udy to show affects of GA3 on growt h of carrot p lant and illustrate how GA3 can increase the ability of shoot sy st em in plants. Materials and Methods Experime ntal De si gn The exp eriment was designed according to the Comp lete Random Design (C.R.D) at the field of Hort iculture Dep artment / Kalar Technical institut e (Sulaimani Province), dur ing the growin g se ason of 25 /9/2009- 1 /5/2010. The exp eriment includes st udding the effect of three concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) (0. 50 and 100 pp m) with four rep lications on growt h and some p hysiological characterizes for carrot p lant (Daucus carota L.). Area of each exp erimental unit was 2 m2. Date of takin g the measurements for all p arameters at 20/4/ 2010. Service op erations of the p lant irrigation and the removal of the bush were carried out daily for the all p lants. Ex perime nt treatments 1- Three concentrations of gibberellic acid which are (0, 50, and 100pp m) resp ectively. 3- Agricultural exp eriment (3×4) conducted in C.R.D, which are includes (12 exp erimental units). Preparation of growth regul ator (GA3) Gibberellic acid in the rate of one gram was taken and dissolved in some drop s of NaOH (10N), and the volume was completed to 1000 ml of distilled water [6]. Gibberellic acid solutions were p repared for foliar sp raying in the concentrations of (0, 50, and 100pp m). These concentrations were sp rayed once on leaves at t he stage of (4-6) leaves. Tween (80) at the concentration of (0.025)% was added to the foliar solution as surfactant agent. Sp raying p rocesses were carried out during the morning until the solutions were run off all p lants by using a manual sp rayer. Characteristics studied Plant height (cm): Plant height was measured from the soil level to the upp er p oint of the main st em by ruler for the four labeled plants. Number of branches/ plant: The numbers of the branches were counted when they app eared and became visib le for the four labeled p lants. Number of flower/ plant: The total number of flowers was counted when they app eared and became visible flower for the four labeled p lants and calculated after 90 days from the sowing. Shoot fresh weight (gm): Shoot system weighted by digital balance. Root fresh wei ght (carrot) (gm): Root sy stem weighted by digital balance. Fresh biological weight gm/plant: Is t he all biomass p er plant was recorded by weighting the whole p lant includin g st raw and gr ains, from the plant samples collected durin g threshing for the four labeled plants. Chlorophyll content (µg/cm 2 ): Chlorophy ll content of the leaves was estimated by using the SPAD-502 instrument (for chlorop hy ll measurement); four leaves from each exp eriment were taken for chlorop hy ll measurement. IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL.24 (3) 2011 Shoot dry weight (gm): Shoot was oven dried to a const ant weight at (65-70 ◌ْC) for 48 hours. Root dry weight (carrot) (gm): Root was oven dried to constant weight at (65-70 ◌ْC) for 48 hours. Dry biological weight gm/plant: Dry biological weight was oven dried to constant weight at (65-70 ◌ْC) for 48 hours. Soluble carbohydrate determination (in carrot) Based on [7] a method which is called phenol sulfuric acid method for the determination of soluble carbohy drate, the method involved takin g a constant weight 0.4 g. of the sample, addin g 50 ml of boiled d istiller water, then boilin g in water path at (80) °C for 1/2 hour. The sample is filtered and co mpleted to 50 ml dist al water. One ml of the filtered solution is t aken and 1 ml of (5%) p henol indicator is added and mixed we ll. Ne xt (5) ml of sulfuric acid is added to the mixture, (10) ml of distal water is added to dilute the mixture; last ly the mixture is read by sp ectrop hotometer at (488) nm. Results and Discussions Effect of GA3 concentrations on plant height cm., number of branch/ plant and number of flowers/ plant The results in table (1) show that the more p lant height affected significantly by the 50 p p m concentration of GA3 which was (127.33) cm. in comporison to the other concentrations. The increase in p lant height may be due to the effect of GA3 on the cell division and cell enlargement, and also GA3 st imulated the growt h and exp ansion of cells through increasing the wall p last icity of cells ( [8] and [9]).Table 1 shows that (50) p p m concentration of gibberellic acid resulted in a significant increase in the number of branches/ p lant and the highest average was (30.67) branch/ plant comp ared with other concentrations and that is due to the effect of the gibberellic acid which enhances the lateral buds, breaking apical dominance and vegetative growt h [10]. And these results are in agreement with [11], [12] and [13] which say the foliar app lication increases the shoot sy st em such as p lant high, number of leafs, lateral buds, number of branch and number of flowers. Table (1) also indicates that t he gibber ellic acid concentrations had a sign ificant effect on the number of flowers/ p lant and the highest value which was (32.33) flower/ p lant recorded at (50) pp m concentration comp ared with (0) concentrations. Thus increasin g branches will result in increasing nodes and more flowers [14], or may due to t he competition which may occur between the vegetative and reproductive p arts of the plant on the available carbohy drate materials and the effect of gibberellic acid on the d irection of carbohydrate material inside the plant as reported by [15]. Effect of GA3 concentrations on fresh weight of shoot system, fresh weight of carrot, fresh weight of biological weight and chlorophyll content Table (2) shows that the GA3 affected si gnificantly on all characters in table (2) by (50) pp m concentration of GA3 accepted in carrot fresh we ight which was not si gnificant and (0) pp m concentration of GA3 gave the highest weight. This might be due to the effects of gibberellic acid on cell division, leaf exp ansion, cell enlargement and thus the number of leaves. The role of gibberellic acid in the formation of a new RNA p articularly mRNA had been reported [16]. Gibberellic acid enhances the formation of p roteins and new RNA and increases chlorop hy ll content which increases the p rocess of p hotosy nthesis, all this leads t o the increase of shoot dry weight [17]. M oreover IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL.24 (3) 2011 gibberellic acid enhances the formation of chlorop hy ll p igments [18]. And all research indicates to the GA3 can not enhance root sy st em for that shows the control p lant are gave high results [8]. And t his results in agreement with [11] and [12]. Effect of GA3 concentrations on dry weight of shoot, dry weight of carrot, dry weight of biological weight and soluble carbohydrate percentage . Table (3) observed that t he (50) pp m concentration of GA3 affected significantly on all characters in this table accepted dry weight of carrot which was not affected by GA3 comp ared with p lants control. This may be due to the same effects of GA3 on the cell div ision, cell enlargement, growt h and exp ansion of cells and sizable increasing of auxin content of the tissues [19]. And this may be due to the effect of gibberellic acid in activation of p hotosy nthesis p rocess and increase of absorp tion to water and nutrition, then lead to the increase of metabolism of this nutrition by p lant and movement to the fruits and increase its growt h and st orage as dry weight then this leads to the increase of the dry weight, and increase of p lant high, number of branch and flowers leads to increase of dry weight but decrease of carrot dry weight may be due to disaffected of GA3 on root sy stem. [11] and [20]. These results mean that gibberellic acid increase sp ecifically the sy nthesis of mRNA in this tissue, for example incubation of isolated barley aleurone lay ers with gibberellic acid for 16 hr caused a 50% increase in the sy nthesis of RNA that contains p oly(A) sequences [p oly(A)-RNA], but had no measurable effect on the sy ntheses of the major RNA sp ecies. T he sy ntheses of bot h the poly (A) and the heteropoly meric fractions of the poly (A)-RNA were increased. [21]. Re ference 1- Hernandez, M . Olipia (1991). Tissue culture and agrobactrium – mediated of carrot (Daucus carota L.). M aster thesis – departmen of biological sciences – simon fraser university . 2- Öz can, M . M . and Chalchat, J.C. (2007). Chemical comp osition of carrot seeds (Daucus carota L.) cultivated in Turkey: characterization of the seed oil and essential oil. GRASAS Y ACEITES, 58 (4): 359-365 3-Fu, Hong-Wei, Zhang, L., Yi, T. and Tian, Jing-Kui (2009). A New of Daucus carota L. M olecules, 14, 2862-2867. 4- Kovatch, John T. (2003). Carrot. M aster Gardeners Journal, M arch, 1: 222 5- Drost, D. and Bitner, W. (2010). Carrots in the Garden. Ut ah State University . 6-AL-Qesi,W.A. M .Kh. (1996). Effect of Some Plants Growth Regulators on Some Cultivars of Vicia faba L. Ph.D t hesis –Agriculture College –Baghdad University – Iraq. 7-Herbert.D.; Phillips, P. J. and Strange, R. E. (1971). M ethods in microbiology . Acad. Prees, Lond. 8-Abdul, K. S. (1987). Plants Growt h Regulations. 1st and 2nd Edition. M inist ry of higher education – Salahaden University – Iraq. (from Arabic) 9-Saleh, M . M .S. (1990). Phy siology of p lants growt h hormones. 1 st edition. M inist ry of higher education – Salahaden University – Iraq. (From Arabic ) 10-M atlub, A. N., Al – Lus, H. F., M ust afa, M . and Al – Hafez, M . (1984). Effect of some treatments of GA3 on Potato's Dormancy and its effect on autumny ield. Zanko Jornal, number (2):49 – 69. 11-Davis, R. M . and Nunez, (2000). Influence of Gibberellic Acid on Carrot Growth and Severity of Alternaria Leaf Blight. University of California. Plant Disease 84:555-558 IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL.24 (3) 2011 12-M ichel-Wolwertz,M .-R.an Sironval,C.(1963). Inh ibition of growt h and accumu lation of β-carotene in carrot roots by gibberellic acid. Phy tochemist ry journal, 2(2): 183-187 13-Nieuwhof, M . (1984). Effect of gibber ellic acid on boltin g and flowering of carrot (Daucus carota L.). Scien ce Direct, Elsevier B.V. 24 (3-4): 211-219 14-Egli, D. B. (1998). Seed biology and the y ield of grain crops. CAB international, walling ford, UK. 15-Abdul, K. S. and Harris, G. P. (1978). Control of flower number in the first inflore-scence of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum M ill.). Ann. Bot. 42: 1361- 1367. 16-M ohamed, A. K. (1985). Plant Phy siology . Second Edition. M inist ry of Higher Education. M ussel University – Iraq. 17-Devlin, R. M . and Francis, H. Witham (1998). Plant p hy siology . Dar Al- Arabia for p ublisher and dist ribution-Al-Qahera-4 eddition. (In Arabic). 18-Wittwer, S. M . and Bukovac, M . J. (1957). Gibberellins new chemical for crop p roduction. Bull. M ich. Agric. Stn., 30: 460-494. 19-Leop old, A. C. and Kriedmann, P. E. (1975). Plant growt h and development. M cgrow. Hill book comp any. 2nd edition. 20-M cKee, J. M . T., Thomas ,T . H. and Hole C. C. (1984) Growt h regulator effectson st orage root development in carrot. Plant growt h regulation, Sp ringer Netherlands. Number 4, p ages 359 – 369. 21- Jacobsen, J. V. and Zwar, J. A. (1974). Gibberellic Acid Causes Incr eased Sy nthesis of RNA Which Contains Poly (A) in Barley Aleurone Tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 71(8): 3290–3293. Table (1): Effect of GA3 concentrations on plant height (cm), number of branch/ plant and number of flowers/ plant. propertie s concentration No. of fl owers No. of branches Plant high cm. 20.33 17.66 96.67 0 32.33 30.67 127.33 50 26.00 23.67 106.66 100 L.S.D(0.05)=2.74 L.S.D(0.05)=7.24 L.S.D(0.05)=4.15 Table (2): Effect of GA3 concentrations on fresh weight of carrot, fresh weight of shoot system, fresh weight of biological weight and chlorophyll content. propertie s concentration Chlorophyll content µg/cm2 Fresh weight of biological weight gm/plant Fresh weight of shoot gm/plant Fresh weight of carrot gm/plant 30.67 231.33 186.00 45.33 0 45.33 341.00 303.00 38.00 50 40.00 306.00 271.33 34.67 100 L.S.D(0.05)= 1.88 L.S.D(0.05)=11. 43 L.S.D(0.05)=10. 77 L.S.D(0.05)=4.4 1 IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL.24 (3) 2011 Table(3): Effect of GA3 concentrations on dry weight of carrot, dry weight of shoot system, dry weight of biol ogical wei ght and سoluble carbohydrate. propertie s concentration S oluble Carbohydrate Dry weight of biological product gm/plant Dry weight of carrot gm/plant Dry weight of shoot system gm/plant 9.31 24.13 20.87 3.27 0 8.12 30.00 27.4 2.60 50 7.87 27.2 24.97 2.23 100 L.S.D(0.05)=0.072 L.S.D(0.05)=0.85 L.S.D(0.05)=0.72 L.S.D(0.05)=0.32 2011) 3( 24المجلد مجلة ابن الهیثم للعلوم الصرفة والتطبیقیة جزرلنبات ال الفسلجیةبعض الصفات و نمو على نحامض الجبرلی رتاثی )Daucus carota L..( عماد داود عباس كوردستان -ھیئة التعلیم التقني ،كالر –المعھد التقني ،قسم البستنة 2010 تشرین الثاني 7 :استلم البحث في 2011 نیسان 18 :البحث في قبل الخالصة . محافظـة الســلیمانیة/ لفنـي كـالرحــاث التـابع لقسـم المحاصـیل الحقلیـة داخــل المعهـد ااجریـت التجربـة فـي حقـل االب علـى بعــض الصــفات ). جــزء مـن الملیــون 100، 50، 0(دراســة تـاثیر رش حــامض الجـرلین بتراكیــز مختلفــة هـي بهـدف ).المحلي االبیضصنف (المظهریة والفسلجیة لنبات الجزر وحللــت النتــائج احصــائیا . وحـدة تجریبیــة) 12(مكــررات بحیــث تضــمنت التجربــة اربعبـاسـتخدم التصــمیم العشــوائي الكامــل :واظهرت النتائج ما یلي) 0.05(باستخدام اختبار اقل فرق معنوي تحت مستوى احتمالیة مقارنـة الصـفات المدروسـة ادى الـى زیـادة معنویـة فـي جمیـع جـزء مـن الملیـون 50 ان الـرش بحـامض الجبـرلین بتركیـز ـــرلین ـــزر ، ولكـــــن الســــیطرةونباتــــات مــــع التراكیــــز االخـــــرى مــــن الحــــامض الجبــ ـــزر ، الـــــوزن الجــــاف للجــ وزن الطــــري للجـ .مقارنة مع نباتات السیطرة والكاربوهیدرات الذائبة لم تتاثر بتراكیز حامض الجبرلین المستخدمة الجرلینحامض ,فسلجة نبات Daucus Carota , :الكلمات المفتاحیة