IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL. 24 (2) 2011 Determination of the Heavy Metals in the Contaminated Soil Zones at College of Education Ibn Al-Haitham -University of Baghdad A. F. kassir , H. M. Yaseen , S. B. Abu and M. R. Aziz College of Education I bn Al-Haitham , Unive rsity of Baghdad Received in : 21 Septembr 2010 Accepte d in :16 February 2011 Abstract Soil is a crucial comp onent of environment. Total soil analysis may give information about p ossible enrichment of the soil with heavy metals. Heavy metals, p otentially contaminate soils, may have been dumped on the ground. The concentrations of soil heavy metals (Cd, As, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn and Cu) were measured in three zones thought to be deep ly contaminated at different depths (5, 25, 50 cm) at Ibn Al-Haitham College. The highest concentration of heavy metals Pb (63.3pp m), Cr (90.7pp m), Ni (124pp m) and Cu (75.7pp m) were found in zone (A) location-1, where the highest concentration of Zn (111.7p p m) was found in zone (C). Cd and As were detected in small amounts in all zones. PH value, organic matters, carbonates, sulp hates, chlorides and total soluble salts were also st udied to get better understanding of mobility and disp lacement of the contaminating compounds in soil under study . Key words: soil p ollutant, heavy metals (Cd, As, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn and Cu), soil p arameters (pH, organic matt ers, carbonates, sulphate, chlorides and tot al soluble salts). Introduction Soil is a n atural body consisting of layers of mineral constituents and comp osed of finely divided rocks m ixed with decay ed vegetable and animal matt ers [1]. Soil contamin ation is a result of man-made chemicals gett ing into the soil. This occurs in several different way s. Soil contamination can occur when an underground st orage tank is p unctured, when wast e is leaked from landfills or when an industrial waste is disch arged into t he soil. This can be a hu ge concern sin ce soi l contamin ation can se ep into the water supp ly if not clean ed up in time. IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL. 24 (2) 2011 Soil contamin ants are either sol id or liquid h azardous substances mixed with the naturally occurring soil. The contaminants in the soil are p hysically or chemically att ached to soil p articles, or, if they are not attached, are trapp ed in the small sp aces between soil particles [2]. M otivation for controllin g h eavy metal concentrations is diverse. So me of them are dangerous to the health or the environment as they are carcinogenic or to xic, affecting, amon g others, the central nervous sy stem (Hg, Pb, As), the kidney s or liver (Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu) or skin, bones or teeth (Ni, Cd, Cu, Cr). Through p recipitation of their compounds or by ion exchange into soils, heavy metals can localize and lay dormant [3, 4]. Bohan Liao and et al. determin e releases and changes in sp eciation fractions of heavy metals (esp ecially Cd, Cu and Zn) when the soils are contaminated with heavy metals from the tailings wast e of collapsed dam in China and affected moreover by simulated acid deposition[5]. Ioan Su ciu and et al., measured five soil heavy metals (Pb, Co, Cr, Cu and Hg) in sa mpling sites in central Transy lvania, Romania usin g the Inductively Coup led Plasma Sp ectrometry method and the data were verified by using the Neutron Activation Analysis method [6]. Tomoyuki M akino determined the Cd-content in the digested solution in Jap anese soils obtained from the p low lay ers of p addy fields through Inductively Coup led Plasma Opt ical Emission Sp ectrometry (ICP-OES) [7]. Anna M aria Polcaro and et al. considered Pb +2 , Zn +2 and Cd +2 as most representing the p ollution of a Sardinian (Italy ) area. Their work was to evaluate the exchan geable fraction of metal retained in the soil, when it is contaminated by multicomponent heavy metal solutions [8]. Foundations are subject to attack by destructive comp ounds in the soil. Concrete in foundations may have to withst and by sulp hates in the ground or in ch emical wast e. The severity of att ack on foundation depends on the concentration of the aggressive comp ounds [9]. The main soi l parameters governin g p rocess of sorpt ion and desorp tion of heavy metals can be presented as follows: p H: This is affected by the chan ges in redox p otential which occurs in soils that become waterlogged p eriodically . Reduction conditions generally cause a p H increase and oxidation brings about a decrease. In general heavy metal cations are most mobile und er acid conditions and increasin g the pH by limiting usually reduces their bioavailability [10, 11]. Organic matters (O.M.): The nonliving p ortion of soil organic fraction. They are a heterogeneous mixture of p roducts resulting from microbial and chemical transformation of organic r esidues (p lants and animals). Although the soil or ganic matters are in most cases, on ly a small p art of the total solid p hase, they are of major imp ortance in d efining the p hy sical, chemical, and surface prop erties of the soil material [11, 12]. Carbonate s: Greatly disp ersed and have a major influence on the p H of soils and therefore on heavy metals behavior. The heavy metals may co-precipitate with carbonates being incorp orated IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL. 24 (2) 2011 in their st ructure, or may be sorbed by oxides that were p recipitated onto the carbonates or other soil p articles. The greatest affinity for reaction with carbonates has been observed for Co, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn [13]. Sulphates: They are readily soluble and therefore are greatly involved in soil equilibrium p rocesses. In considering sulp hate att ack on concrete foundation, it is, usually sufficient to determine the sulp hate content and p H value of soil [9, 13]. Chlorides: They are the most soluble salts occur only in soils of arid and semiarid climate zones. Chlorides affinity for forming easi ly soluble comp lexes with Cd is of environmental concern [13]. Total S oluble S alts (T.S .S.): They consist mostly of various p rop ortions of the cations calcium, magnesium, sodium and p otassium, and the anions chloride, sulp hate, carbonate and bicarbonate. A very high p ercentage of total soluble salts may cause cavities caused by removal of salts with seeping water [12, 14]. Preventing heavy metal p ollution is critical because cleanin g contamin ated soil is extremely exp ensive and d ifficult. The main goal of this st udy is to assess the heavy metals in number of contaminated zones at College of Edu cation / Ibn Al-Haitham. Experime ntal Apparatus p H211 M icrop rocessor equipp ed from HANA Instrument was used to measure the pH values. At omic Absorption Flame Emission Sp ectrop hotometer model AA-680 Shimadzo was used for determination of the heavy metals Cd, As, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni and Cu concentrations. Crushing machine, Pulv erizer, Dry ing Oven, Analytical Balance (Sartorius BL210 d=0.1mg), Heater and M uffle Furnace. Siev es, Filter Pap er, Silica Crucible and Desiccator. Reagents & Materials Hy drochloric acid (37%), Ammon ia (25%, sp .g. 0.91) and Nitric acid (65%). Barium Chlor ide, Pot assium dichromate, Silver nitrate solution and Potassium chromate. All of these reagents and materials were p rovided from Fluka and BDH or Ibn Sina companies with high p urity . Procedure The concentrations of soil heavy metals wer e measured in three zones at Ibn Al-Haitham College around and behind number of concrete foundation of the dep artment of chemistry as it is IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL. 24 (2) 2011 thought to be deep ly contaminated due to the vandalism of labor atories during the immoral st ate of anarchy that coincide with the end of the battle op erations in 2003. These hazardous substances are either sp illed or buried directly in the soil or migrate to the soil from a sp ill that has occurred elsewhere. These abandoned contamin ated zones were marked for the purp ose of research as below: Zone A – location 1: 2 meters away from the concrete foundation of general chemistry lab / first st age. Zone A – location 2: 6 meters away of the same lab abov e. Zone B: 2 meters away from the concrete foundation of organic chemistry lab/ first st age. Zone C: 2 meters away from the concrete foundation of organic identification lab/ fourth st age. Samp lin g of soil before analy zing is of great imp ortance to get good homogenized sp ecimen, the step s app lied for samp ling were as follows: S tep 1: Holes with an area of 50×50 cm 2 were dug. S tep 2: Soil samp les were taken from each hole at three sep arated dep ths (5 cm, 25cm and 50cm) except zone B only (5cm and 15cm) as a h ard concrete ground app eared at depth of 15cm. S tep 3: The samp les individually were sifted and homogenized after dry ing then they were being crushed, pulverized and prepared for analysis. The p arameters of soil samp les pH value, organic matter, sulp hate, carbonate and chloride (M ohr method) were considered accordin g to BS 1377[15], while total soluble salts content was conducted accord ing to the methods mentioned in Earth manual [16]. The heavy metals of t he soil sp ecimen under st udy were determined after the prepared samples were dissolved in hy drochloric acid and/or nitric acid then the solution samples measured using the Atomic Absorption Flame Emission Sp ectrop hotometer that mentioned above. It is imp ortant to mention that all samp les were taken for analyses in 2010. Results and Discussion Table (1) demonstrates the p arameters of the soil samples under st udy with their RSD% resp ectively. The pH values of all samples at different depths exceed 7 whi ch indicate the soils are more p rone to disp ersion [12]. Organic matter content (O.M .) in zone A is ranged between (5.36%-6.25%) more than zones B and C (0.66%-0.8%) at different dep ths. Soils high in organic contents have tendency to develop voids by decay and that make them undesirable for engineering use [16]. IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL. 24 (2) 2011 Sulphate content is less than 1% in all zones excep t for zone B (1.26%-1.34%) and this also applies to the chlorides that also p resent in less than 1% for all zones at different depths. Carbonate content is ranged b etween (18.5%-35%) at differ ent depths in all zones, when p resent in app reciable amounts, t hey influence the texture of the soil. Carbonates are imp ortant for they constitute a potential source of soluble calcium and magnesium for the replacement of exchangeable sodium [14]. Total soluble salts (T.S.S.) are p resented in app reciable amounts in zone B (3.01%-3.39%) and less in zone A location-1 (1.38%-2.03%) at different depths, while they are in much lesser degr ee in zone C (0.83%-1.49%) and zone A location-2 (0.73%-0.94%). Soils with high T.S.S. lead to hi gher permeab ility [14]. Table (2) shows t he concentrations of the heavy metals of the soils under study in ppm (Cd, As, Pb, Cr, Z n, Ni, and Cu) with their R SD% r esp ectively. These concentrations were illustrated in figures (1-4) at dep ths (5 cm, 25 cm and 50 cm). Cadmium concentrations for all zones are not exceeding 10pp m. Cadmium content of soil in non-p olluted area is usually below 1p p m. Cadmium may form comp lexes with various anions, such as chloride, sulp hate and carbonate ions. Such comp lexity might contribute to the mobilization of cad mium in the environment. Cadmium is suscep tible to chelation that may affect its disp lacement in soils [7, 17]. Arsenic concentrations are 1p p m or 2pp m for all zones. Arsenic accumulation in soils is usually found in the top 10 cm due to strong fixation. Arsenic mobilization is mainly controlled by adsorp tion/desorp tion processes. These phenomena are linked mainly to p H and also t o redox conditions, mineral nature and arsen ic st ate oxidation [17, 18]. Lead concentrations are between (14-28pp m), (16-33pp m) and (30-63pp m) with increasing downward depths for all zones resp ectively. The danger of excess lead is p robably decreased after deposition on the soil due to the formation of relatively insoluble comp ounds like PbCO3, Pb3(PO4)2, and to a lesser degr ee PbSO4. B ecause of the formation of the solids and of the adsorption of lead when p resent as divalent cation, lead disp lacement in soils is mostly small. Soils of high p H may release fixed lead when b ecoming acidic esp ecially if PbCO3 is involv ed in the lead immobilization [17]. Chromium concentrations are between (20-48pp m), (28-66pp m) and (82-90pp m) with increasin g depths for all zones r esp ectively. The mobility of chromium is extremely slow. At the p H values and redox p otentials p revailing in most soils, Cr +6 is readily reduced to Cr +3 , mainly occurring as the poorly soluble Cr(OH)3 [17]. Zinc concentrations are between (30-82pp m), (44-101ppm) and (69-111pp m) with increasing depths for all z ones resp ectively. One of the major factors controlling zinc availability is the pH. The zinc sp ecies in soils b elow 7.7 is Zn +2 and at higher p H values the neutral zinc hy droxide Zn(OH)2. Large pH influence on zinc solubility is indicated by the fact that the zinc activity in IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL. 24 (2) 2011 solution at equilibr ium conditions decr eases 100-folds for each unit in crease in pH. Z inc may be adsorbed on the adsorp tion comp lexes of clay s and organic matter. Chelation may influ ence Zn-soil interactions [17]. Nickel concentrations are between (52-89p p m), (71-111pp m) and (116-124pp m) with increasin g d epths for all zones resp ectively. Being a div alent cation, Ni +2 must be exp ected to be adsorbed on the soil comp lex. Silicate ions of soil govern the nickel concentration in soil solution, immobilization of n ickel thus bein g caused by the formation of nick el si licate minerals. The abundance of silicate ions in soils p rovides an almost infinite storage cap acity when time is available for the formation of these n ickel solids. Nickel is suscep tible to chelation which may considerably affect its disp lacement in soils [17]. Copp er concentrations are between (19-46pp m), (31-75ppm) and (25-43pp m) with increasing depths for all zones resp ectively. M obility and disp lacement of copp er in soils are low. It is st rongly bound by organic matter and as a result of this bonding, downward movement of cop p er in soils is almost nil; and this may exp lain to some extent the concentrations of copper at 50 cm depth is less than that at 25 cm depth. A large number of copp er comp lexes are known to occur in soils. Copp er also has been suscep tible to chelation that affect its disp lacement in soils [17]. Conclusion The concentrations of the heavy metals (Cd, As, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni and Cu) were measured in three zones at College of Education / Ibn Al-Haitham thou ght to be deeply contaminated. The p arameters of soil pH value, organic matt er, sulp hate, chloride, carbonate and total soluble salts were carried out to get better underst anding of sp ecifying the chemical forms and mob ility of the contaminatin g comp ounds in the soil. The research concluded that the highest concentrations of the heavy metals in soils of the contaminated zones under st udy were arranged as follows: Zone A > Zone C > Zone B concerning metals Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu and Cd while the highest concentrations concernin g metals Z n and As were arran ged as fol lows: Zone C > Zone A > Zone B The heavy metals Cd and As were detected in small amounts. Heavy metals do not decay and thus p ose a different kind of challenge for remediation. In situ fixation is a p rocess that creates new chemical comp ounds in which heavy metals are less available to living things. Prevention st ill is the best method to p rotect the environment from contamination by heavy metals. IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL. 24 (2) 2011 Re ferences 1. Wikipedia, (2010) the Free En cyclop edia,’’Soil’’,http ://en.wikipedia.org 2. U.S. EPA, (2010), Soil Contamination Section, U. S. Environmental Prot ection A gency , Washin gton, DC. 3. Ron Zevenhoven and Pia Kil Pinen, (2001), Control of Pollutants in Flue Gases and Fuel Gases; TKK, Esp oo. 4. M arion LeRoy Jackson, (1985), Soil Ch emical Analysis, Revised 2 nd Edition, Dep artment of Soil Science; University of Wisconsin M adison, USA. 5. Bohan Liao, Zhaohul Guo, Anne Probst and Jean-Luc Probst, (2005), So il h eavy metal contamination and acid deposition: exp erimental app roach on two forest soils in Hunan, Southern China, Geoder ma, 126(1-2): 91-103. 6. Ioan Suciu, Const antin Cosma, M ihai Todica, Sorana D. Bolboaca and Lorentz Jantschi, (2008), Analysis of Soil Heavy M etal Pollution and Pattern in Central Transy lvania, International Journal of M olecular Science, 9 :434-453. 7. Tomoyuki M akino, (2009), Heavy M etal Pollution of Soil and a New App roach to its Remediation: Resear ch Exp eriences in Jap an, National Inst itut e for Agro-Environmental Science, 3-1-3 Kannond ai, Tsukuba, Jap an. 8. Anna M aria Polcaro, M ichele M ascia, Simon ett a Palmas, Annalisa Vacca and Giusep p e Tola, (2004), Competitive Sorption of Heavy M etal Ions by Soils Environmental Engineer ing Scien ce, 20(6): 607-616. 9. M ichael John Tomlinson and R. Boorman, (2001), Foundation Design and Const ruction, Pitman Pub Ltd. 10. Alloway, B.J. (1995), Heavy M etals in Soil, 2 nd Edition, Blackie Academic and Professional. 11. Yaron, B. ;Calvet, R. and Prost, R. (1996), Soil Pol lution Process Dy namics, Sp ringer- Verla g Berlin Heidelberg New York. 12. Agrawal, Y.C. (2000), Soil Prop erties and Their Influence on Design of Dams(India), Conference / ICHE / Seoul. 13. Alina Kabata-Pendias , (2001), Trace Elements in Soils and Pl ants, 3 rd Edition, Library Catalogin g-in-Publication Data by CRC Press LLC. 14. U.S Salinity Laboratory Staff, (1954), Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alk ali Soils, A gricu lture Handbook No.60, US Dep artment of Agriculture. 15. BS 1377-3, (1990), So ils for Civil En gineering Purp oses, British Standard Inst itution. 16. Earth M anual Part 1, 1998, US Dep artment of the Interior of Reclamation 3 rd Edition. 17. Bolt, G.H. and Bru ggenwert, M .G.M . (1978), Soil Ch emistry A. Basic Elements, 2 nd Edition, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company New York. 18. M agdi Selim ,H. and Donald, L. Sp ark, (2001), Heavy M etal Release in Soils, USA. IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL. 24 (2) 2011 Table (1): Parameters of soil with their relati ve standard deviations in contaminated zones at different depths (cm) Zo n e Locatio n De pt h pH RSD % O.M. % RSD % Sul pha te% RSD % Chloride % RS D% Car bonat e % RSD % T.S.S % RS D % A 1 5 7.8 1 0.07 6.25 0.18 0.70 0.81 0.89 0.64 25 0.2 2.03 0.7 4 25 7.8 4 0.12 5.96 0.33 0.42 2.38 0.53 1.07 33.5 0.45 1.38 0.3 9 50 7.7 9 0.12 5.54 0.18 0.62 1.61 0.71 0.80 24 0.41 1.79 0.5 5 A 2 5 7.7 1 0.34 5.72 0.36 0.04 2.5 0.36 0.55 18.5 0.08 0.83 0.1 3 25 7.5 5 0.40 5.36 0.28 0.10 2.5 0.53 0.37 25.5 0.04 0.94 0.6 0 50 7.8 4 0.12 5.78 0.26 0.09 1.66 0.36 0.30 24.7 0.06 0.73 0.2 0 B 5 7.6 6 0.32 0.80 0.71 1.26 0.45 0.84 0.13 26 0.38 3.01 0.3 3 15 7.5 4 0.07 0.73 1.36 1.34 0.42 0.67 0.37 25 0.06 3.39 0.0 3 C 5 7.6 2 0.06 0.77 0.14 0.45 0.22 0.63 0.17 35 0.28 1.49 0.1 3 25 7.7 3 0.06 0.66 0.22 0.05 2 0.52 0.29 31 0.32 0.83 0.1 2 50 7.8 4 0.04 0.74 0.13 0.10 2 0.58 0.17 27 0.21 0.95 0.1 5 IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL. 24 (2) 2011 Table (2): Concentrations of soil heavy metals (ppm) with their relative standard deviations in contaminated zones at different depths (cm) Zon e Locatio n De pt h Cd RSD % A s RSD % Pb RSD % Cr RSD % Zn RSD % Ni RSD % Cu RSD % A 1 5 8. 7 6.65 1 0 16. 7 3.45 20. 3 2.84 30.7 1.88 52.7 2.19 19. 7 2.93 25 7. 7 7.52 1 0 24. 3 2.37 28. 7 4.02 44.3 1.30 71.3 1.61 75. 7 1.52 50 1 0 1 0 63. 3 9.11 90. 7 1.27 69.3 0.83 124 0.46 25. 3 2.27 A 2 5 1 0 1 0 15. 3 3.17 39. 7 2.90 44.3 2.60 72.3 0.79 21. 7 2.66 25 1 0 1 0 22. 7 2.54 66. 7 1.73 60.3 1.91 91.3 0.63 54. 7 1.05 50 1 0 1 0 30. 3 1.90 87. 3 0.66 79.7 0.72 116. 7 0.49 34. 3 3.36 B 5 4 0 2 0 14. 3 4.03 48. 6 2.37 50.3 1.98 71.7 2.13 26. 7 3.74 15 4 0 2 0 16. 7 3.46 63. 7 1.81 63 1.58 89.7 1.70 31 3.22 C 5 7 0 2 0 28. 3 2.04 47. 6 2.42 82.6 2.52 89.3 1.71 46. 7 1.23 25 6 0 2 0 33. 3 1.73 66. 3 1.74 101 1.73 111 2.38 51. 3 1.12 50 5 0 2 0 38. 7 1.49 82. 3 1.85 111. 7 1.86 117. 3 1.30 43. 3 4.80 IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL. 24 (2) 2011 Figure 1: So il heavy metal concentrations in Zone (A) location -1 at different depths Figure 2: Soi l heavy metal concentrations in zone (A) location-2 at different depths Cd Cd CdAs As As Pb Pb Pb C r C r C r Zn Zn Zn Ni Ni Ni Cu Cu Cu 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 5 25 50 C o n ce n tr at io n (p p m ) Depth (cm) Cd Cd C dAs As As Pb Pb Pb C r C r Cr Zn Zn Zn Ni Ni Ni C u Cu Cu 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 5 25 5 0 C o n ce n tr a ti o n ( p p m ) Depth (cm) IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL. 24 (2) 2011 Figure 3: Soil heavy metal concentrations in Zone (B) at differ ent depths Cd C dAs As Pb Pb C r Cr Zn Zn Ni Ni C u Cu 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 5 1 5 C o n ce n tr a ti o n ( p p m ) Depth (cm) Figure 4: Soil heavy metal concentrations in Zone (C) at different depths C d Cd CdAs As As Pb Pb Pb C r C r CrZn Zn Zn Ni Ni Ni Cu Cu C u 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 5 25 5 0 C o n ce n tr a ti o n ( p p m ) Depth (cm) 2011) 2( 24المجلد والتطبیقیة الصرفة للعلوم الھیثم ابن مجلة -ابن الهیثم/ العناصر الثقیلة في مساحات ملوثة في كلیة التربیة تقدیر تراكیز جامعة بغداد عبداالحد فرید قصیر ، همسة منعم یاسین ، سلوان بهنام عبو ، منهل ریمون عزیز جامعة بغداد، ابن الهیثم -كلیة التربیة قسم الكیمیاء ، 2010أیلول 21:استلم البحث في 2011شباط 16:قبل البحث في الخالصة كون جزء من قشرة االرض وبیئتها الذي یتألف من تجمیع جسیمات منفصلة غیر مترابطة، تالتربة هي أي ترسب طبیعي ملوثات التربة ومنها العناصر الثقیلة قد ترتبط فیزیائیا أو كیمیائیا مع . عادة تكون معادن وفي بعض االحیان مواد عضویة أجري التحلیل الكیمیائي لنماذج من التربة وبأعماق . ها تستقر في الفراغات الصغیرة بین جسیمات التربةجسیمات التربة أو أن في ثالث مساحات، جرى سكب أو دفن الملوثات في تربتها أو أنهاعرفت طریقها الى التربة ) سم 50سم و25سم و 5( مختلفة والتي طالت 2003عمال التخریب التي رافقت العملیات الحربیة في العراق في عام ألمن خالل مجرى مائي معین، نتیجة والخارصین ،والكروم،والرصاص ،والزرنیخ ،ابن الهیثم أذ قدرت تراكیز الكادمیوم/ مختبرات قسم الكیمیاء في كلیة التربیة .والنحاس فیها ،والنیكل، Pb (63.3ppأعلى تركیز تنتائج التحلیل بین m), Cr (90.7pp m), Ni (124pp m), Cu (75.7pp m) في location-1 (A) zone ، بینما كان أعلى تركیز Zn (111.7pp m) فيzone (C) كما سجلت تراكیز محسوسة من .أیضا Asو Cd عناصر ملوثات داخل التربة قدیر محتوى المواد وت ،جرى قیاس قیم االس الهیدروجینيأللحصول على وصف كامل لحركة ال .واالمالح الذائبة الكلیة ،والكلوریدات،والكبریتات ،والكاربونات ،العضویة