IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL.24 (3) 2011 Prevalence and Infection Rate of Three Gizzard Nematodes in the Mallard Anas Platyrhynchos L., 1758 Collected in Al- Diwaniya and Diyala Provinces , Central Iraq M. K. Mohammad and A. A. Al-Moussawi Iraq Natural History Research Ce ntre and Museum, Unive rsity of Baghdad Received in: 7 June 2010 Accepte d in:13 March 2011 Abstract Three nematodes : Amidostomum acutum , Epomidiostomum uncinatum and Hadj elia truncata , were recovered from t he gizz ards of winterin g mallard collected at t wo sites in central Iraq. A brief d escrip tion of the p arasites along with some notes on t heir infection rate, prevalence and discussion with t he p ertinent literature are p rovided. Key words : Iraq , mallard , gizz ard worms, Amidostomum acutum , Epomidiostomum uncina tum , Hadjelia trunca ta , Anas Pla tyrhynchos . Introduction The mallard, Anas platyrhynchos, is the most widely distributed duck in the Northern Hemisp here, rangin g from the Arctic to the subtrop ics of North America, Asia, and Europ e [1] .It is usually infected with gizz ard worms. T he gizz ard worm belongs to the genera Amidostomum, Epomidiostomum and Hadjelia are the most common h elminth infectin g waterfowl [2]. Sp ecies of Amidostomum and Epomidiostomum are wid ely distributed amon g v ariety of migratory birds . Adult worms of bot h genera liv e under the lining tunic of t he gizz ard. They were rep orted from gizz ards of anatids in Europe and their distribution reflects the geographic ranges of their host s [3]. Gizzard worm infection is considered a contributing factor to low weights and looses in birds [4]. M ay be because mature worms feed on blood in the gizz ard mucosa [3] causing hemorrhage, leakage of p lasma p roteins, and p otential ischemia resultin g in erosions and ulcers [5 ] . Severe infections with Amidostomum spp . may be associated with esop hageal impaction [6] . It may substantially contribute to fatal debilitation. The effect of combination of other parasitic worms with A. acutum (Lundah l 1848) Seurat 1918 may damage tissues of the b ird and may constitute one of the causes of mass mortality among the common eiders [7] . The infection with H. truncata caused serious lesions in the gizz ard in Columbia livia domestica from Cy p rus [8] Sev erely infected birds m ay even die consequently , and the death of juveniles is more common than that in adults [9] . M oreover, there is a p ossibility for transmission of gizz ard worms between domest ic and wild birds those share the same habitats, causin g econo mic losses. The aim of this st udy is to survey and identify the gizz ard worms of the wintering mallard in Iraq as a p art of more studies on t heir p arasitic fauna through Iraq. IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL.24 (3) 2011 Materials and Methods During the p eriod from December 2008 to February 2009, a total of 20 sp ecimens includin g 6 males and 14 females of the mallard Anas platyrhynchos were collected from Qara Tapa 34° 26 ` N , 45° 02` E , Diy ala Province and Hawr Al-M alih 32° 20`N , 45° 30 ̀ E , Al- Diwaniya Province . B irds killed with a shot gun and examined for p arasites immediately or within a few hours, identified according to [10] , then d issected immediately . The gizz ard was sep arated and tunic lining car efully removed and search ed for p arasites with the aid of the dissecting microscope (Kruss ) and the comp ound microscop e (Oly mpus BH) . The recovered nematodes were kept 70% ethanol, immersed ov ernight in lactop henol at room temp erature for clear ing. Identification was done according to [11,12] . M easurements are in millimeters calcu lated by using ocular and stage micrometers. Phot os were taken with a digital camer a . Results and Discussion Table 1 summarizes the results of finding three nematodes namely , Amidostomum acutum, Epomidiostomum uncinatum (Lundahl,1848) Seurat, 1918 and Hadjelia truncata underneath the gizz ard lining of mallard sp ecimens collected in central Iraq. This would show that the total infection rate is 55%. The infection rate for Qara Tapa site is 100%, while for Hawr Al-M alih is 43.75%. The infection among male birds is 50%, while for females is 57.1%. Table 1 shows also that single infections constitut e the most infections recorded in this st udy with only one excep tion of A. acutum and E. uncinatum. This mode of infection is in general agreement with [13] . However, this may be related directly to the smaller sample size in the p resent st udy . It is found also, that females acquired higher infection rate comp ared with their mates. This may be due, p artly , to the difference between them during the breeding season in regard to their behavior and feeding which may act as an imp ortant factor contributing for gett ing more p arasites. However, the results are in agreement with [ 14, 15 ]. Amidostomum acutum (Fig.1A;B;C&D) M outh op ening surrounded with 4 p apillae, varying in size , the tooth is conical with slightly convex ventral surface directly at the apex it is situated on dorsal p late of bottom of buccal cap sule. Excretory p ore and nerve ring situated ahead from cervical p apillae. Cy lindrical p harynx gradually widening toward back , all the body with transverse striations. M ale: Only 8 males isolated from the gizz ard of A. platyrhynchos from Hawr Al-M alih. Body 8.928 (7.365 - 10.258) long , 0.074 (0.062 - 0.086) wide, dorsal tooth 0.00412 (0.0032 - 0.0048) long , internal diameter of buccal cap sule0.0068 (0.0048 - 0.0080) , its depth 0.0092 (0.0080 - 0.0096) , p harynx 0.612 (0.572 - 0.676) long , 0.0381 (0.026 - 0.052) width , nerve ring distance from anterior end 0.254 (0.230 - 0.285) , distance from excretory p ore to anterior end 0.39475 (0.350 - 0.399) , sp icules equal or almost equal 0.121 (0.1168 - 0.1312) long, its number branches are three . Female: Seventeen females of A. acu tum isolated from the gizz ard of A.platyrhynchos from Hawr Al-M alih. Females are lar ger than males 13.448 (12.312 -14.773) long, 0.121 (0.1144 - 0.126) wide , dorsal tooth 0.0061 (0.0048 - 0.008) long , internal diameter of buccal cap sule somewhat lar ger than in male 0.0104 (0.0096 - 0.0112) , its depth is more also 0.0112 (0.0096 - 0.0128), Phary nx is longer than males also 0.779 (0.665 -0.899 ) long , 0.5218 (0.0468 - 0.052 ) width , Vulva p rovided with cuticular p rotuberance varying in size, it is closer to t he posterior end of the body 2.6305 (2.415 - 2.9925) , eggs 0.0694 (0.053-0.104) x 0.05224 (0.038 - 0.0936) , tail len gth 0.2625 (0.208- 0.354). A. acutum is a common p arasite of ducks in Europe includin g Anas platyrhynchos [16 . Infection rate with this sp ecies in this st udy is almost in agreement with t hat rep orted by [17] . The first IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL.24 (3) 2011 descrip tion of A. acutum was done by Lundahl 1848, from the ventriculus of Nettion crecca ; Oidemia nigra ; Melanitta fusca ; Eider molissimus; and Fuligula fuligula from Finnland , then Travassos 1937 added Fulica atra as another host for this nematode [16]. This nematode was also fr equently reported from Anseriformes; in Australia [18] ; in Nort h America[19], and In Poland [17] From another anatinds it was rep orted: In Canada from Bucephala clangula[16] ; Anas americana ; Anas acuta ; Anas strepera ; Aythya affinis ; A ythya valisineria. In USA from the anatids : Anas fulvigula in Florida [20] ; in Nort h America from Aix sponsa[21] , Dendrocygna autumnalis [22], from Aramus guarauna (Gruiformes: Aramid ae ) [23] . in Europ e it was reported from the anatids : Anas carolinensis ; Anas querquedula ; Anser albifrons ;Aythya ferina ; Aythya n yroca [16] ; Anas acuta ; Anas penelope [24].In France from Charadr iiformes: Recurv irostridae in Himantopus himantopus[16] and from the Phasianids Tetrao parv irostris ; Tetrao urogallus (Galliformes) [25] . In Taiwan from the anatids : Anas carolinensis and from Charadriiformes: Scolop acidae : Gallinago gallinago[28] . In Australia from the anatids : Anas gracilis ; Biziura lobata; Stictonetta naevosa ; and from Himantopus leucocepha lus (Charadriiformes: Recurvirostridae) [18]. Epomidi ostomum uncinatum (Fig.2 A & B ) Sy n.: Epomidiostomum anatinum Skrjabin, 1915 ; Amidostomum anatinum BayLis, 1928 [16]. It is characterist ic with 6 cep halic ap p endages surround t he oral op enin g. Females are lar ger than males, The distance between the transverse cuticular st riation, slightly smaller in male than in female. M ale: Only one male isolated from the gizz ard of A.platyrhynchos , the male is short er and thinner than female. Body : 6.962 long , 0.176 width , inner diameter of buccal cap sule 0.0096,its depth 0.008 Phary nx 0.972 len gth, 0.0416 width , excretory p ore at 3.82 from the anterior end of the body , the nerve ring is 0.230 from anterior end. The sp icules equal or nearly equal, reach 0.021 lon g, the dist al end of each sp icule is cleaved into t hree unequal branches Female: Body 10.615 long , 0.399 width at vulva region, Pharynx 1.055 len gth, 0.0624 width , excretory p ore at 0.376 from the anterior end of the body . Nerve ring lies at a distance of 0.255 from anterior end, the vu lva is smooth, p laced at a d istance of 2.42 from the p ost erior end , eggs 0.126x0.063 , tail, narrowing just behind the anus is 0.140. It is isolated from the gizz ards of A. platyrhynchos collected from Hawr Al-M alih. It was isolated from the gizz ard of the mallard A. platyrhynchos in North America by [44] and in Europe by [45]. From other anatids in USA it was rep orted: in Nort h America from Anas discors [27] ; Aix sponsa[21]. In Florida from Anas fulvigula [20] ; in Texas from Dendrocygna autumnalis ; Dendroc ygna bico lor [22]. In Ind ia fro m Dendroc ygna bico lor [28] . In Taiwan from Anas carolinensis [26] . In Canada from Anas carolinensis [27] Sp ecies of Epomidiostomum appear more restricted to the Anatidae , moreover, this sp ecies was recovered from f emales only, two in number, from Hawr al-M alih (Table 1). This is rather hard to exp lain and it seems that collectin g more sp ecimens from these two sites as well as other sites in Iraq may show different result. However, it is uncertain why differences in p revalen ce or intensity of gizz ard worms is associated by host sex in some sp ecies and not others [3] . Hosts infected with sp ecies of Amidostomum and Epomidiostomum are ty p ically associated with aquatic habitats. Amidostomum acutum and Epomidiostomum uncinatum are widely distributed in migratory waterfowl [3] they occur mainly in Anatini and Ay thy ini [16]. Sp ecies of Amidostomum in Anatidae ar e: A. acu tum in the du cks of Anatinae ; A. petrov i in the ducks of Ayt hinae; A. monodon in the ducks of M erginae and the fourth one is A. auriculatum in Anas crecca [29] In Slovakia [30] found low numbers of A. acutum in Anas crecca, wher eas [31] found 5 out of 23 mallards infected with t his worm. In Poland [17] found 40 % of mallards p ositive for A. acutum. The p resent results also show that A. acutum is more p revalent than E. uncinatum , this agr ees with t he findings of [ 3 ,20]. IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL.24 (3) 2011 Hadjeli a truncata (Fi g.3 A;B&C ) Twenty four females of H .truncata were found in the gizz ards of sp ecimens of Qara -Taba. Body cylindrical att enuated at extremities, 13.15 (11.10 - 14.88) long , 0.23 (0.18 - 0.28) wide ,cuticle transversely st riated, M outh with large well developed trilobed lip s without teeth with two wings set on external surface of each. Head sep arated from body by a slight constriction, 0.014 (0.010- 0.015 long , 0.048 (0.041- 0.056 ) in diameter, mouth leads to a cy lindrical vestibule, 0.038 (0.031- 0.046) long , 0.011 (0.010 - 0.015) wide . Oesop hagus consists of two p arts an anterior short , narrow and muscular 0.461 (0.450-0.566) long , 0.038 (0.026 - 0.062) wide ; and p ost erior longer, wider and glandu lar 2.435 (1.47 - 3.32) long, 0.056 (0.208-0.083) wide. Nerve ring 0.032 (0.26 - 0.052) long, 0.038 (0.026 - 0.046) wide. Vulva is 2.281 (1.575 - 2.730) from anterior end , eggs thick –shelled, sl ightly thickened at the p oles , 0.044 (0.033- 0.057) long , 0.034 (0.015 -0.041) wid e , tail short and rounded. Hadjelia truncata was reported from a wide range of vertebrate (avian) and invertebrate hosts scatt ered among d ifferent families and orders[32] . It is well reco gn ized as an av ian p arasite, and h as been found in the gizz ard of a number of bird sp ecies in Europe , Asia [33]and Africa [34] . It is p resent under the corned lay er of the gizz ard [8 ,34 , 32 ,35 , 36 , 37 ]. It was reported from the Starling Sturnus vulgaris L, Sturnidae, Passeriformes [38] ; p igeons Columba livia , Columbidae, Columb iformes [8 , 37 ,39 , 40] ; hoop oe Upupa epops and Upupa sp ., Up up idae, from Indian roller Corac ias benegha lensis , fro m Corac ias sp ., from Coraciiformes : Coraciidae, [12 , 41] and M eropidae from the blue-cheeked bee –eater M erops superciliosus persicus [32] , and from a beetle Phylan abbreviatus , Tenebrionidae, Coleoptera [11]. The infection rate of p arasites in this st udy within the two collection sites does not allow t o withdraw any justified conclusion since the examined numb er of bird host s is very low , although it indicates that Hawr Al-M alih sp ecimens has a richer p arasitic fauna than those of Qara Tap a . However, more sp ecimens need to be examined to get a clear idea about this subject and about the relation between the bird sex and p revalence and r ates of infection for the three gizz ard nematodes. Acknowledge ment The authors are gr ateful for the h elp in laboratory p reparation kindly offered by M rs. Khalida Ibrahim , of Parasitology section-Iraq Natural History research Centre and M useum-University of Baghd ad . Re ferences 1- Dronen, N. O.; Lindsey , J. R. ; Ross, L. M . and Krise, G. M . (1994) . Helminths from M allard Ducks, Anas platyrhynchos, Wintering in the Post-Oak Savannah of Southcentral Texas . The Southwest ern Naturalist , 39 ( 2) : 203-205. 2- Tuggle, B. N. and Friend, M . (1999) . Gizzard worms. in Friend M . and Franson , J.C. (Edit.) Field M anual of Wild life Diseases , General Field Procedures and Diseases of Birds : 425. 3- Fedy nich ,A. M. and Thomas, N. J. (2008) . in Atkinson, C. T. ; Thomas ,N. J. and Hunter, D. B. (Edit.) . Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds. W iley A. J. & Sons, Ltd., Publication.: 595. 4- Herman, C. M . and Wehr, E. E. (1954) . The Occurrence of Gizz ard Worms in Canad a Geese . 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FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL.24 (3) 2011 Table (1): Locli ty, sex, no. examined, no. i nfected of Anas platyrhynchos and gizzard worm species and prevalence. Locality sex No examin ed No. infected % infection Parasite sp . Range (mean no. ) Qara Tapa ♂ 2 2 100 Hadjelia trunca ta 19-25 (22) ♀ 2 2 100 H. truncata 2(2) Hawr Al- M alih Total ♂ 4 1 25 Amidostomum acutum 1 ♀ 12 6 50 A. acutum * + Epomidiostomum uncinatum 12-28(24) + 1-3 ( 2) 20 11 55 * Double infect ion in two cases. IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL.24 (3) 2011 - A - - B - - C - - D - Fig.(1): Amidostomum acutum A – Ante rior end B –Posterior end of male C - Poste rior end of the female D - Eggs i n uterus IBN AL- HAITHAM J. FOR PURE & APPL. S CI. VOL.24 (3) 2011 - A - -B- Fig.(2): Epomidi ostomum uncinatum A – Ante ri or en d B – Poste ri or en d of male - A - -B- - C - Fig.(3 ): Hadjeli a truncata A – An te rior en d B – Poste rior en d of fem ale C – Egg s an d vul va 2011) 3( 24مجلة ابن الھیثم للعلوم الصرفة والتطبیقیة المجلد نسبة و شدة اإلصابة بثالثة أنواع من دیدان القانصة الخیطیة لطیر الخضیري Anas Platyrhynchos L., 1758 في محافظتي دیالى و الدیوانیة وسط العراق يمحمد كاظم محمد و أزهار أحمد الموسو جامعة بغداد ،مركز بحوث و متحف التأریخ الطبیعي 2010 حزیران 7:في استلم البحث 2011 أذار 13 :في قبل البحث الخالصة و، Amidostomum acutum: تم الحصول على ثالثة أنواع من الدیدان الخیطیة هي Epomidiostomum uncinatu و ،Hadjelia truncata من افراد بط الخضیري المشتیة في وسط العراق. المالحظات عن نسبة وشدة اإلصابة وتمت مناقشة المعلومات في ضوء أعطي وصف مختصر للطفیلیات مع بعض . البحوث ذي العالقة Amidostomum acutum بط الخضیري ، دیدان القانصة ، العراق : الكلمات المفتاحیة، Hadjelia trunca ta , Epomidiostomum uncinatum