2010 )1( 32 مجلة ابن الهیثم للعلوم الصرفة والتطبیقیة المجلد الدممستویات بعض المعادن في مصل فيلتدخین تأثیر ا قیس احمد ابراهیم جامعة بغداد ة،كلیة الزراعقسم الكیمیاء ، الخالصة ة الجسم وانخفاض مستویات العواملیحتوي دخان السكائر على عوامل سامة ومؤكسدة كثیرة التي تؤدي الى سمی من العوامل المضادة لألكسدة دمستویات الزنك والنحاس التي تع تقیس. امراض كثیرة جداً مؤدیة الى لألكسدهالمضادة د المدخنین مقارنة بغیر المدخنین ألن اوكسید النایتروجین عند المدخنین وغیر المدخنین ولوحظ انخفاض مستوى الزنك عن )NO (ك تبین انخفاض مستوى النحاس الذي استهلك ، الزنك فقدانوجود ضمن مكونات دخان السكائر یعمل على الم كذل .محتویات دخان السكائر من هوو في تخلیص الجسم من سموم الكادمیوم IBN AL- HAITHAM J . FO R PURE & APPL. SC I. VOL.23 (1) 2010 Effect of Smoking on Serum Level of Some Mineral Q. A. Ibraheem Departme nt of Chemistry ,Collage of Agriculture, Baghdad Unive rsity, Abstract Cigarett e smoke contains a lot of toxic and o xidizing materials which causes body toxicity and reduces antioxidant t hat results in many diseases. In t his st udy , levels of Z inc and Copp er (which are antioxidant) were measured in serum of smokers and nonsmokers. It was found that the level of Zinc in serum of smokers was significantly lower than nonsmokers because nitric oxide which is one of cigarette contents acts to increase zinc loss, also a significantly lower cop p er levels were found in smokers than nonsmokers due to consumption of copper in reducing cadmium toxicity which is a cigarette smoke content. Keywords: - S moki ng, Copper, Zinc Introduction Tobacco smoking is a known cause of app roximately 25 diseases, and even the WHO declared that its imp act on world health is not fully assessed [1,2]. Also it is resp onsible for app roximately 3.5 million deaths worldwide every y ear, p rimarily from vascular diseases, cancer and multiple sclerosis. [3,4]. The number of smokers in the world equal to 1/5 of its p op ulation. The Cigarette smoke contains at least 3500 identified chemical constituents, many of which have toxic or carcinogenic p rop erties [5]. It results in the formation of more than a billion oxy radicals in each p uff [6]. Develop ing countries st art to st rengthening of national p rograms and initiatives for smoking p revention and cessation is needed to reduce smoking-related mortality and morbidity [7, 8]. In smokers, the mitochondrial resp iratory chain function of lymphocyte is disturbed; and it correlates with the degree of oxidative damage of membranes, and thus mitochondrial dy sfunction could contribute to increase endogenous p roduction of reactive oxy gen sp ecies (ROS) [9]. The p resence of oxidants, which include free radicals in cigarettes smoke, has been reviewed. Zinc is one of essential elements in human, it is necessary for cell division and cellular immunity and it is considered as antioxidant. Diet is the main source of zinc, the adequate amount of daily dietary intake is 5mg which is p resent in meat, marine organisms, and p oor in grain vegetables and fruits. Essential level of zinc in 70 kg man is 1.4 -2.3 g [10]. Intake of dietary zinc is associated with a decreased risk of both p roximal and dist al colon cancer [11]. Zinc and various antioxidants have been p rop osed as treatments for Age-related macular degeneration [12] Cop p er is considered as an imp ortant element in defense against oxidant so it p rotects the body from cancer, heart disease and aging. It has a role in merge iron in hemoglobin and also facilitate absorp tion of iron. Daily need of copp er in adult is 30µg /Kg body weight, while children require 40µg/Kg body weight. Cop p er is p resent in liver, kidney , raisin and mother milk that contains (1.05-0.6) mg/L [13].The cop p er value in venous p lasma is (13-24) µmol/L [14]. Cop p er deficiency decreased the final body weight of the rats by 5% comp ared to copp er-adequate control rats. Severe copp er-deficient st ate in the rats fed decrease of ceruloplasmin activity in serum (by 97%) [15] IBN AL- HAITHAM J . FO R PURE & APPL. SC I. VOL.23 (1) 2010 Aim of the study Determine the danger of smoking that contains many oxidizing agents and their effect on the levels of antioxidant in the body which become more liable of having a lot of medical p roblems. Subjects, Materials and Methods S moke r and nonsmoker (control) subjects Samp les were obtained from 31 healthy subjects (male) as nonsmokers, aged between 20-35 y ears and 37 smokers (male), aged 20-35 y ears. The samples were obtained from National center of blood transfer / Baghdad. Blood sampli ng Blood samples (3ml) were withdrawn from both subjects after overnight fasting with abstinence for 4 hours before test. Samp les then transferred to metal free p last ic centrifuge tubes. Blood samples were left to clot for one hour, then centrifuged at 3000×g for 10 min. using Janetz ki K23 centrifuge. Serum (1.5 ml) was sep arated and used for further measurements. De termination of serum metal level Serum metal levels (Zn +2 and Cu +2 ) were measured by atomic absorp tion sp ectrometer (AAS), ty p e shimadzu AA – 646 (Japan) at sp ecific wave length (copp er at 324.7nm and zinc at 213.9nm). Generated by hollow cathode lamb this is absorbed by the sample (after conversion into atomic vapor). Elements p resent in serum in µg/ml level can be determined by flame atomic absorp tion sp ectrometer (FAAS), serum Cu and Zn concentration were determined after sett ing the optimal conditions for each element. Results In this st udy , data obtained ref lects a serum zinc lev el of (105.01±28.78µ g/dl) and for copper level of (128.20±22.32µg/dl). These levels were found to be significantly lowered (p <0.05) in smokers, than those found in nonsmokers group (129.13±33.71 µg/dl, 148.60±34.34 µg/dl) resp ectively. The statistic of the results is done by using T – test. Discussion The majority of the health risks are correlated with cigarette consumption. However, natural antioxidant systems are thought to p rovide p rotection against free radicals and increased activity of antioxidant sy stem is associated with reduced risk of certain disease [16]. Cigarett es smoke reduces the activity of antioxidant sy stem; these may lead to imbalance between oxidant-antioxidant in favor of the p rooxidant leading to p otential damage and dominant risk factor of many diseases [17]. Nitric oxide (NO) is found in cigarett e smoke whi ch has b een considered as h ealth hazards t he concentrations of it reached up to 600 p g/cigarette [18]. The data in this st udy show that the level of zinc in serum of smokers was significantly lower compared with nonsmokers. Changes in intracellu lar zinc were critically dep endent on (NO) p roduction which p roduce changes in zinc homeostasis, and increase in labile zinc [19] The reaction of (NO) with metallothionein has been invest igated p reviosly , and literatures reflects that NO mediates zinc release from metallothionein by destroy ing zinc- sulp hur clust ers [19,20,21]. Aravindakumar, etal observed that the percentage loss of Zn 2+ and thiolate group s after 3hours of NO treatment are 62% and 39%, resp ectively [20]. IBN AL- HAITHAM J . FO R PURE & APPL. SC I. VOL.23 (1) 2010 Indeed, the rate of att ack by NO on metallothionein do main is intuitively exp ected to increase with the extent of reaction(at the level of this domain), by a decrease in st eric hindrance as a result of gradual unfoldin g of the protein as Zn 2+ -thiolate bonds are broken. A further increase with resp ect to Zn 2+ release may be exp ected to result from the fact t hat such Zn 2 + release p robably only occurs efficiently when several Zn 2+ -thiolate bonds are broken.[20,22,23] There was significant (P<0.05) decrease in serum copper level in smoker if comp ared with nonsmoker. Cadmium is one of toxic elements in tobacco smoke and it is copper antagonist [24,25]. The accumulation of cadmiu m in the cell lay er was sign ificantly decreased by copper; however, it was therefore suggested that copper significantly p rotects cadmium- induced cytotoxicity p rimarily through decreasin g the cellular cadmium accumulation [26]. So that cadmium up take into the body has a comb ined st ronger effect in d ecreasing copp er and zinc levels [27]. Ant ioxidants in smokers consumed for neutralization of free radicals p resent in cigarette smoke. Re ferences 1- Benowitz , N.L.; Hansson, A. and Jacob, P. (2002) Cardiovascular effects of nasal and transdermal nicotine and cigarette smoking. : Hyp ertension. 39(6): 1107-12. 2- Butler, R.; M orris, A.D. and Struthers, A.D. Lisinopril imp roves endothelial function in chronic ci garette smokers. (2001): Clin- Sci. (Lond) 101(1): 53-8. 3- Robert, J. and Fox, M .D. (2009 M ay )Smoking and M S Progr ession.:Journal Watch medicine that matters, 26, 4- Hernán, M .A., Brain, (2005 Jun) Cigarette smoking and the p rogression of multiple sclerosis. : 128:1461-5. 5. Hecht, S.S. (ed) (1997):Carcinogenesis Due to T obacco. M olecular M echanism. In: Ency clop edia of cancer, (1): 221. 6. Borck, C., (1997)Antioxidant and cancer. : SCI. M ed, 112: 52-61 7- Gu, D., Kelly , T.N., Wu ,X., Chen, J., Samet, J.M ., Huang, J.F., Zhu, M ., Chen, J.C., Chen, C.S., Duan, X., Klag, M .J.and He, J., (2009 Jan) M ortality attributable to smoking in China.: -N Engl J M ed.: 360(2):150-9. 8- Harlan, M . and Krumholz, S.M ., (January 7, 2009) Smoking and M ortality in China. ,Journal Watch Cardio logy ,25:34 9- M iro, O.; Alonso, J.R. and Jarreta, D., (1999) Smoking disturbs mitochondrial resp iratory chain function on human cir culatin g lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis. 20(7): 133-6. 10. Ericson, S. P.; M chaslsky , M . L. and Rabinow, B. E. (1986):Chem. 32(7) : 1350, 11. Lee,D-H., Anderson,K.E.and Harnack,L.J., (2004 M ar): J-Natl-Cancer96(5): 403-7, 12- Brett , A.S., Antioxidants and Zinc for Age-Related Ey e Disease . (2009 M arch 14): Watch medicine that matt ers, 23: 13. Al-seba'e, L. (2000):M alnutrition disease, Hisy , J (ed).Al-ma'aref, 44 Sa'ad Sagh lol st reet- Al-ramla st ation, Pp 174 14.Davidson,S. (1992) Princip les and Practice of M edicine , 6 th (ed).Christop her ,R.W.and Ian,A.D.,(ed). Churchill Livingst one LE - BS Pp 989, 15- Kralik, A.; Kirchgessner, M . and Eder, K. (1996Sep) Concentrations of t hy roid hormones in serum and activity of hep atic 5' monodeiodinase in cop p er-deficient rats: Ernahrun gswiss, 35(3):288-91 16- M ichiels, C.; Raes, M .; Toussan, O. and Remacie, J. (1994) Imp ortance of Se- Glutathione, peroxidase, catalase and Cu-Zn-SOD for cell survival against oxidative st ress: Free readical Biolo gical M edicin e. 17: 235-248. 17- Ross, R. (1996):Atherosclerosis. In: CECIL textbook of medicine. 18 th (ed).Wy ngarrden, J.B. and Smith, L.H. (eds). W.B.SAUNDERS Pup lishing Company. Pp . 320. IBN AL- HAITHAM J . FO R PURE & APPL. SC I. VOL.23 (1) 2010 18- Freeman, G.; Dy er, RL.; Juhos, L.T.; John, G.A. and Anbar, M . (1978) Identification of nitric oxide (NO) in human b lood. Archives of EnvironmentalHealth January/February 33: 19-23, 19- Paula J. B.; Karanee L.; Eileen B.; Rong, C. ; Annett e, W.; Karla, J.; Wasserloos, S. C.; Watkins, R.P. and Claudett e, M . St., (2008) Croix Nitric Oxide–M ediated Zinc Release Contributes t o Hyp oxic Regu lation of Pulmonary Vascular Tone., Circulation Research. 102: 1575. 20- Aravindakumar, C.T.; Ceu lemans,J. and De Ley , M ., (1999) Nitric oxide induces Zn2+ release fro m metallothionein by destroy ing zinc-sulp hur clust ers without concomitant formation of S-nitrosothiol. Biochem J. 344 (p t 1): 253–258. 21- Stitt M .S., Wasserloos, K.J., Tang, X., Liu, X., Pitt, B.R.and Croix, C.M ., (2006 M ar)Nitric oxide- induced nuclear translocation of the metal r esp onsive transcription factor,MT F-1 is mediated by zinc release from metallothionein.: 44(3):149-55 22- Kroncke, KD.; Fehsel, K.; Schmidt, T.; Zenke FT.; Dasting I.; Wesener JR.; Bettermann, H.; Breunig, K. D. and Kolb-Bachofen, V., (1994) Nitric o xide dest roy s zinc-sulfur clust ers inducing zinc release from metallothionein and inhibition of the zinc finger- type yeast transcrip tion activator LAC9.: Biochem Biophy s Res Commun. 200: 1105– 1110. 23- St Croix, C.M .; Wasserloos, K.J.; Dineley , K.E.; Rey nolds, I.J.; Levitan, E.S. and Pitt , BR. (2002): Nitric oxide-indu ced changes in intracellu lar zinc homeostasis are mediated by metallothionein/thionein. Am J Phy siol Lung Cell M ol Physiol. 282: 185–192. 24-Hendrick, D. J. Smokin g, cadmium, and emp hy sema. (2004):Thorax 59:184-185 25- M annino D.M .; Holguin, F. and Greves, H. (2004): Urinary cadmium levels p redict lower lun g function in curr ent and former smokers: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surv ey. Thorax, 59:194. 26- Kaji,T.; Fujiwara, Y.; Koy anagi, E.; Yamamoto, C.; M ishima, A.; Sakamoto, M . ;Kozuka, H.and M ishima, A., Sakamoto, M .,and Kozuka, H., (1992 Oct) Prot ective effect of copper against cadmium cytotoxicity on cultured vascular endothelial cells.: Toxicol Lett, 63(1):13-20 27- Gill Sh arma, G.; Sandhir, R. and Nath, K., (1991 Jan): Effect of ethanol on cadmium uptake and metabolism of zinc and cop p er in rats exp osed to cadmium. J Nut r, 121(1):87-91 IBN AL- HAITHAM J . FO R PURE & APPL. SC I. VOL.23 (1) 2010 App endix * p <0.05 * p <0.05 Fig. (2): Effect of smoking on serum level of copper Fig. (1): Effect of smoking on serum level of zinc * *