251 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License IHJPAS. 37 (1) 2024 Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences Journal homepage: jih.uobaghdad.edu.iq PISSN: 1609-4042, EISSN: 2521-3407 1Fatin Ahmed Al-Jubouri* 2Basim Ibrahim Al-Abdaly 1,2 Department of Chemistry/ College of Sciences, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. *Corresponding Author: faten.ahmed1205m@sc.uobaghdad.edu.iq Abstract Metal oxide nanocomposites (MONCs) manufacturing is increasingly gaining popularity. The primary cause of this is the broad range of applications for such materials, which include fuel cells, photovoltaics, cosmetics, medicine, semiconductor packing materials, water treatment, and catalysts. Due to their size, stability, high surface area, catalytic activity, simplicity in fabrication, and selectivity for particular reactions. The MONCs with various morphologies have been created by physical, chemical, and biological processes, such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, co-precipitation, solvothermal, and microwave irradiation. Eugenol (4-allyl-2- methoxyphenol) is a major component of clove essential oil and it was found in various plant groups, has been widely utilized, and famously stated to have a variety of important biological activities. It is a good starting material for the synthesis of a wide variety of derivatives with different activity. Due to the presence of many functional groups in its structure, including allyl (-CH2-CH=CH2), phenol (-OH), and methoxy (-OCH3). The eugenol was taken with metal oxides (zinc cobalt oxides ZnO: CoO) to synthesis [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] and (zinc ferric oxides ZnO: Fe2O3) to synthesis [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] as nanocomposites by hydrothermal method and characterization the compounds using: (FT-IR, AFM, SEM, EDX, XRD) techniques. Then, they tested their biological activities through antimicrobial and antioxidant. Keywords: Anti-microbial, Anti-oxidant, Eugenol, Hydrothermal method, Metal oxides nanocomposites. Received 22 January 2023, Received 12 March 2023, Accepted 20 March 2023, Published 20 January 2024 Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Microbial Activities of [ZnO: CoO/ Eugenol] and [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eugenol] Nanocomposites doi.org/10.30526/37.1.3233 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://jih.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/j/index#1609-4042 https://jih.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/j/index#2521-3407 mailto:faten.ahmed1205m@sc.uobaghdad.edu.iq mailto:faten.ahmed1205m@sc.uobaghdad.edu.iq mailto:basim.ibrahim@sc.uobaghdad.edu.iq IHJPAS. 37(1)2024 252 1. Introduction Nano is a Greek prefix that signifies midget; the terms technology and the Greek numerical prefix nano, which means one billionth, are combined to form the phrase nanotechnology. As a result, nanotechnology or nanoscaled technology is commonly considered to be at a size below 0.1 μm or 100 nm (a nanometer is one billionth of a meter, 10-9 m). Nanotechnology, often abbreviated as nanotech, is the science of manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular levels [1] or can be defined as the physical and biological processes performed to handle material to create materials with unique properties for use in various applications [2]. Nanocomposite materials (NCMs) are composites with more than one solid phase with at least one dimension in the nanometer range (1-100) nm. The solid phases can be mixtures of amorphous, semicrystalline, and crystalline states. They can have any composition and be organic, inorganic, or even both [3]. The potential of nanocomposites, a high-performance material that displays unexpected property combinations and unique design options, is so outstanding that it is helpful in a wide range of applications [4], such as medical treatments, civil, health, fabrication, information, techniques, environments, and energy sources [5]. Synthesis of metal oxide nanocomposite (MONCs): the synthesis of uniform-size nanocomposite is critical because its properties include optical, magnetic, electrical, and biological properties depending on their size and dimensions, more than one method can be used to synthesize the metal oxides (nanoparticles and nanocomposite) [6], and this study utilized a hydrothermal preparation approach since it needs low temperature, cheap costs, and a short time while being ecologically clean and nontoxic, with key parameters that can be readily modified and controlled [7]. The hydrothermal method can be defined as any heterogeneous reaction with solvents or water minerals under high temperature and pressure conditions to dissolve relatively insoluble materials under normal conditions [8]. Eugenol (EUG), also known as 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol, is a phenylpropanoid with a substituted allyl chain for guaiacol [9]. The name is taken from Eugenia aromaticum, also known as Eugenia caryophyllata, which is the scientific name for clove [10], and it's traditionally produced from the dried flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb (Myrtaceae) [11]. Also, it is a naturally occurring compound found in various plant groups [9]. It is a transparent to light yellow greasy liquid. It is the primary component of clove essential oil [10]; it makes up about 83–95 percent of clove oil [12]. It's the most volatile, biologically active component, giving cloves their characteristic scent [10,11]. It has a low chemical stability, is susceptible to oxidation, and is soluble in tiny amounts in water but readily dissolves in organic solvents [13]. The EUG is an antimicrobial phenolic component of cinnamon essential oil. It is well-known for its anti- inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-virus, anti-bacteria, anti-coagulation, anti- platelet aggregation, and analgesic properties [14,15] due to the presence of many functional groups, including allyl (-CH2-CH=CH2), methoxy (OCH3), and phenol (OH) [16] Figure 1. This work is to study the effects of [metals oxides/ eugenol] nanocomposites on biological applications through antimicrobial and antioxidant activities after being synthesized by hydrothermal method. IHJPAS. 37 (1) 2024 253 Figure 1. Chemical structure of eugenol [13] 2. Materials and Methods The organic compounds used in the present research had the most excellent purity possible. Different apparatuses were used in this work to characterize the synthesized nanostructures, as illustrated briefly below in Table 1. Table 1. Instruments utilized in this current project Instrument Specification Laboratory Function Atomic force Microscope (AFM) Model AA3000/ Angstrom Advanced Inc. USA Chemistry Analysis Center/ Baghdad Morphology of coated surfaces Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X–ray (SEM-EDX) TESCAN-MIRA3 Czech Repblic University of Tabriz/ Iran Morphology of coated surfaces X-ray diffraction (XRD) ADX 2700 Angstrom Advanced Inc. USA University of Kashan/ Iran Crystals structure & Type of phase Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) SHIMADZU FT-IR 8400S/Japan Chemistry department, college of science, University of Baghdad Chemical Compounds 2.1 Synthesis of [metal oxides/ eugenol] nanocomposites by hydrothermal method: 2.1.1 Synthesis of [ZnO: CoO / Eug] nanocomposite Two salts were used; the first one was Zn (CH3CO2)2 (2.29 g, 0.5 M), which dissolved in 25 mL of deionized water to form the first solution, the second salt was Co(CH3CO2)2.4H2O (3.114 g, 0.5 M) which dissolved in 25 mL of deionized water to form the second solution, then mix the solutions (1) and (2), and add to them (1 mL) of eugenol, and the last addition for the mixture was 4 ml of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (0.5 g, 0.5 M) after dissolved it with 25 mL of deionized water, the mixture was taken and placed in the Teflon liner autoclave cell, and heated at (150 °C) for one hour with (heating rate = 2 °C /min). The cell was cooled, and the mixture was separated by centrifugation at 4000 (rpm) for 15 minutes. After that, the separated sample was dried in an oven at (75 °C). IHJPAS. 37 (1) 2024 254 2.1.2 Synthesis of [ZnO: Fe2O3 / Eug] nanocomposite It was carried out by the same method used and mentioned in the paragraph above, taking into consideration some of the variables needed for the synthesis, like using Ferric (III) chloride FeCl3 (2.027 g, 0.5 M) instead of Co (CH3CO2)2.4H2O (3.114 g, 0.5 M). 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) Surface morphology and roughness for the [ZnO: CoO /Eug] nanocomposite prepared by the hydrothermal method were indicated in the AFM images in Table 2 and Figure 2. The results confirm that the average roughness (Ra) was 4.39 nm, and the mean standard deviation (Rq) was 6.72 nm. The mean diameter distribution of particle size generated from the analysis of the nanocomposite shows particle sizes ranging from 80 to 90 nm. While the results of the [ZnO: Fe2O3 /Eug] nanocomposite sample indicates a decrease in the surface roughness to 6.95 nm, with a root mean square deviation of 9.48 nm, as shown in Figure 3. The mean diameter distribution of nanoparticles in the diagram shows that particle sizes range from less than 60 to 80 nm. Figure 2. AFM analysis image and particle size distribution of the [ZnO: CoO / Eug] nanocomposite Figure 3. The AFM analysis image and particle size distribution of the [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] nanocomposite IHJPAS. 37 (1) 2024 255 Table 2. Estimated data from AFM measurements of nanocomposites Conditions Ra (nm) Rq (nm) Mean diameter (nm) [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] 4.39 6.72 89.62 [ZnO: Fe2O3 / Eug] 6.95 9.48 58.77 3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X–ray (SEM/EDX) Figure 4 (A, B) illustrates the SEM image of [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] prepared by hydrothermal method's. At various magnifications, this image reveals the topography of the surface stacked sheets among themselves and suggests the role played by the eugenol material used during preparation as well as the type of preparation method, which causes the materials to adhere to one another when heated [17]. The shape of [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] is nanosheets. Figure 5 explains the EDX analysis and displays the elemental percentages; as a result, it assumes that this crucial examination provides information on the materials' purity, as indicated by the percentage of Zn, which was around 18.57%, 25.64% of Co, 32.55% of oxygen, and another percentage 23.25% return to the carbon of eugenol. Figure 4. The SEM Images (A, B) of [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] with different magnifications 50Kx, 100 Kx, respectively Figure 5. The EDX analysis for [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] nanocomposite IHJPAS. 37 (1) 2024 256 Figure 6 (A, B) shows the SEM images of [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] and the general shape of the morphology of [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] displaying with different magnifications. Tiny particles of nanomaterials are clearly shown aggregating with each other [18]. The shape of [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] is nanoparticles. Figure 7 explains the EDX result of [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug]; therefore, all of the compound materials have shown different percentage. Figure 6. The SEM Images (A, B) of [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] with different magnifications 50Kx, 100 Kx, respectively Figure 7. The EDX analysis for [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] nanocomposite 3.3 The X–ray diffraction (XRD) Figure 8 shows the pattern of [ZnO: CoO/ Eug], as shown there are some peaks in agreement with the Zn and Co3O4 according to JCPDS 00-001-1238 for Zn [19], while JCPDS 01-080-1545 below to Co3O4 [20]. The average crystallite size of [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] was about 59.01 nm, and the other peaks returned to the carbons atom. The FWHM and Crystallite size of [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] are shown in Table 3. The nanoparticles' crystallite size was calculated using Debye Scherrer's formula [21]. Figure 9 shows the pattern of [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug]; there was more crystallinity of ZnO- Fe2O3 and different intensities of diffraction peaks [18], which matched with 01-080-0075 [22] and 01-084-0311 [23]. From Table 4, it can be concluded that the diffraction angles return to Fe2O3 and ZnO as individual elements. The average crystallite size was 23.8 nm, calculated using Debye Scherrer's formula [21]. IHJPAS. 37 (1) 2024 257 Figure 8. The XRD pattern of [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] nanocomposite Table 3. The FWHM and Crystallite size of [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] nanocomposite Figure 9. The XRD pattern of [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] nanocomposite Nanocomposite The highest peaks refer 2 theta (degree) d-spacing [Å] FWHM (deg) 2 theta (Rad.) FWHM (Rad.) D (nm) Matched by [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] Zn 71.2564 1.32235 0.48 1.244 0.008 51.486 00-001- 1238 Co3O4 38.2588 2.35255 0.148 0.668 0.003 68.518 01-080- 1545 69.2846 1.35621 0.394 1.209 0.007 57.038 IHJPAS. 37 (1) 2024 258 Table 4. The FWHM and Crystallite size of [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] nanocomposite 3.4 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FT-IR) The FTIR spectrum of [ZnO: CoO/ Eug], Figure 10 revealed a peak at 578 cm-1 that was assigned to stretching vibration of (Zn-O) bond [24] and the broad absorption band at 3444 cm-1 attributed to the characteristic absorption of eugenol (O-H) group [25-27]. The spectrum shows a peak at 675 cm-1 confirming the presence of the (Co-O) bond [28]. The (C=C) vibrations of the benzene ring was revealed at (1571, 1564, and 1419) cm-1. The weak intensity band at 1234 cm-1 is assigned to the (C-O) vibration of eugenol [25-27]. The FTIR spectrum of [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug], Figure 11 revealed a peak at 472 cm-1 that was assigned to stretching vibration of the (Zn-O) bond [24] and the broad absorption band at 3436 cm-1 attributed to the stretching vibration of eugenol (O-H) group [25-27]. The spectrum shows peaks at 543 cm-1, confirming the presence of the (Fe-O) bond [29,30]. The (C=C) vibrations of benzene ring revealed at (1614, 1512, 1454, and 1407) cm-1. The weak intensity band at 1290 cm-1 is assigned to (C-O) vibration of eugenol [25-27]. Figure 10. The FTIR spectrum of [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] nanocomposite Nanocomposite The highest peaks refer 2 theta (degree) d-spacing [Å] FWHM (deg) 2 theta (Rad.) FWHM (Rad.) D (nm) Matched by [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] Fe2O3 24.7279 3.60048 0.590 0.432 0.010 14.808 01-084-0311 33.5328 2.67250 0.394 0.585 0.007 24.204 01-084-0311 ZnO- Fe2O3 36.0977 2.48828 0.394 0.630 0.007 24.970 01-080- 0075; 01- 084-0311 Fe2O3 41.2738 2.18740 0.590 0.720 0.010 17.897 01-084-0311 49.8721 1.82857 0.590 0.870 0.010 20.870 01-084-0311 54.4059 1.68642 0.492 0.950 0.009 27.731 01-084-0311 ZnO- Fe2O3 62.8537 1.47856 0.787 1.097 0.014 22.110 01-080- 0075; 01- 084-0311 Fe2O3 64.5143 1.44326 0.480 1.126 0.008 38.449 01-084-0311 IHJPAS. 37 (1) 2024 259 Figure 11. The FTIR spectrum of [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] nanocomposite 3.5 Antimicrobial activity The microbial activity of all synthesized nanostructures as nanocomposites was tested against two bacteria [Escherichia Coli (-) (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (+) (S. aureus)] and one fungi [Candida albicaus (C. albicaus)], it took (0.06 gm) from the cobalt, ferric oxides nanocomposites samples then, dissolved in 5 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and the direct inhibitory effect of [nano metal oxides/ eugenol] against pathogenic microorganisms was determined by healthy diffusion method under aerobic condition [31], as shown in the Table 5. It has been observed that the levels of antibacterial and antifungal activities of [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] at the highest concentration of nanoparticles were the largest zone of inhibition (24 mm) against (E. coil) (27 mm) in (S. aureus) for bacteria and (37 mm) in (C. albicaus) for fungi. At the same time, the levels of antibacterial and antifungal activities of the [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] were observed to be different in the inhibition zone, as shown in Table 5. Table 5. Inhibition of pathogenic many bacteria and fungi on nanocomposites Nanocomposites E. coli (-) (mm)(bacteria) S. aureus (+) (mm)(bacteria) C. albicaus (mm)(fungi) [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] 24 27 37 [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] 16 20 22 3.6 Antioxidant activity The biological activity of [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] and [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] nanocomposites was tested by the DPPH method. (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydroxyl) DPPH (4 mg) was dissolved in 100 ml of deionized water, and the solution was protected from light by covering the test tubes with aluminum foil. Various concentrations (100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25) ppm were prepared from compounds, where the first concentration was prepared by dissolving 1 mg of the compound and dissolving with 10 mL of methanol to be (100 ppm) and then diluted to be (50, 25, 12.5, 6.25) IHJPAS. 37 (1) 2024 260 ppm. The following equation was used to determine the potential to scavenge DPPH radicals, which is intensity (I) [32]: I%= {(Abs blank – Abs sample) / Abs blank} x 100….. (1) The absorbance of each solution was measured at 517 nm using a spectrophotometer after 1 hour of incubation at 37°C. Triplicates of all measurements were taken [32]. The results of nano compounds showed antioxidant activity against the DPPH free radical. They provided an excellent scavenging percentage, and the IC50 value of the synthetic compound was extracted, as shown in Table 6. In this project, we applied the antioxidant activity classification, which depends on IC50 range values published by Phongpaichit; the IC50 value was determined to assess the sample concentration required to inhibit 50% of the radical. The higher antioxidant activity = the lower (IC50) value, as shown in Table 7. Table 6. Scavenging (%) for nanocompounds Nanocomposite Synthesized methods Scavenging % Linear eq. R2 50Ic 6.25 µg\ml 12.5 µg\ml 25 µg\ml 50 µg\ml 100 µg\ml [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] hydrothermal 42.8 48.2 53.2 55.8 81.3 y = 0.3819x + 41.463 0.9602 26.5 [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] hydrothermal 41.3 43.2 47.7 51.1 73.5 y = 0.3346x + 38.396 0.969 34.7 Ascorbic acid - 51.4 57.4 61.1 64.7 93.2 y = 0.4162x + 49.433 0.9572 1.4 Table 7. Antioxidant activity according to Phongpaichit Figure 12. Antioxidant activity of [ ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] nanocomposite 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 6.25 12.5 25 50 100 S ca v en g in g % Conc. µg\mL Scavenging % Feh Feh Ascorbic acid IC50 (μg/mL) Mark antioxidant activity 10-50 μg/mL Strong Antioxidant Activity 50-100 μg/mL Intermediate Antioxidant Activity >100 μg/mL Weak Antioxidant Activity 6.25 12.5 25 50 100 IHJPAS. 37 (1) 2024 261 Figure 13. Antioxidant activity of [ ZnO: CoO/ Eug] nanocomposite 4. Conclusion The nanocomposites were synthesized by reacting eugenol with two metal oxides [zinc oxide (ZnO) and cobalt oxide (CoO)] to prepare the first compound [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] and [ZnO and Fe2O3 to prepare the second compound [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] via the hydrothermal method. The measurements showed that the two composites were synthesized as a nanocomposites, where the nanoparticle's mean diameter is in the nanoscale range. Also, other measurements were made, including (FT-IR, SEM, EDX, and XRD). The effectiveness of the [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] and [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] nanocomposites were tested on antibacterial and antifungal activity against two types of bacteria [Escherichia Coli (-) (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (+) (S. aureus)], and kind of fungi [Candida albicaus (C. abacus)], showed acceptable results and it has been observed that the levels of antibacterial and antifungal activities of [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] at the highest concentration of nanoparticles were the largest zone of inhibition comparison with [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug]. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the compounds against the free radical showed a good scavenging percentage. Acknowledgment The authors thank the Department of Chemistry/ College of Science/ University of Baghdad staff for their assistance in performing this research. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they do not have any competing interests. Funding There is no financial support. 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