251 

© 2025 The Author(s). Published by College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham), 

University of Baghdad. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons 

Attribution 4.0 International License 

 

 

Adsorption Efficiency Investigation of Polyacrylonitrile for Methyl Green 

Dye from Aqueous Solution 

Omar K. Najm1* and Juman A. Naser2  
1,2Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al–Haitham), University of 

Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. 

*Corresponding Author. 

 

  Received: 23 May 2023                       Accepted: 6 August 2023              Published: 20 January 2025 

 doi.org/10.30526/38.1.3520 

 

Abstract 

     Due to several environmental contaminants, the textile industry's wastewater disposal 

presents significant dangers, including to drinkable water. This study aims to synthesize 

polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and examine how well it adsorbs methyl green color from aqueous 

solution. The synthesis steps were performed after the PAN was characterized using various 

techniques, including FTIR, SEM, EDS, TGA-DSC, and XRD. Research was conducted on 

the quantity of adsorbent utilized, the initial concentration, and the contact time. All of these 

factors were shown to impact the adsorption process. The findings indicated that a dose of 

0.01 g, an initial concentration of 30 mg/L, and a contact duration of 60 minutes produced the 

best results with the adsorbent. Using the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption model, the 

maximum adsorption capacity was calculated to be 1604.837 mg/g. After applying Freundlich 

Langmuir and isotherm models to experimental adsorption data, the estimates made by the 

Freundlich model were more consistent with the experiments' actual results; thermodynamic 

analysis examined adsorption properties. 

Keywords: Methyl green, polyacrylonitrile, adsorption, isotherm, maximum capacity. 

 

1. Introduction 

     Due to the inclusion of several contaminants, such as acids, bases, toxins, organics, 

inorganics, dissolved solids, and color, the textile industry's wastewater disposal presents 

significant environmental dangers, including drinkable water. As a result, toxicological and 

aesthetic costs are associated with releasing pollutants like dyes into the environment since 

this practice degrades the quality of receiving streams and poisons creatures farther up the 

food chain. These colored chemicals reduce photosynthesis because they block sunlight in the 

stream and are thus visually unpleasant. With various organic dyes that are hazardous to 

people, color removal from processes and waste streams becomes ecologically significant (1). 

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://doi.org/10.30526/38.1.3501
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyacrylonitrile
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4203-0494
mailto:omar.kareem1105a@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2319-5384
mailto:juman.a.n@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq.


IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 
 

252 
 

Adsorption (2, 3), precipitation (4), physical-chemical methods (like filtration and distillation) 

(2, 4), and biological techniques, such as biosorption and phytoextraction (5, 6) are all 

examples of conventional procedures used to remediate polluted effluents. 

Nevertheless, due to its low price, essential operation, uncomplicated construction, and the 

possibility of adsorbent recycling (7,8). Adsorption is now commonly employed. Studies have 

shown that materials, such as polymers, are gaining popularity for wastewater treatment to 

remove dye pollutants because they are inexpensive, abundant, and versatile in terms of their 

surface and structural qualities and their narrowly defined application area. Adsorption has 

eliminated several environmental toxins (9-12). Methyl green dye adsorption has been 

investigated by scientists (12,13) and their work on the surface of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) 

(14-16). This work used FTIR, SEM, EDS, and XRD to characterize PAN, an adsorbent that 

can remove methyl green from water. Adsorption was examined for several factors, including 

adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, and contact time. Using experiment data, Freundlich 

and Langmuir isotherm models calculated maximal capacity and adsorption energy. The 

thermodynamic analysis examined adsorption properties after using Freundlich Langmuir and 

isotherm models to analyze adsorption data. This study aims to synthesize PAN and discuss 

how well it adsorbs methyl green color from aqueous solutions. 

 

2. Materials and Methods 

2.1. Materials  

     Polyacrylonitrile (CH2CHCN)n, methyl green dye  C26H33N3Cl2, dimethylformamide 

(DMF), distilled water, were the chemicals' sources. Sigma Aldrich was the source of all 

substances. 

2.2. Instruments 

Japanese Shimadzu spectrophotometer model S8400; Korean HYSC shaking water bath 

model SWB-25; Heater for the lab Hotplate stirrer (Model LMS-1003) from LabTech 

(Thailand) and a Daihan Labtech Oven (Model LDO-060E) from Germany. Intelligent 

mechanical HS-30D stirrer from Korea Scale with an electronic readout CPA-

22/Sartorius/German. In other words, a scissor lift. Electron microscope (SEM) scan (S8000 

TESCAN, French). Mechanically sliced. Thermal gravimetric TT-1000 analyzer (STA, 

Germany). The XRD-6000 spectrophotometer (Bruker, Germany) was used in conjunction 

with an atomic force microscope (Phywe, Germany) (Shimadzu, Japanese). 

2.3. Polyacrylonitrile-based adsorbent 

To prepare PAN with a W/V concentration of 25%, 5 g of PAN was dissolved in 20 mL of 

dimethylformamide solvent, heated to 30 °C on a hotplate stirrer until the solution became 

transparent and homogenous, dried in a thermal oven for hours at 70 °C until completely dry, 

then cut mechanically and screened by hand through a 600-um sieve. 

2.4. Preparation of adsorbate 

Methyl green, seen in Figure 1, has the molecular formula 𝐶26𝐻33𝑁3𝐶𝑙2, a molecular weight 

of 458.5 g/mol, and a maximum of 632 nm using a Double-Beam UV-Visible Shimadzu 1800 

Spectrophotometer. 

 

 

 



IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 
 

253 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1. The chemical structure of methyl green dye. 

A 0.25 g of methyl green dye was dissolved in 500 mL of distilled water to prepare the stock 

solution with a concentration (500 mg/L), from which the standard concentrations were 

obtained.  

2.5. Adsorption experimental 

The optimal amount of adsorbent for the methyl green dye adsorption process was studied (10 

mL) at the initial concentration (25 mg/L) for 2 hours at 25℃. Polyacrylonitrile (0.01 g) is the 

perfect weight. The contact time was found by mixing 0.01 g of PAN with 10 mL of a 30 

mg/L solution at 25 °C, ranging from 15 to 180 minutes. 

The adsorption isotherm was investigated by dissolving 0.01 g of PAN in 10 mL of methyl 

green dye solution at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mg/L and having the mixture rest for 120 

minutes at 25, 30, 35, and 40° C. Using a UV/V spectrometer, the absorbance of methyl green 

dye solution was measured at the maximum wavelength, and the quantity of adsorption was 

determined using the following equation: 

𝑞𝑒 =
(𝐶0 − 𝐶𝑒)𝑉

𝑤
                                                                                                                                   (1) 

C0 is the dye starting concentration in milligrams per liter, Ce is the dye equilibrium 

concentration in milligrams per liter, V is the dye solution volume L, and W is the mass in 

grams. 

 

3. Results and Discussion 

3.1. Characterization 

3.1.1. The FTIR technique 

     The PAN's infrared spectrum was captured between 600 and 4000 cm-1, Figure 2. The 

chemical bonding and ionic radii pair CH2, CN, C=O, C-O, and C-H are assigned several 

peaks. The C-H group stretching vibration in CH2 and CH3 was attributed to the 3024.37-

2931.7 cm-1 absorption peak region (28). The nitrile group CN in PAN chains was ascribed to 

a distinctive absorption peak in the region 2245.13 cm-1. Also, Absorption peaks of 1735.9 

cm-1 and 1226.7 cm-1 indicated the presence of C=O and C-O groups, respectively, when 

PAN was exposed to air and the residual solvent. The resonance of the N-H bend was 

determined to cause the peaks at 1516.04 cm-1. As a result, the stretching vibration of the C-H 

group explains the emergence of the peak at 1446.6 cm-1. Aliphatic group C-H vibrations at 

various places in CH and CH2 gave rise to absorption maxima at 1365.5 cm-1 and 1446.6          

cm-1, respectively (17,18). 



IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 
 

254 
 

 

 

 

 

 

\ 

 

 

 

 

Figure 2. Infrared spectrum of the PAN. 

3.1.2. The SEM technique 

Figure 3 shows the surface morphology of the PAN created in these two photos, which shows 

that the basic polymer has been effectively manufactured. Each photograph shows individual 

strands of the polymer. When the two photos captured were examined at a magnification of 

200 nm, the diameters of the fibers were not consistent; instead, they spanned a range from 

31.26 nm to 57.41 nm (19). 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3. The SEM spectrum of the PAN. 

 

3.1.3. The EDS technique 

The EDS pattern on PAN is seen in Figure 4. Based on this distribution, we may deduce that 

the uppermost layer of the polymer solution is mainly made up of carbon and nitrogen (20). 

The carbon weight is 80.2, the nitrogen weight is 14.2, the oxygen weight is 3.9, and the iron 



IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 
 

255 
 

weight is 1.7. Some elemental oxygen was provided through polymer oxidation, while some 

was left over from the solvent. To get a good look at the insulating surfaces, we coat them 

with gold before we examine them. Coating describes this action. The elemental makeup, 

including the amount of each element, is detailed in Figure 4. 

 

Figure 4. The EDS spectrum of PAN. 

 
3.1.4.  The XRD technique 
The XRD diffraction pattern of PAN was obtained, as shown in Figure 5, which indicates 

that the PAN retained the amorphous character. The XRD patterns have a central diffraction 

peak at around 2θ = 16.8° that belongs to level (022), which indicates the nature of the semi-

crystalline structure of the polymer. So, the peak at the plane (101) has been returned to a 

hexagonal structure (related to C≡N) (21). Another weak peak was around 2θ= 25.5°, 

corresponding to ladder polymer (related to the C=N group). It fits the cyclization and 

aromatization structures of the 012, 023, 232, and 115 planes (22,23). 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Figure 5. The XRD spectrum of PAN. 

3.1.5. The TGA-DSC Technique  

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to probe the thermal degradation of PAN at 

500℃ at a rate of 10 degrees Celsius min-1 in an argon environment. PAN's two-stage 

thermal gram is depicted in Figure 6. Initial decomposition occurred between 100 and 250 

℃, resulting in a loss of weight of 7.5 % due to evaporation, dehydration, or desorption of 



IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 
 

256 
 

water. The second stage, referring to the dissolution of the nitrile group, results in a weight 

loss of 83.5% at 300-403 ℃. Figure 6 displays the DSC data, showing two distinct phases: an 

endothermic one at 316 °C and an exothermic one at 336 °C. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 6. The TGA-DSC spectrum of PAN. 

 

3.2.  Optimization Study for the Adsorption Conditions 

3.2.1.  The Adsorbent Weight Effect 

Figure 7 and Table 1 display the findings of a study conducted at 25 °C with an initial methyl 

green dye PAN concentration of 30 mg/L to determine the impact of adsorbent weight on 

adsorption. More PAN mass made more effective adsorption sites available, allowing more 

adsorptive dye. The optimal value was 0.01 g, which proved effective once the saturation 

stage was reached (24). 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 7. Adsorbent weight effect. 

Table 1. The adsorbent weight effect. 

Adsorbent W (g)         Ads. % 

PAN 

0.0000 0.0000 

0.0040 95.2239 

0.0060 95.3290 

0.0080 95.3290 

0.0100 96.1783 

0

50

100

150

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025

Q
e

 m
g/

g)

w (g)

weight effect



IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 
 

257 
 

0.0120 92.9944 

0.0140 94.1613 

0.0160 91.8225 

0.0180 92.8874 

0.0200 89.2781 

 

3.2.2. The Contact Time Effect 

Figure 8. and Table 2. display the results of an experiment on the impact of contact time on 

the adsorption of methyl green dye onto PAN at 25 °C and an initial concentration of 30 

mg/L. Adsorption linearly grows over time. Adsorption rates decrease significantly after 60 

minutes (25-28) when equilibrium has been reached due to dye molecules occupying the most 

active spots on the surface of nanofibers.  

Table 2. The contact time effect. 

Adsorbent T Qe (mg/g) 

                       PAN 

0 0.0000 

15 26.2421 

30 20.5733 

45 20.9239 

60 20.2865 

75 21.0514 

90 21.2428 

105 28.1847 

120 26.7516 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 8. The contact time effect. 

3.2.3. Adsorption isotherms 

The adsorption isotherms show the equilibrium between the solution concentration and the 

quantity adsorbed on the adsorbent surface at a constant temperature. Since they describe the 

effectiveness between the adsorbent and the adsorbed species, adsorption isotherms may help 

you zero in on the optimal parameters for the adsorption process (26). In this experiment, it 

has been observed that methyl green dye adhered to PAN from its aqueous solution. The 

adsorption data have been modeled using the isotherms developed by Langmuir and 

Freundlich (Figure 9 and Table 1). As the adsorption energy is uniformly distributed 

throughout the adsorbent surface, the Langmuir isotherm reveals that monolayer adsorption 

occurred at a single site. Here is how we might write Langmuir linearly (25,26). 

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 50 100 150

Q
e

(m
g/

g)

t (min)

Contact Time



IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 
 

258 
 

𝐶𝑒

𝑞𝑒
=

1

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑘𝐿
+

𝐶𝑒

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥
                                                                                                                             (2) 

Where 𝑞𝑒 is the equilibrium adsorbed concentration of dye in mg/g, 𝐶𝑒 is the equilibrium 

adsorbed concentration of dye in mg/L, 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the maximum possible adsorbed 

concentration, and 𝐾𝐿 is the experimental Langmuir constants. By examining the relationship 

between Ce/Qe and Ce, the values of the Langmuir constants were determined. The 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥  is 

represented by the slope of the line, whereas the 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 is shown by the intercept. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 9. Langmuir isotherm plots of methyl green dye adsorption on PAN at the measured temperatures. 

Table 1. Langmuir constants for the adsorption of methyl green dye onto PAN at the various temperatures 

considered. 

Temperature (K) 𝑹𝟐 Qmax 𝑲𝑳 

293 0.6714 66.4302 0.1186 

297 0.2092 -102.5439 -0.0439 

303 0.0008 1604.8366 0.0078 

308 0.1187 -294.5489 -0.0339 

313 0.1371 120.7369 0.0869 

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0 5 10

ce
/Q

e 
(g

/L
)

ce(mg/L)

298 K

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0 2 4 6 8

ce
/Q

e 
(g

/L
)

ce(mg/L)

313 K

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0 5 10 15

ce
/Q

e 
(g

/L
)

ce(mg/L)

293𝐾

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0 1 2 3 4 5

ce
/Q

e 
(g

/L
)

ce(mg/L)

308K

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0 1 2 3 4 5

ce
/Q

e 
(g

/L
)

ce(mg/L

303K



IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 
 

259 
 

Table 2 shows that the KL and Qmax values fluctuated at various temperatures. In addition, 

the examined adsorption system has an average R2 value of 0.2274, indicating that the 

Langmuir model is inappropriate. It is assumed that the empirical equation known as the 

Freundlich isotherm model is applied to determine the energy distribution over a 

heterogeneous adsorbent surface Figure 10. Adsorption is only looked as if it is a multilayer 

(29,30). This is an expression for the linear Freundlich equation: 

𝑙𝑛𝑞𝑒 = 𝑙𝑛𝑘𝑓 +
1

𝑛
𝑙𝑛𝐶𝑒                                                                                                                            (3) 

Where qe is the equilibrium adsorbed dye amount in mg/g, Ce is the equilibrium adsorbed dye 

concentration in mg/L, and kf or n is the experimental Freundlich constant. 

 𝑘𝑓 and 𝑛 can be calculated from the intercept and slope of plotting 𝑙𝑛𝑞𝑒  versus 𝑙𝑛𝐶𝑒, 

respectively. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 10. Freundlich isotherm plots of adsorption methyl green dye on PAN at the studied temperatures. 

 

0

1

2

3

4

0 1 2 3

ln
(Q

e
(m

g/
g)

 

ln(Ce(mg/L) 

293 K

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

ln
(Q

e
(m

g/
g)

 

ln(Ce(mg/L) 

298 K

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

ln
(Q

e
(m

g/
g)

 

ln(Ce(mg/L) 

303 K

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

ln
(Q

e
(m

g/
g)

 

ln(Ce(mg/L) 

308 K

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

ln
(Q

e
(m

g/
g)

 

ln(Ce(mg/L) 

313 K



IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 
 

260 
 

Table 2. Freundlich constants of adsorption of methyl green dye on PAN at the studied temperatures. 

Temperature (K) 𝑹𝟐 N 𝑲𝒇 

293 0.8394 1.3328 7.2665 

297 0.9234 0.7875 3.9575 

303 0.5996 1.0052 13.2879 

308 0.9617 0.8926 9.9899 

313 0.5943 1.3063 11.2173 

 

The values of the Freundlich constant 𝐾𝑓 , 𝑛 were found to vary at the various temperatures 

under investigation, as shown in the table above. Consistently high values of 𝑅2 indicate that 

the Freundlich model applies to the investigated adsorption process. 

 

4. Conclusion 

     When the methyl green dye was extracted from an aqueous solution at various 

temperatures, the adsorbent properties of PAN performed admirably. It was discovered that 

the time required to reach equilibrium is 60 minutes and that 0.01 grams is the appropriate 

weight for the PAN surface employed for dye adsorption. Several analytical procedures were 

used to determine its properties, including FTIR, SEM, EDS, TGA-DSC, and XRD. Research 

was done on the variables that may affect how well adsorption occurred. The Freundlich and 

Langmuir constants for the adsorption system were computed, and it was determined that the 

Freundlich isotherm could use the results of those calculations. 

 

Acknowledgment  

      The authors thank the Department of Chemistry at the College of Education for Pure 

Sciences (Ibn Al–Haitham) for conducting this study in its laboratories. 

 

Conflict of Interest 

     The authors declare they have no competing interests. 

 

Funding 

     There is no financial support. 

 

Ethical Clearance  

     This work has been approved by the Scientific Committee at the University of Baghdad/ 

College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham). 

 

References  

1. Karim AB, Mounir B, Hachkar M, Bakasse M, Yaacoubi A. Removal of basic red 46 dye from 

aqueous solution by adsorption onto Moroccan clay. J Hazard Mater. 2009; 168(1):304-309. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.028 

2. Souza C, Majuste D, Dantas MS, Ciminelli VS. Selective adsorption of gold over copper 

cyanocomplexes on activated carbon. Hydrometallurgy. 2014; 147(1):188-195. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.05.017 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.028
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.05.017


IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 
 

261 
 

3. Haddou N, Ghezzar MR, Abdelmalek F, Ognier S, Martel M, Addou A. Plasmacatalytic removal of 

lead acetate assisted by precipitation. Chemosphere. 2014; 107(1):304-310. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.071 

4. Wang LY, Lee MS. Separation of Zr and Hf from sulfuric acid solutions with amine-based 

extractants by solvent extraction. Sep Purif Technol. 2015; 142(4):83-89. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.01.001 

5. Zulhairun AK, Ismail AF. The role of layered silicate loadings and their dispersion states on the gas 

separation performance of mixed matrix membrane. J Membr Sci. 2014;468(15):20-30. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.05.038 

6. Tabaraki R, Nateghi A, Ahmady-Asbchin S. Biosorption of lead (II) ions on Sargassum ilicifolium: 

application of response surface methodology. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad. 2014; 93(1):145-152. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.03.022 

7. Yuan M, He H, Xiao L, Zhong T, Liu H, Li S, Deng P, Ye Z, Jing Y. Enhancement of Cd 

phytoextraction by two Amaranthus species with endophytic Rahnella sp. JN27. Chemosphere. 

2014; 103(1):99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.11.040 

8. Malana MA, Ijaz S, Ashiq MN. Removal of various dyes from aqueous media onto polymeric gels 

by adsorption process: their kinetics and thermodynamics. Desalination. 2010; 263(1-3):249-257. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.06.066 

9. Ghati, S. K. Removal of Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) pesticide from aqueous solutions using barley 

husks. IHJPAS. 2017; 29(3):54-68.  

10. Özavci S, Çetın B. Determination of radiation attenuation coefficients in concretes containing 

different wastes. Acta Physica Polonica A. 2016; 130(1):316-317. 

http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.130.316 

11. Akarslan F, Altinay Ö. Investigation on water retention properties of boric acid doped textile 

surfaces. Acta Physica Polonica A. 2015; 128(2B):405-406. 

http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.128.B-405 

12. Jawad H, Abbas AM. Study of efficacy adsorption of methyl green by attapulgite and modified 

attapulgite clay from aqueous solution. IHJPAS. 2021; 34(1):19-29. 

https://doi.org/10.30526/34.1.2550 

13. Abbas AM, Abd SS, Himdan TA. Kinetic study of methyl green dye adsorption from aqueous 

solution by bauxite clay at different temperatures. IHJPAS. 2018; 31(1):58-66. 

https://doi.org/10.30526/31.1.1853 

14. Jadoo SA, Naser JA. Adsorption thermodynamic study of Congo red dye on electrospun nanofibers 

mat of polyacrylonitrile. JGPT. 2019; 11(7):401-411. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-

899x/928/5/052024 

15. Naser JA, Ahmed ZW, Ali EH. Nanomaterials usage as adsorbents for the pollutants removal from 

wastewater; A review. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021; 42(1):2590-2595. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.584 

16. Naser JA, Himdan TA, Ibraheim AJ. Adsorption kinetic of malachite green dye from aqueous 

solutions by electrospun nanofiber Mat. Orient J Chem. 2017; 33(6):3121-3129. 

https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/330654 

17. Manocha LM, Bahl OP. Influence of carbon fiber type and weave pattern on the development of 

2D carbon-carbon composites. Carbon. 1988; 26(1):13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-

6223(88)90004-8 

18. Fallahi D, Rafizadeh M, Mohammadi N, Vahidi B. Effect of LiCl and non-ionic surfactant on 

morphology of polystyrene electrospun nanofibers. e-Polymers. 2008; 18(056):1-10. 

https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly.2008.8.1.644 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.071
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.01.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.05.038
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.03.022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.11.040
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.06.066
http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.130.316
http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.128.B-405
https://doi.org/10.30526/34.1.2550
https://doi.org/10.30526/31.1.1853
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/928/5/052024
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/928/5/052024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.584
https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/330654
https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(88)90004-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(88)90004-8
https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly.2008.8.1.644


IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 
 

262 
 

19. Jadoo SA, Naser JA. Adsorption optimization of congo red dye onto electrospun nanofibers of 

polyacrylonitrile functionalized with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. In IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng.  2020; 

928(052024):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/928/5/052024 

20. Zhou W, Zhang Y, Du S, Chen X, Qi K, Wu T, Li J, Cui S, He J. Superwettable amidoximed 

polyacrylonitrile-based nanofibrous nonwovens for rapid and highly efficient separation of 

oil/water emulsions. ACS Appl Polym Mater. 2021; 3(6):3093-102. 

https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c00313 

21. Al-heetimi DT, Dawood AH, Khalaf QZ, Himdan TA. Removal of methyl orange from aqueous 

solution by Iraqi bentonite adsorbent. IHJPAS. 2017; 25(2):328-339. Available from: 

https://doi.org/10.30526/25.2.1853 

22. Al-Dulaimy ZA. Adsorption of bromo phenol red dye from aqueous solution by Iraqi bentonite 

clay. IHJPAS. 2017; 30(1):118-130. https://doi.org/10.30526/30.1.1065 

23. Mahmood, OAA, Waisi BIS. Synthesis and characterization of polyacrylonitrile based precursor 

beads for the removal of the dye malachite green from its aqueous solutions. Desalin. Water Treat. 

2021; 216:445-455. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2021.26906 

24. Fallahi, D, Rafizadeh, M, Mohammadi, N, Vahidi, B. Effect of applied voltage on jet electric 

current and flow rate in electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile solutions. Polymer international. 2008; 

57(12):1363-1368. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.2482 

25. Ravi VP, Jasra RV, Bhat TS. Adsorption of phenol, cresol isomers and benzyl alcohol from 

aqueous solution on activated carbon at 278, 298 and 323 K. J Chem Technol Biotechno. 1998; 

71(2):173-179.https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199802)71:2%3C173::AID-

JCTB818%3E3.0.CO;2-N 

26. Mohammed AJ, Naser JA. Adsorption ability study of yellow (W6GS) dye from aqueous solution 

by Iraqi siliceous rocks. Poll Res. 2021; 40(1):58-62.  

27. Saed UA. Batch and continuous adsorption of chromium (vi) from aqueous solution using alhagi 

forks and tea husk. Al-Nahrain J Eng Sci. 2016; 19(1):98-106. 

https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/085d7427f4d825f1 

28. Nasuha N, Hameed BH. Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution onto NaOH-modified 

rejected tea. Chemical engineering journal. 2011; 166(2):783-786. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.11.012 

29. Naser JA, Al-ani FA, Radhi IM, Himdan TA. Kinetic study of adsorption of malachite green dye on 

poly aniline-formaldehyde/chitosan composite. In IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2020; 928:052005. 

https://doi.org/0.1088/1757-899X/928/5/052005 

30. Radhi, IM, Mohammed YI, Himdan TA, Badri DH. Adsorption of tetracycline on the bauxite and 

modified bauxite at different temperatures. IHJPAS. 2017; 30(3):150-157. 

https://doi.org/10.30526/30.3.1609 

 

https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/928/5/052024
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c00313
https://doi.org/10.30526/25.2.1853
https://doi.org/10.30526/30.1.1065
https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2021.26906
https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.2482
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199802)71:2%3C173::AID-JCTB818%3E3.0.CO;2-N
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199802)71:2%3C173::AID-JCTB818%3E3.0.CO;2-N
https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/085d7427f4d825f1
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.11.012
https://doi.org/0.1088/1757-899X/928/5/052005
https://doi.org/10.30526/30.3.1609