263 © 2025 The Author(s). Published by College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Synthesis, Characterization and Anticancer Activity of Poly Acetal /PVP Ag, Au Nanocomposite in Treatment of Lung Cancer Cell Line Dalia J. Hadi 1 and Maha A.Younus2* 1,2Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. *Corresponding Author. Received: 20 June 2023 Accepted: 21 August 2023 Published: 20 January 2025 doi.org/ 10.30526/38.1.3607 Abstract In this research, poly acetal has been prepared from poly vinyl alcohol reaction with the para methyl benzaldehyde. The solution casting process was used to create the polymer blends of poly acetal and PVP. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the gold and silver nano particles on the anticancer activity of the prepared compounds. Using onion peel extract as a reducing agent, the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were created. Nanocomposite were prepared by solution casting by mixing poly acetal /PVP /Au, Ag nano particles with different ratios. The AuNPs and AgNPs were characterized through XRD analysis and FESEM microscopy. The poly acetal, polymer blends and nano composite were characterized by FTIR, FESEM, DSC and TGA. The FTIR has been used to analyze poly acetal, which confirms its production by displaying a new band of absorption at 1105 cm-1 due to the (O-C-O). The thermal stability of the generated polymer blends and nanocomposites is confirmed by DSC and TGA; in comparison to blends, nanocomposites have demonstrated good performance in suppressing lung cancer cell lines. Keywords: Anti-cancer cell line, PVP, polyacetal, nanocomposite. 1. Introduction Renewability, sustainability, nontoxicity, and biodegradability are just a few of the many attributes that biopolymers, which are biodegradable polymers, possess. Additionally, they are inert, noncancerogenic, and no immunogenic (1). The non-halogenated aliphatic polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a water-soluble polyhydroxy polymer with a two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network sheet structure. Having both crystalline and amorphous phases, PVA is a semi-crystalline polymer (2). PVA is an excellent hydrophilic polymer because of its extremely adequate physicomechanical properties, nontoxicity, and biocompatibility (3). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://doi.org/10.30526/38.1.3501 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5224-4520 mailto:Majeed1204a@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4155-7978 mailto:maha.aw.y@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 264 As a result of its compatible structure and hydrophilic properties, this polymer is frequently blended with other polymer compounds, including biopolymers and other polymers, to improve the mechanical properties of films in various industrial applications (4). Early transition metals can form polyoxometalates (POMs), macro anionic clusters in which an oxygen bridge connects the metal ions in their most extraordinary oxidation states. Because of their distinctive characteristics and reactivity, they have been investigated in various domains, including catalysis, material science, pharmaceutical research, medicine, and biosensors. POMs have garnered much attention in recent years in pharmaceutical research as potential therapeutic agents such as anti-cancer, antibacterial, and antiviral drugs. It appears that they have a remarkable probability of being considered as medications in the future due to their low cost of production, straightforward synthesis, ease of modification, and other notable properties (5). A synthetic polymer called polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is renowned for being non-toxic, bio-inert, and hydrophilic, making it a promising candidate for use in pharmaceutical applications for drug administration (6). Its capacity to form complexes with several smaller molecules has allowed drug-conjugated polymeric matrices to increase drug bioavailability and sustained release (7). Because they integrated the synergistic features of many materials into a new composite with targeted performance by overcoming the shortcomings of the individual components, polymer blends are regarded as one of the most practicable approaches (8). Materials containing organized components with at least one dimension less than 100 nm are called nanomaterials. Thin films and surface coatings are examples of layers with just one dimension at the nanoscale (but are expanded in the other two dimensions) (9). Creating metallic nanoparticle colloidal solutions is one of the key fields of current science. Gold nanoparticles (NPs) and their uses are among the most researched materials in numerous fields, including optoelectronics and catalysis (10). Due to their potent antibacterial activity in both solution and components, silver NPs (Ag- NPs) among gold NPs must also be regarded as a highly significant and in-demand material for tissue engineering and antibacterial applications (11). Silver NPs are used in biotechnology, electronics, environmental research, medicine, and medical devices (12). Multi-phase materials called nanocomposites have at least one phase with diameters between 10 and 100 nm. Nanocomposite materials have recently come to light as viable options to alleviate the shortcomings of many engineering materials. They are reportedly the 21st century's materials. Dispersed matrix and dispersed phase materials are two categories of nanocomposite materials (13). Cell growth that is aberrant and unchecked might be characterized as cancer. Through the blood or lymphatic system, cancer cells frequently metastasize to distant organs or spread into nearby tissue. Many tissues and organs are capable of developing cancerous cells. Despite improvements in early diagnosis and treatment, cancer remains a significant health issue that requires the greatest priority for research (14). Because dimensionality significantly affects material characteristics, including NPs increases nanocomposites' mechanical, thermal, optical, and antibacterial properties (15). The current study aims to prepare gold and silver nanocomposites from polyacetal and PVP to develop a new nanocomposite with desirable biomedical properties. IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 265 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Preparation of polyacetal To prepare polyacetal, 1 g of PVA was dissolved in 25 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature; 1 g of para methyl benzaldehyde was dissolved in 20 mL of absolute ethanol with 3 drops of concentrated H2SO4 and stirred for 30 minutes at 50 °C temperature. The mixture was heated for nine hours with reflex at a temperature of 50°C while being magnetically swirled. A few drops of (1N) NaOH solution were added to the resultant combination to lower the pH to 7. The product was filtered after cooling, and an oven at 50°C was used to dry it for 24 hours (16). The synthesis of polyacetal (PA) is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Synthesis of poly acetal. 2.2. Polymer blend preparation Solution casting was used to create polymer blends, while dissolution was used to develop polyacetal solution. One gram of polyacetal was dissolved in one hundred milliliters of DMSO while stirred at 50 degrees Celsius. Five grams of PVP were dissolved in one hundred milliliters of water to create a five-weight percent solution of the polymer. The mixture solution was poured onto petri dishes and dried for 24 hours at 50 °C in the oven. Blends of PA/PVP (25% PVP-75%PA, 50%PVP-50%PA) were created by combining various ratios (17). 2.3. Biosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles To make a crude extract from onion leaves to make the onion peel extract, 10 g of leaf powder was mixed with 100 mL of deionized water. The mixture was heated to 50 ° C for two hours while being agitated, and the end product was filtered and dried in an oven at that temperature. To get onion peel extract (100 ppm), 0.01 g of powder product was dissolved in 100 milliliters of deionized water. Fresh onion peel extract was used as a stabilizing and reducing agent (18). To prepare HAuCl4.3H2O, AgNO3 Solutions, stock solutions were made by the following procedure: 1 g of gold chloride trihydrate (HAuCl4.3H2O) was dissolved in 100 mL of deionized water. Then, 2 mL of the stock solution was taken, and the remaining 100 mL was finished using successive dilution procedures to achieve (100 ppm). A combination of (0.016g) of AgNO3 was created with (100 ppm) of deionized water in 100 mL AgNO3. After that, 10 mL of aqueous gold chloride solution, 3 mL of aqueous onion peel extract, and silver nitrate were added in that order, and the combined liquid was then stirred for 10 minutes at 25 °C. The color of the gold changed from yellow to purple to show the development of AuNPs, while the color of the silver changed IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 266 from colorless to brown to show the synthesis of AgNPs. The precipitate is removed, gathered, and thinned with deionized water during the nanoparticle separation process after being separated from the filtrate by a centrifuge (10000 ppm) (19). 2.4. Gold and silver nanocomposites preparation The nanocomposite film was created by adding 15 mL of poly acetal, 5 mL of PVP, and 20 mL of concentrations (100 ppm) of AuNPs and AgNPs in the correct order, and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours. The mixture was then put into Petri plates and kept at 50 ° C for 24 hours. 2.5. Anticancer activity 2.5.1. Cell cultures The A1549 cells were kept alive in RPMI-1640 media containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 Units/mL penicillin, and 100 g/mL streptomycin. They were passaged using trypsin-EDTA, reseeded at 80% confluence, and grown at 37 °C twice weekly (20,21). 2.5.2. Cytotoxicity assays The cytotoxic effects of polymer mixes and nanocomposites were evaluated using 96-well plates and the MTT test (22,23). One hundred four cells from each cell line were planted in each well. Cells were treated to nanocomposites in concentrations after 24 hours or after forming a confluent monolayer. Cell viability was assessed 48 hours after the treatment by removing the medium, adding 28 L of an MTT solution containing 2 mg/mL, and incubating the cells for 2.5 h at 37 °C. Following removal of the MTT solution, the residual crystals in the wells were solubilized by adding 130 L of DMSO (dimethyl sulphoxide), which was then incubated for 15 minutes at 37 °C while being shaken (24). The absorbency was measured in triplicate during the experiment using a microplate reader set to 492 nm. The following calculation was used to compute the percentage of cytotoxicity or the rate at which cell growth was inhibited (25,26). The formula for calculating the inhibition rate is A-B/A*100, where A represents the optical density of the control, and B means that of the samples (27). An inverted microscope was used to examine the morphology of the cells after they had been seeded into 24-well micro-titration plates at a density of 1× 105 cells mL-1 and cultured for 24 hours at 37 °C. After that, polymer mixtures and nanocomposites were applied to cells for 24 hours. The plates were dyed with crystal violet dye after the exposure period, and they were then heated to 37 °C for a further 10- 15 minutes (25). Mild washing with tap water is needed to remove the color from the area altogether. The cells were examined using an inverted microscope with 100x magnification, and a digital camera was attached to the microscope to capture images (28 -30). 2.5.3. Statistical analysis The data collected in Graph Pad Prism 6 were statistically analyzed using an unpaired t-test (31). The average and standard deviation of three measurements were used to present the results (32). 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Characterization of AuNPs and AgNPs Utilizing X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) (Malvern Panalytical) and SEM microscopy (TESCAN Czech Republic), the produced AuNPs and AgNPs were analyzed. IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 267 3.1.2. Scanning electron microscopy The SEM microscopy, an analytical technique, may identify the typical size and shape of NPs in the test material (33). The surface of the AuNPs and AgNPs made from onion peels utilizing green synthesis is shown in Figure 2. The SEM image showed the shape of AuNPs with a diameter of 41.61 nm and silver NPs with a diameter of 29.45 nm. The surface morphology changes for the prepared polyacetal, PA/PVP polymer blend, and Au, Ag nanocomposites were studied using the SEM technique, as shown in Figure 3. Figure 2. Scanning electron microscopy of (A- AuNPs) and (B- AgNPs). A B IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 268 Figure 3. Scanning electron microscopy of (A- AuNPs) and (B- AgNPs) (C- polyacetal), (D- PVP), (E- polymer blend 1), (F- polymer blend 2), (G Nanocomposite (PA/ PVP -AuNPs), (H (PA/ PVP-AgNPs. 3.1.3. Analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) AgNPs and AuNPs that had been synthesized were evaluated for their crystallinity using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Figures 4 A and B display the XRD results of the AuNPs and AgNPs that were created. The fact that dried AuNPs exhibited peaks at 38°, 44°, and 49° that matched Braggs planes (111), (200), and (220), respectively, demonstrated that the created AuNPs had a face-centered cubic structure. By (JCPDS 04-0784), dried AgNPs showed a 2theta degree ranging from 10 to 80 (34). According to (JCPDS 04-0783), the peak for AgNPs produced at 2theta values 38°, 49°, and 69° corresponds to Braggs reflection (200), (200), respectively (35). IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 269 Figure 4. The XRD patterns of(A-AuNPs) and (B- AgNPs). 3.2. Characterization of polyacetal, PVP, polymer blend FT-IR Analysis Figure 5-A shows the polyacetal FT-IR spectrum, which is allocated as follows: The broadband is (3389) cm-1 for the (OH stretching vibration), 2916 cm-1 for the (C-H symmetric stretch), 1606 cm-1, and 1434 cm-1 for the (C=C), 1105 cm-1 for the (C-O-C bending vibration), and 950 cm-1 for the (C-H are stretching vibration). A peak in the FTIR spectrum of PVP Figure 5-B at 3423 cm-1 suggests O-H stretching. Peaks at 2951 and 1646 cm-1, respectively, demonstrated the occurrence of asymmetric stretching of CH2 and C-O. The C-H bending and CH2 wagging were seen at 1425 and 1278 cm-1 for the pyridine ring, respectively. The CH2 rock and the N-C=O bending were recognized as the peaks at 1016 and 567 cm-1 (36). Figure 5-C shows the created polymer mix. As a result of the hydroxyl group's (OH) of PVP's stretching vibration, C displayed a wide band at 3407 cm-1. The band at about 1017 cm-1 denotes the presence of a hydroxyl group (OH), while a band at approximately 1458 cm-1 is attributed to the pyridine ring (C=N) (37). IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 270 Figure 5. The FTIR spectrum (A-polyacetal), (B-PVP), C- polymer blend. 3.3. Thermal analysis (TGA, DSC) At temperatures ranging from 25°C to 1000°C at a constant rate of 10°C per minute, the thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimeter (TGA, DSC) have been IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 271 utilized to study PVA, PVP, Polyacetal, PA/PVP polymer blend, and PA/PVP Au, Ag nanocomposites. Figure 6 shows the TGA curve of a PA/PVP polymer mix. A- showed a sequence of mass loss in four phases, the first of which had a mass loss of volatile chemicals (- 8.058%). The second stage saw an estimated weight loss of (-5.523%), the third stage saw an approximate weight loss of (-73.34%), and the fourth stage saw an approximate weight loss of (-11.41%) (38). Figure 6 shows a DSC curve. A's Tg for the PA/PVP polymer mix was (91.83°C) (39). Also, Figure 6 shows the TGA curve of the nanocomposite PA/PVP-Ag. B- showed a sequence of mass loss in four phases, the first of which had a mass loss of volatile chemicals (-12.05%). The second stage had an average weight loss of (-6.76%), the third stage saw an average weight loss of (-48.24%), and the fourth stage saw an average weight loss of (- 31.44%). The nanocomposite PA/PVP-Ag in Figure 6-C. DSC curve has a Tg of 100. 37°C. Peak concerning the polymer melting Tm at (460.49 °C). The PA/PVP-Au nanocomposite's TGA curve, shown in Figure 6-C, showed four phases of a sequence mass loss, the first of which saw a mass loss of volatile chemicals of (-8.648%). The second stage saw an estimated weight loss of (-5.000%), the third stage saw an approximate weight loss of (-64.03%), and the fourth stage saw an approximate weight loss of (-21.14%). The PA/PVP-Au nanocomposite's DSC curve in Figure 6-C displayed a Tg of (131.72°C). Peak concerning the polymer melting Tm at (468.72°C). All temperatures have been somewhat raised, demonstrating that the gold and silver's polymer blending and coordination bonding impact thermal stability. It has also been noted that the blend film only exhibits one Tg on its thermogram. This shows that the PA and PVP polymers are properly mixed, and hydrogen bonding interactions are present in the blend. These results suggest that Nano-Au & Ag can enhance the thermal stability of nanocomposites at such an incredibly low concentration, as illustrated in Figure 6. 3.4. Anticancer cell line Blend, nanocomposites' cytotoxic impact on cancer cells was investigated. To evaluate the blend's anticancer effectiveness, nanocomposites were tested for their ability to inhibit the development of the lung cancer cell line A1549. The findings of this study showed that blend. As shown in Figures 8 and 9. Nanocomposites were exhibited against human cancer cell lines. Avery has a significant cytotoxic impact. The results demonstrate that blends and nanocomposites can prevent cell line growth and that this effect is concentration-dependent. The NPs direct their attention toward the tumor cells through aggregation and trapping. Another characteristic of the process is the retention and penetration impact that abnormal lymphatic flow and angiogenic vessels have on malignant cells; as a result, compared to normal cells, these NPs accumulate more or more specifically inside malignant cells. The findings indicated that nanocomposites have more inhibitors than a mix. The results showed that A1549 cells were cytotoxic, with IC50 values of 38.55 µg/mL for A, 22.59 µg/mL for B, and 27.87 µg/mL for C, and 42.06 µg/mL for D, and 24.26 µg/for E, and 30.92 µg/mL for F (40). As shown in Figure 7. IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 272 Figure 6. Thermal analysis (TGA, DSC), (A- Polymer blend), (B-Nanocomposite (PA / PVP - AgNPs)), (C- nanocomposite (PA/ PVP -AuNPs)). Figure 6. Thermal analysis (TGA, DSC), (A- Polymer blend), (B-Nanocomposite (PA / PVP - AgNPs)), (C- nanocomposite (PA/ PVP -AuNPs)). Figure 6. Thermal analysis (TGA, DSC), (A- Polymer blend), (B-Nanocomposite (PA / PVP -AgNPs)), (C- nanocomposite (PA/ PVP -AuNPs)). A B C IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 273 C y to to x ic it y % 0 µ g /m L 6 .2 5 µ g /m L 1 2 .5 µ g /m L 2 5 µ g /m L 5 0 µ g /m L 1 0 0 µ g /m L 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 0.0 ± 0.0 N=3 3.633 ± 0.5925 N=3 12.50 ± 1.504 N=3 18.40 ± 1.600 N=3 35.20 ± 2.551 N=3 49.53 ± 3.075 N=3 C y to to x ic it y % 0 µ g /m L 6 .2 5 µ g /m L 1 2 .5 µ g /m L 2 5 µ g /m L 5 0 µ g /m L 1 0 0 µ g /m L 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 0.0 ± 0.0 N=3 10.20 ± 1.474 N=3 24.07 ± 1.073 N=3 39.63 ± 0.5925 N=3 66.30 ± 2.166 N=3 82.47 ± 1.235 N=3 C y to to x ic it y % 0 µ g /m L 6 .2 5 µ g /m L 1 2 .5 µ g /m L 2 5 µ g /m L 5 0 µ g /m L 1 0 0 µ g /m L 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 0.0 ± 0.0 N=3 4.233 ± 0.5364 N=3 14.17 ± 1.302 N=3 27.57 ± 1.501 N=3 48.57 ± 1.848 N=3 71.83 ± 0.9280 N=3 C y to to x ic it y % 0 µ g /m L 6 .2 5 µ g /m L 1 2 .5 µ g /m L 2 5 µ g /m L 5 0 µ g /m L 1 0 0 µ g /m L 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 0.0 ± 0.0 N=3 2.667 ± 1.093 N=3 10.47 ± 1.330 N=3 17.20 ± 3.200 N=2 33.10 ± 1.531 N=3 45.13 ± 2.714 N=3 C y t o t o x ic it y % 0 µ g /m L 6 .2 5 µ g /m L 1 2 .5 µ g /m L 2 5 µ g /m L 5 0 µ g /m L 1 0 0 µ g /m L 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 0.0 ± 0.0 N=3 5.667 ± 0.5239 N=3 20.13 ± 1.162 N=3 32.80 ± 1.217 N=3 54.90 ± 2.836 N=3 77.93 ± 1.299 N=3 C y to to x ic it y % 0 µ g /m L 6 .2 5 µ g /m L 1 2 .5 µ g /m L 2 5 µ g /m L 5 0 µ g /m L 1 0 0 µ g /m L 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 0.0 ± 0.0 N=3 3.233 ± 0.5364 N=3 12.83 ± 0.4410 N=3 24.10 ± 0.6658 N=3 46.87 ± 1.618 N=3 68.27 ± 0.4096 N=3 Figure 7. Effect of mixtures and nanocomposite materials (gold, silver) on cells A- Polymer blend1 A1549 cells. B- Nanocomposite PA/ PVP -AuNPs A1549 undergo morphological alterations after being treated with nanocomposite (Gold 100 ppm). C- Nanocomposite (PA/ PVP -AgNPs) A1549, D- Polymer blend2 A1549 cells. E- Nanocomposite PA/ PVP -AuNPs A1549 undergo morphological alterations after being treated with Nanocomposite (Gold 100 ppm) F- Nanocomposite (PA/ PVP-AgNPs) A1549 cells undergo morphological alterations after being treated with Nanocomposite (Silver 100 ppm). cells undergo morphological alterations after being treated with nanocomposite (Silver 100 ppm). A B C D E F IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 274 Figure 8. The A1549 cell morphology following treatment with A- Control ,B- Polymer blend1, C- Nanocomposite PA/ PVP -AuNPs, D- Nanocomposite (PA/ PVP -AgNPs). Figure 9. The A1549 cell morphology following treatment with A- Control B- Polymer blend2, C- Nanocomposite PA/ PVP -AuNPs, D- Nanocomposite (PA/ PVP -AgNPs). A B D C A B C D IHJPAS. 2025, 38 (1) 275 4. Conclusion Polyacetal PA, PA/PVP polymer blends were prepared, and PA/PVP-Au, Ag nanocomposites. Onion peels were utilized as a reducing and stabilizing ingredient while creating gold and silver NPs. The crystallinity of these synthesized NPs was evaluated using XRD measurements. AuNPs and AgNPs were both face-centered cubic particles. Due to the presence of AuNPs and AgNPs, which increase activity toward the A1549 lung cancer cell line, nanocomposites have demonstrated more anticancer activity than polymer blends. Acknowledgement The authors thank the Department of Chemistry at the College of Education for Pure Sciences (Ibn Al–Haitham) for conducting this study in its laboratories. Conflict of Interest There is no conflict of interest. Funding There is no funding for the article. 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