291 © 2025 The Author(s). Published by College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Green Synthesis and Characterization of Vanadium Oxide Nanoparticles using Plant Extract 3Ahmed M. Khaliland , * 2Lekaa K. Abdul karem, 1Saba H. Mahdi Haitham), University of -Al Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science (IbnDepartment of ,21 Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. Bohouth St, Dokki, Giza, 12622, -Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 El3 Egypt *Corresponding Author. Received: 25 September 2023 Accepted: 27 December 2023 Published: 20 April 2025 3762.30526/38.2.10doi.org/ Abstract This study employed the biosynthetic technique for creating vanadium nanoparticles (VNPs), which are affordable and user-friendly; VNPs was synthesized using vanadium sulfate (VOSO4.H2O) and a plant extract derived from Fumaria Strumii Opiz (E2) at a NaOH concentration of 0.1 M. This study aims to investigate the potential applications of utilizing an adsorbent for metal ions to achieve environmentally friendly production and assess its antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity. The reaction was conducted in an alkaline environment with a pH range of 8–12. The resulting product was subjected to various characterization techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission- and scanning- electron microscopy (TEM, SEM). The measurement of crystal size in NPs was conducted using Debye Scherer's equation in x-ray diffraction, resulting in a value of 16.06 nm. On the other hand, in the same direction, the size of VO2 NPs was determined through SEM and TEM. Also, this work investigates the antibacterial properties of VO2 nanoparticles against four bacterial strains, comprising two gram-positive-negative types and one fungus strain, to evaluate its antifungal efficacy. Notably, the application of newly produced VNPs has demonstrated a significant potential for anticancer activity in cell lines. The SW480 cell line was subjected to MTT assay at various concentrations. The results suggested a positive correlation between concentration and percentage of inhibition. By calculating the IC50 value, which was determined to be 60.3 mg/mL, it can be inferred that this NPs holds potential for targeted therapy in colon cancer treatment. Also, the present study investigates the antibacterial activity of VNPs synthesized using a biosynthetic approach. The cell line SW480 was utilized to evaluate the efficacy of the synthesized VNPs; XRD was employed to analyze the structural properties of the synthesized material. Keywords: MTT assay, Scanning electron microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, Vanadium nanoparticles, X-ray diffraction. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5239-7503 mailto:saba.harbi2104p@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0735-128X mailto:lekaa.k.a@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4252-8175 mailto:akhalil75@yahoo.com IHJPAS. 2025,38(2) 292 1. Introduction Nanotechnology is the deliberate manipulation of structures, electronics, and systems at the nanometer scale, encompassing dimensions ranging from 1 nm to 100 nm (10-9 m) (1,2). The term "nanometer" derives its prefix "Nano" from the Greek word "Nano," denoting "extremely small." The smaller dimensions of these entities afford them a more excellent ratio of surface area to volume compared to their larger counterparts, resulting in enhanced reactivity and the ability to manipulate several attributes (3-5). The unique characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) have contributed to the advancement of Nanoscience and the utilization of NPs in several domains, such as biomedicine, cosmetics, electronics, food analysis, environmental remediation, and paints (6- 8). The field of Nanoscale science and engineering offers researchers a heightened comprehension and manipulation of materials at the atomic and molecular scales (9). Nanoscale particles' exceptional electrical, optical, and magnetic capabilities have garnered significant interest in recent years (10). NPs are divided into different classes according to their morphology, size, and chemical characteristics (11). This classification system is based on physical and chemical characteristics. Engineered metal oxide NPs (MONPs) are extensively utilized in produced nanomaterials due to their distinct characteristics (12). Numerous NPs exist that hold significant importance within the realm of scientific research. These include gold, copper, iron, zinc, and vanadium dioxide NPs (13). The vanadium, possessing diverse oxidation states, has extensive utility in various chemical, physical, and biological contexts (14). The prevalent types of vanadium oxides include V2O5, VO2, V2O3, and VO. Vanadium dioxide finds application in electrical and optical devices (15). Recently, there has been a growing interest in synthesizing vanadium oxide NPs (VNPs) owing to their unique features. In addition to their uses in electrical and optical systems, VNPs remove utilized organic or inorganic pollutants from water (16). In addition, it has been observed that VNPs exhibit cytotoxic effects on both fibroblast and tumor cells (17), induce mitochondrial damage and apoptosis, and possess antimicrobial properties (18). Fumaria Strumii Opiz is a well-known species within the Fumariaceae family. The plant is distributed widely across several continents, including Europe, Asia, and Africa (19). It has been documented many therapeutic properties in Bulgarian traditional medicine, including its use as an antihypertensive, heap to protective, and for managing skin rashes (20, 21). F. S. O. is rich in isoquinoline alkaloids and flavone hetero-sides. Protopine, aporphine, benzophenanthridine, and protoberberine are the important alkaloids in F. Strumii Opiz (22, 23). The latest study developed a novel method for synthesizing VO2 using F. Strumii Opiz. The technique mentioned earlier was employed in the conducted research. This study aims to investigate the potential applications of utilizing an adsorbent for metal ions to achieve environmentally friendly production and assess its antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity. 2. Materials and Methods The natural material (E2) was sourced from local origins and then gathered and classified. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is utilized as a chemical reagent sourced from Alpha India's Alpha Chemica, while vanadium sulfate hydrate (VOSO4) is employed in many applications. The H2O was obtained from England. Ethanol is derived from the plant species Sigma Aldrich. Various spectroscopic and microscopic methods were employed to characterize and identify all the compounds. These methods included using a Magnetic Stirrer, a Centrifuge of the PLC type, and an Electric Oven of the Faithful model WHL. 25AB, a Sensitive Electronic Balance of the RADWAG model AS 220C1, a Shaking Water Bath of the SCL FINETEDI kind, pH tapes, UV-Vis measurement using the Shimadzu model (160/UV), FTIR IHJPAS. 2025,38(2) 293 spectroscopy using the 8500s model, X-ray diffraction (XRD) using the PW1730 type (Phillips/ Holland), FESEM with the MIRAI model, and TEM with the model number EM10C-100 Kv. The intensity of the resulting color was measured using a microplate reader model DNM-9602G after adding MTT dye. 2.1. Preparing of E2 extract A thorough rinsing with tap water was followed to remove any residual impurities; fresh herbs were then dried after extraction from the water and let air dry for the night. Subsequently, the material was pulverized to facilitate the extraction procedure. After adding 20 grams (g) of the herbs to 200 milliliters (mLs) of deionized water, the resulting mixture was subjected to continuous stirring using a magnetic stirrer for 30 minutes while maintaining a temperature range of 60-70 ⁰C. Subsequently, the mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature before being disposed of. The filtration process took place within the centrifuge apparatus. The collected cells were stored in test tubes and centrifuged at 4000 revolutions per minute. This centrifugation step aimed to eliminate residual debris and fibers while preserving the filter's integrity, as shown in Figure 1 (24). Figure 1. The preparation of E2 extract. 2.2. Preparation of vanadium oxide nanoparticles (VO2 NPs) The VO2 NPs were synthesized utilizing an environmentally benign approach. Following a stirring period of 30 minutes, a volume of 100 mLs of filtered plant extract solution was introduced to an equal volume of aqueous VOSO4 solution. The latter solution was characterized by a concentration of 1.63 g per 100 mLs. Subsequently, 50 mLs of NaOH solution containing 2 g of the compound was gradually added until the pH level reached 12. Upon the elapse of a 60-minute duration at a temperature of 70 ⁰C, an alteration in coloration was perceived concurrent with precipitation. Following an overnight period of being left undisturbed, the substance was subjected to separation using a centrifuge. Subsequently, it undergoes several rinses with deionized water and was subsequently subjected to drying in an electric oven at a temperature of 300 ⁰C for 3 hours, as shown in Figure 2 (25). Figure 2. The preparation of VO2 NPs. IHJPAS. 2025,38(2) 294 2.3. Biological activity The bactericidal action of manufactured VO2 NPs was tested using Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, both gram-positive bacteria, and Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli, both gram-negative bacteria. This testing was conducted in a nutritional medium known as Muller Hinton agar. The method above was also used to assess the Candida fungus's antifungal properties (26). 2.4. Cytotoxic assays The study utilized the MTT assay to analyze the effectiveness of VNPs on colon cancer cells and determine the extent to which these NPs decrease cellular activity. Then, the calorimetric approach was applied to assess the cells' metabolic activity. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. The FT-IR spectrum analysis The infrared spectrum of VO2 NPs prepared from E2 is shown in Figure 3 a group of bands that belong to VO2; the peaks at (678 and 640) cm-1 were assigned to terminal oxygen bonds, while the other stretching vibrations at (513, 455, and 412) cm-1 were due to V-O bonds. The peaks at (3429, 3182) cm-1 referred to OH and C-H aromatic functional groups; it may be due to the remains of organic materials in the extract, respectively (27), while the other peaks are due to the stretching vibrations of the aliphatic C-H bond and the C-C bond. Figure 3. The FTIR of VO2 NPs. 3.2. The UV-Visible spectrum The optical properties of the nanoparticles prepared from plant extract and V were verified by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. UV-visible is an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength shorter than light. Visible rays are more extended than X-rays, so they are called ultraviolet because the wavelength of the violet color is the shortest between the colors of the spectrum; the wavelengths are covered in the range of 10-400 nm, and energies range from 3 to 124 eV (28). The ultraviolet spectrum of VO2, which was prepared from E2, exposed the absorption peak of the transition holes between V and oxygen (O) at 346 nm, as listed in Figure 4. IHJPAS. 2025,38(2) 295 Figure 4. The UV-Vis spectrum of VO2 NPs. 3.3. The X-Ray diffraction (XRD) Figure 5 displays an XRD spectroscopic image capturing the as-grown products. The separate peaks of the diffraction pattern exhibited a very narrow breadth at half height. The diffraction patterns of VO2 NPs were observed at specific angles, namely 18.64°, 25.50°, 28.3°, 30.6°, 37.61°, 40.75°, 54.67, 57.4°, 63.89°, and 67.61o. These angles correspond to the diffractive crystal planes of -201, 110, 002, -401, 401, 112, 113, and 711, respectively. These observations align with the standard diffraction peaks of VO2 (JCPDS Card No. 65-7960) (29, 30). Notably, the peaks closely resemble the diffraction pattern observed for VO2. The evidence unequivocally demonstrates that the products exhibited a monoclinic crystalline structure. The average size of a crystal was determined to be 16.66 nm using the Debye- Scherer equation, which is available in Table 1. Figure 5. The XRD of VE2 NPs. 3.4. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) Figure 6 presents the energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum of VO2 NPs, indicating the presence of V and O elements. The spectrum displays distinct peaks that are explicitly linked to various components. The results support the assertion that the synthesized NPs demonstrate significant purity. Moreover, the estimates obtained from the EDX experiment exhibit consistency with the theoretical calculations about elemental composition (31). IHJPAS. 2025,38(2) 296 Table 1. The data of XRD for VE2 NPs. Pos. [2θ] Height [cts] FWHM [2θ] Dp (nm) Dp Average (nm) 18.64 2.59 4.00 2.10 16.06 25.50 250.45 0.3560 23.91 28. 3 276.42 0.3553 24.10 30. 6 398.18 0.1977 43.54 37.61 67.37 1.1163 7.86 40.75 3.14 0.9199 9.61 54.67 34.97 1.9094 4.90 57.4 53.99 0.7075 13.38 63.9 98.19 0.6624 14.77 67.61 5.54 1.6725 5.98 Figure 6. The EDX of VO2 NPs. 3.5. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) is an advanced method to acquire microstructural images of various materials. The accuracy of the creation of VNPs using the E2 extract is confirmed by the observed morphologies of the SEM images and the range of grain diameters, which fall between (13.4-65.22) nm, as shown in Figure 7 (32, 33). Figure 7. The SEM Images of VO2 NPs. 3.6. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) The shape of VO2 NPs was found to be aggregated based on the TEM images presented in Figure 8. The limited precision of the measurements hinders the estimation of the sample's form. Nevertheless, the sample exhibits zero-dimensional measurements of the spherical structure, with all dimensions falling inside the nanoscale range. This characteristic is greatly favored in surface chemistry for nanomaterials (34). IHJPAS. 2025,38(2) 297 Figure 8. The TEM images of VO2 NPs. 3.7. Antimicrobial studies A study on the antibacterial properties of VO2 NPs was assessed against a total of four bacterial strains (gram-positive: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae), two gram-negative strains (Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli), and one fungal strain (Candida) using the healthy plate method on nutritional agar (35, 36). The measurement of the biological activity of the Nano oxide was conducted in millimeters (mm) by assessing the diameter of the inhibition zone (ZI) surrounding each aperture (37). The agar-well diffusion method was employed to investigate the impact of the studied chemical compounds on the organism's growth. This was achieved by adding 20–25 mLs of nutrient agar medium into each petri dish. The experimental results indicate that the produced nano oxide has a significantly higher efficacy against the Candida fungus and E.coli than the herb. Simultaneously, a disparity exists in the effectiveness of the VO2 NPs and the herb against the four distinct bacterial strains, as demonstrated in Table 2, Figures 9 and 10. Table 2. The antimicrobial activity of VO2 NPs. Compound Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pneumoniae Escharia coli Proteus mirabilis Candida albicans DMSO E2 VO2 ___ 18 21 ___ 22 21 ___ 24 23 ___ 22 21 ___ 20 23 Figure 9. Zone of growth inhibition against bacteria' series and fungi. IHJPAS. 2025,38(2) 298 Figure 10. The (ZI) mm of VE2 NPs. 3.8. The assessment of cell viability and cytotoxicity using MTT assays The experimental approach employed in this study utilized the SW480 cancer cell line. The dye known as 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), which possesses a discernible color, is employed to assess cellular viability (38, 39). The findings of this study indicate that V oxides exhibited a pronounced cytotoxicity towards cancer cells. The subsequent sections will provide a comprehensive explanation of this topic. This study aimed to assess the magnitude of the harmful impact by determining the percentage of growth inhibition rate (referred to as the Inhibition Rate) over 24 hours at a temperature of 37°C. The experimental results indicate that the cell viability percentage was the lowest (10.09%) when the cell line colon cancer was treated with the produced NPs at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. This corresponds to the highest inhibition percentage, as presented in Table 3. The findings indicate that the concentration of the substance employed is crucial in determining the degree of cell inhibition. The study revealed that an elevated concentration level leads to a decrease in the viability percentage, which increases the inhibition percentage of cell growth in the malignant cell line (40). This relationship is visually represented in Table 3 and Figure 11. Significantly, the observed magnitude of the resultant hue is at a specific wavelength of 570 nm. Figure 11. The percentage of viability in the cells of the cancer line SW480 of VO2 NPs. Streptococcus auereus Streptococcus pneumoniae Escharia coli Proteus mirabilis Candida albicans R e la ti v e C e ll V ia b il it y % Concentrations(µg/ml) *** *** *** *** *** *** IHJPAS. 2025,38(2) 299 Table 3. Statistical values of SW480 colon cancer cell line of VO2 NPs. Concentration mg/ml Relative Cell Viability % Number of Values Standard deviation 7.81 95.64 8 0.027 15.625 85.72 8 0.024 31.25 75.07 8 0.026 62.5 36.80 8 0.030 125 23.06 8 0.028 250 18.39 8 0.025 500 10.09 8 0.021 3.9. The IC50 of VO2 NPs One of the most significant findings from the conducted tests on VO2 NPs and their effect on the SW480 cancer cell line is the determination of the half-inhibition concentration (IC50) (41,42). This concentration, represented by IC50, was at which approximately 50% of the cells were killed. The interaction with NPs and a colon cancer cell line was investigated, revealing a half-inhibitory dose of 60.3μg/mL. This auspicious outcome indicates that VNPs derived from F. Strumii Opiz extract could effectively eliminate colon cancer cells. The results of this study hold considerable importance in the use of selective treatment for colon cancer, as illustrated in Figures 12 and 13. Figure 12 . Cancer cells treated with VO2 NPs at different concentrations after addition. Figure 13. The half Inhibition Fifty (IC50) of VO2 NPs. R E L A T IV E C E L L V IA B IL IT Y % CONCENTRATIONS(LOG) IC50= 60.3 µg/ml IHJPAS. 2025,38(2) 300 4. Conclusion The synthesis of vanadium oxide NPs was carried out using a sustainable method, which involved the utilization of Fumaria Strumii Opiz extract and VOSO4.H2O. The crystals obtained displayed a monocrystalline structure with a diameter of 16.06 units. The particles demonstrated varying activity levels against four distinct bacterial strains, including two gram-positive strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae) and two gram- negative strains (Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli). In addition, the particles exhibited significant efficacy against Candida, a type of fungus, displaying the utmost activity level. On the other hand, the cytotoxicity of the nano-oxide was evaluated on the SW480 colon cancer cell line, demonstrating an average IC50 cell inhibition of 60.3 mg/mL. The results of this study are of significant importance in the application of targeted therapy for colon cancer. Acknowledgment The authors thank the Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad, for generously providing resources to support this research endeavor. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they do not have any competing interests. Funding There was no financial source. 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