460 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License IHJPAS. 37 (2) 2024 Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences Journal homepage: jih.uobaghdad.edu.iq PISSN: 1609-4042, EISSN: 2521-3407 A Modern Encryption Approach to Improve Video Security as an Advanced Standard Adopted Baydaa Jaffer Al-Khafaji*1,2 and Abdul Monem S. Rahma3 1 Iraqi Commission for Computers and Informatics, Informatics institute for postgraduate studies, Baghdad, Iraq 2 Department of Computer Science College of Education for Pure Science Ibn Al-Haitham University of Baghdad, Iraq 3 Department of Computer Science, Al-Maarif University College, Ambar, Iraq *Corresponding Author. Abstract While transmitting data across a network, it is important to keep in mind that some fields may contain sensitive information. One of the most pressing concerns, then, is the protection of private information. The confidentiality and integrity of an online video are the primary concerns of the suggested approach in this work. Video compression using Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), video encryption, and video decryption are the three components that make up the proposed study. The data is encrypted using one of the most used block cipher algorithms, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) technique. The real-time needs of frame decoding can be satisfied by a software implementation. Our research leads us to believe that this has the potential for use in safe, real-time video transmission. In this case, the compressed domain is where the video stream encryption takes place. As a result, the compression and decompression time cycles are maintained. Because of this, it is able to cut encryption time by 90% compared to the method that encrypts the entire video. However, the most bits that can be encrypted using this method are 128 bits. As a result, far fewer calculations are needed to get satisfactory encryption results. The software solution has to be fast enough for frame decoding to work in real-time. Based on our findings, this might be utilized for secure, real-time video communication. We are applying the C++ programming language for coding. Keywords: Video compression, Moving picture experts group, Video encryption, Block cipher, Advanced encryption standard. 1. Introduction A cryptosystem is a system that can encrypt and decode data. Combining the original material in plaintext with one or more key numbers or sequences of characters known only to the transmitter and/or receiver is a common step in encryption algorithms. Cryptography produces what is called Received: 10 January 2024 Accepted: 24 March 2024 Published: 20 April 2024 doi.org/10.30526/37.2. 3907 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ about:blank#1609-4042 about:blank#2521-3407 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5982-8983 mailto:Baydaa.j.s@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6323-9148 mailto:monem.rahma@uoa.edu.iq IHJPAS. 37 (2) 2024 461 cipher text as its output [1]. When it comes to real-time applications' security and resource savings, cryptographic techniques are crucial. [2, 3]. The field of study known as cryptography deals with the safe transmission of data via networks. An operation in the client-server paradigm is present in cryptography. Encryption takes place on the server. To prevent unauthorized users from accessing sensitive information, encryption transforms plaintext data into cipher text. The client receives encrypted data transferred via the network [4, 5]. Decryption, the process of transforming cipher text into plaintext, is executed on the client side. Two types of cryptographic algorithms, the symmetric key algorithm and the asymmetric key algorithm, are available for use in cryptographic systems to safeguard data [6, 7]. The transmitter and recipient sides of a symmetric key algorithm share the same key [8, 9]. The third. Cryptographic algorithms that use symmetric keys include the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). On the other hand, Algorithms that employ asymmetric keys, such as Rivert Shamir Adleman (RSA), use two separate keys. It is more effective to use the AES algorithm for both software and hardware implementations when transmitting data at fast speeds. Implementing hardware with a high level of security is crucial for wireless video communication systems [10-15]. For most video processing needs, the most practical standard is MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group), which stands for moving picture expert group. Forms of multimedia communication include video conferencing, video on demand, multimedia email, and video broadcast. As the video's redundancy decreases, the video becomes more secure since attackers are unable to deduce as many details about it. Groups of images (GOPs) are the basis of MPEG video [16, 17]. A GOP (group of images) is made up of a sequence of frames labeled I, P, and B. In I-frames, no reference to other frames is made; in P frames, a prior I or P frame is used for predictive coding; and in B frames, data is interpolated in both directions from both the I and/or P frames that came before and after it [18]. There are two ways to encrypt an MPEG video stream for safety: either partially or completely [19, 20]. Algorithms that use all of the available data are considered heavyweight, whereas algorithms that use only some of the available data are considered lightweight. Complex computations are involved in both of these methods [23]. Lightweight algorithms offer an adequate level of security with a reasonable computing cost for MPEG video applications, whereas heavyweight algorithms annoy the problem and increase the time. In this paper, we introduce an effective AES-based MPEG video encryption method for use in real-time video transmission. A lightweight selective encryption technique was introduced here for safe MPEG transmission. The Video Encryption Algorithm (VEA) is its foundation. Built on the foundation of DES and IDEA, VEA is a lightweight algorithm for selective encryption. Using AES to encrypt data dramatically improves security. By processing within the bounds of the maximum number of bits used, this approach reduces computing time [20-23]. 2. Literature Review Despite the fact that video encryption has become an important topic because of the vast amounts of data carried via networks, relatively few studies have really addressed this specific issue. The most significant algorithms for video encryption are presented in the following works: IHJPAS. 37 (2) 2024 462 In order to demonstrate a high degree of security and improved picture encryption, Shakerian R., Hedayati M., and Rahmani M. employed the altered advanced encryption method. To make the change, tweak the shift-row transformation. This article compares the outcomes of the original AES algorithm with those of the updated AES algorithm. [24]. Nguyen Van Loi and Hoang Trang's work results in an architecture with little complexity, which in turn allows for fast throughput and low latency. With a 128-bit block and key size and an S-box lookup table implementation, the design employed an iterative looping technique [25]. Malladar and Kunte's work focuses on encrypting only the part of the frame that Video on Demand (VoD) cares about the most. The entropy-based video encryption that was used for this study was evaluated using unique metrics like correlation coefficient, PSNR, NPCR, and histogram. Applications of the method in VoD have taken advantage of the results, which have given almost optimal values [26]. The authors in [27] suggested that data encryption methods are crucial to modern information system security. A number of new models have put chaos and image encryption approaches in the spotlight. This research presents a new hybrid encryption method that uses three separate chaos maps, Baker, Arnold, and Henon, applied to one red-green-blue channel each. Information security is enhanced in the proposed paradigm since unlocking encryptions requires three distinct keys. In [28], the authors provide a novel method for encrypting grayscale images that makes use of the cross-coupling of two piece-wise linear chaotic maps (PWLCM). This approach does both the permutation and diffusion operations using cross-coupled PWLCM devices. The row-column diffusion operation uses the sorted iterated sequences of cross-coupled PWLCM systems, and the row-column permutation operation uses the indexed sequences that go with them. The cross- coupled chaotic map improves chaos's discrete dynamics by getting rid of the problem of using a single chaotic map for permutation-diffusion operations. The cipher output is produced by combining multiple chaotic orbits, which makes cryptanalysis of the cipher picture more complicated when a cross-coupled chaotic map is used. Cross-coupling a single type of chaotic map, specifically a PWLCM system, further improves the algorithm's software and hardware efficiency. Additionally, the algorithm's encryption speed is enhanced by utilizing the PWLCM mechanism. Additionally, the suggested method protects the algorithm from known-plaintext and chosen-plaintext attacks by using the Secure Hash Algorithm SHA-256. 3. Cryptography When transmitting data over insecure lines, cryptography is the study of utilizing mathematical models to encrypt (transform readable information or plaintext) and decode data for security purposes. Attackers are those who can break encrypted communication without authorization through cryptanalysis, which is the study of deciphering the cipher text to its original plain text. Encryption is the definition that is most commonly attached nowadays. In other words, the encryption process changes the original data from plain text to a secret cipher text, while the decryption process returns the cipher text to its original form. IHJPAS. 37 (2) 2024 463 3.1 Asymmetric Key Cryptography Essential Basic Two distinct keys, a public key, and a private key are utilized in asymmetric cryptography, often known as cryptography. The public key is freely circulated, while the private key is kept secret. The recipient can decode a message using their private key, which is the same as the public key used for encryption, using this approach [29]. 3.2 Symmetric Keys Cryptography In symmetric cryptography, the key used to encrypt and decode data remains unchanged from one operation to the next. Both parties must participate in the message exchange and keep this shared key secret. Hidden crypto algorithms include DES, AES, and RC6. Two types of symmetric ciphers exist, though: stream ciphers and block ciphers [30-34]. Figure 1. Types of Cryptography Algorithms 4. Proposal for the Modern Security Protocol (AES) The National Institute of Standards and Technology has officially selected AES as its standard encryption technology. National Institute of Standards and Technology is used to guarantee facts when conversing. To function, AES relies on a substitution permutation network. AES uses a capacity of 128 bits for blocks and a possible key size of 128 bits, 192 bits, or 256 bits. Everything in the algorithm is divided into two parts: the area for key expansion and the state central processing unit. The number of rounds is 10 when dealing with 128 of the key's bits (12) when the key length is 192 bits and 14 when the key size is 256. Each encryption cycle includes the following: It consists of four stages: 1. Byte substitution. 2. Row shifting. 3. Mixing. Column headings. IHJPAS. 37 (2) 2024 464 4. Include a rounded key. Next, do an XOR operation. The procedure combines the results of the prior three stages with four phrases taken from the essential schedule. Look at the table below for a comparison of various video methods for encrypting data. Down below, you can see the block diagram of the suggested solution for real- time video encryption. Figure 2. The MPEG Video Encryption and Decryption Block Diagram The three steps of video compression, AES encryption, and AES decryption are illustrated in the picture above. Each step is described in detail below. I-Video encoding At one point, footage shot by the camera with a fixed resolution of 256 by 256 pixels is put in. The compression process is applied to the video frame sequence. Luminance (Y) and chrominance (UV) are the two components that make up a frame. First, this frame's RGB values are converted to grayscale. The grayscale frame uses fewer bits per pixel because of this. This grayscale picture becomes a floating-point one. The image used for DCT analysis is floating-point. Then, retrieve the value of the DCT coefficient by applying it to the float picture. The frame sign bit is the value of this DCT coefficient. Determine the AES-specific sign bit value of the DCT coefficient. Apply the 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm to the first frame's sign bit value. Motion vectors may be obtained from frames I and D. Next, find the vector's sign value. II. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Protected data transmission using AES SSL. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has selected AES as the standard. For this procedure, a block cipher of 256 bits, 128 bits, or 192 bits was utilized. In this case, we chose a 128-bit encryption algorithm. After being transformed into a state matrix, the array of plaintext serves as the input to the cipher. Keys for transformation rounds are never explicitly stated but are instead an extension of cipher keys. The four most basic transformations, including Add Round Key Byte Sub, Shift Row, and Mix Column, are all that is required for a round transformation. The transformation is applied again 10 times. Our video compression process yields an array of sign bit values for each frame and motion vector. We feed this data into the AES algorithm, which encrypts the data using a secret key. The cipher’s IHJPAS. 37 (2) 2024 465 input is a 4x4 matrix containing differential values. After ten rounds of AES encryption, a cipher output is produced; only the owner of the secret key can decipher it. III. Advanced Encryption Standard Decryption Except for performing inverse operations during decryption, the encryption and decryption algorithms are identical. Upon completion of the decryption procedure, the user will be notified. When decryption is complete, reverse DCT will propagate the modified coefficients. Figure 3. Block diagram of the proposed system 5. Results and Simulation Test Experiments were carried out using real-time MPEG video. Ubuntu, an operating system based on the Linux platform, is used to introduce a secure video communication system. I use the C++ programming language for my coding. While communicating in real-time, encryption is performed on the server side, and decryption is performed on the client side. In this case, just one system was found to be server-side. We couldn't possibly fit all the picture frames here. Instead, we display a single frame from the whole video sequence in order to showcase our method. If we encrypt the sign bits of all the DCT coefficients in only one frame, we have an unintelligible video recording. We are currently using a medium level of encryption, as shown in Figure 4. Without decrypting the sign bits and motion vector coefficients, the video picture becomes unintelligible. The vector of motion is collected from the reference frame and the I-frames. When you combine motion vectors with a P frame, you can extract the difference between the two. Utilizing AES on the sign bits of the motion vector difference yields a more robust encryption level compared to the prior one. Figure 5 IHJPAS. 37 (2) 2024 466 Figure(4 ) video before encryption Figure 5. video after encryption As far as anyone can tell, the key played a significant part in the encryption process, which greatly enhanced security, fortified the algorithm, and made it resistant to attackers. As is well known, the results of the NIST key tests were generally positive; furthermore, the enciphered image could not be deciphered even with a slight difference in key values Table 1. Table 1. Values of NIST Tests Type of Test P-Value Status Frequency test (Mono bit) 0.9605226524 Random Frequency test within a Block 0.0290851864 Random Runs test 0.9582660454 Random Longest Run of Ones in a Block 0.5973225710 Random Binary Matrix Rank 0.5608014420 Random Discrete Fourier Transform (Spectral) 0.6531751671 Random Non-Overlapping Template Matching 0.5214836922 Random Overlapping Template Matching 0.1631537766 Random Maurer's Universal Statistical 0.2487526006 Random Linear Complexity 0.4604387067 Random Serial test 0.0407380230 Random Approximate Entropy 0.6553999692 Random Cumulative Sums (Forward) 0.9085205277 Random Cumulative Sums (Reverse) 0.9144078012 Random Random Excursions (+1) 0.4939534908 Random Random Excursions Variant (+1) 0.3326976824 Random IHJPAS. 37 (2) 2024 467 The consideration of speed in encryption procedures is crucial when encrypting video Table 2. Table 2. Full Encryption time for five frames to each video sample Video size Frame name Encryption time Decryption time 2.33 MB Frame 1 22.337 18.871 22.337 18.871 Frame 2 20.410 18.246 20.410 18.246 Frame 3 22.120 19.508 22.120 19.508 Frame 4 21.915 18.940 21.915 18.940 Frame 5 21.024 17.899 21.024 17.899 4.21 MB Frame 1 22.337 18.871 22.337 18.871 Frame 2 20.410 18.246 20.410 18.246 Frame 3 22.120 19.508 22.120 19.508 Frame 4 21.915 18.940 21.915 18.940 Frame 5 21.024 17.899 21.024 17.899 6. Conclusion A portion of the video is encrypted only when using a selective encryption technique. Going the full AES route for video encryption takes more time than either option. When looking at MPEG frames, it was discovered that sign-bits only take up around 10% of the total video bitstream in typical MPEG-1 films. This allows it to significantly reduce encryption time, up to 90%, compared to the technique that encrypts the full movie. In any case, the maximum number of bits that this technique can encrypt is 128 bits. Achieving adequate encryption results requires far fewer calculations. For frame decoding to work in real-time, a software implementation must be quick enough. Our research leads us to believe that this has the potential for use in safe, real-time video transmission. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithms. Future work will center on improving security by cryptographically signing and encrypting key images, as a single key picture is used for both encryption and decoding. Time may be recorded by using the chosen encryption method. Acknowledgement I extend my thanks to the College of Education for pure science Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad for assisting in completing this work by opening private laboratories and providing scientific facilities by the staff of the Computer Department to help support the research project. 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