117 © 2025 The Author(s). Published by College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Effect of Cerium Ion on Microstructure and Dielectric Properties of Ni-Zn Ferrites Prepared by Solid State Reaction Method Amna M. Hitler 1 and Abbas K. Saadon 2* 1,2 Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn-ALHaitham), University of Baghdad, Baghdad. Iraq *Corresponding Author Received:16 January 2025 Accepted:6 May 2025 Published:20 Octoper 2025 doi.org/10.30526/38.4.4109 Abstract In this work, the Nickel and zinc Ferrite Ni0.5Zn0.5 Fe2O4 +XCeO2 in purity and purity structure were prepared at multi–concentration X (0.0,0.05,0.10,0.15, and 0.20) using the solid state interaction method at a temperature (1000 °C) for four hours in air. The XR- diffraction shows that the prepared powder samples have a spinal structure at single cubic phase. The lattice parameters were decreasing from 8.331 to 8.3021 with increasing concentration of cerium's Ionic Ce 4+ , also the crystal volume for purity samples is larger than in purity samples, decreasing from (578.217 to 571.993) A° 3 with increasing concentration. However, the real and imaginary dielectric constants were measured for both pure and in purity samples by Ce 4+ . The dielectric constant shows that up to down decreases with increasing frequency. However, the x-ray density was increasing from 6.887 g/cm 3 to 6.963 g/cm 3 with increasing concentration. The conductivity of alternating current for preparing the sample increased firstly with frequency and remained constant, then a constant behavior was observed at higher frequencies. The microscopic pharmaology structure using the tunneling electron microscopy, that which particles have a spherical structure. Keywords: Mixed ferrite, Dielectric constant, Microstructure, Rare-earth doping. 1. Introduction Recently, the manufacture of Nickel Ni and Zinc Zn Ferrites, that’s mixed with earth rare, has become more interesting to more researchers in the Global Country. N. Arundhati and D. Ravinder. The sol-gel method was used to prepare crystalline nanomaterials from Ni Cex Fe2- xO4 (x=0.0-0.04 with a difference 0-0.010). The crystalline phase of the prepared sample was shown by diffraction, and the crystal Size was calculated using the Debye-Scherrer method to be (14-26 nm). The particle Properties were also studied, and the results of AC conductivity, impedance (Z), dielectric constant (ἐ), and loss factor (tan δ) were analyzed. There is an increase in the(σAc) of the sample with increasing temperature and additive Concentration, and the dielectric constant and loss decrease with increasing frequency. The Ni and Zn- Ferrites is one important branch because the higher Saturation magnetic and less dielectric loser in additionally, the adding of rare earth elements to Ni and Zn molecules leads to enhance The electric characteristic and used in high frequency applicable and magnetic ram (1), the preparing of Ni and Zn molecules methods have much Important to obtain good https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3707-3283 mailto:aamna.hetlar2304m@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9627-4118 mailto:abbas.k.s@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3707-3283 mailto:aamna.hetlar2304m@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9627-4118 mailto:abbas.k.s@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3707-3283 mailto:aamna.hetlar2304m@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9627-4118 mailto:abbas.k.s@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3707-3283 mailto:aamna.hetlar2304m@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9627-4118 mailto:abbas.k.s@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3707-3283 mailto:aamna.hetlar2304m@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9627-4118 mailto:abbas.k.s@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3707-3283 mailto:aamna.hetlar2304m@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9627-4118 mailto:abbas.k.s@ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq IHJPAS. 2025, 38(4) 118 characteristics for Ferrite particles in morphology and micro structure (2). It was reported various properties of nickel and zinc ferrites by (3). The volatilization of zinc at high temperatures produces iron ions, which increases the electron mobility and reduces the resistance of Nickel-Zinc ferrite. Aswell as it was studied the AC resistance and dielectric transport properties of Nickel-Zinc ferrites prepared by Conventional ceramic technology by (4). The replacement of rare earth ions in nickel-zinc ferrite was investigated, where the replacement of Fe 3+ with rare earth ions resulted in a reduction in the solubility of the spinel lattice due to its large ionic diameters (5). The Cerium element has a multi-chemical structure that allows it to be used in different applications and Various oxide states to produce good magnetic behavior, resulting in a change in the structure of the Ferrite lattice. In the past years, the rare earth elements used in recharging batteries, photo emission diode, solar cells, and superconductivity in different fields, these elements are called fundamentally advanced industrial (6). In the present work, we investigated the effect of Ce 4+ on microstructure and electric properties for Ni, Zn-ferrites by adding many different Ce 4+ concentrations. 2. Materials and Methods The Ni0.5 Zn0.5 Fe2O4+ X CeO2 was prepared at X = (0.0,0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20) using solid state reaction methods by mixing the oxides (NiO, ZnO, Fe2O4, and CeO2, These oxides are fundamental materials in preparing Ferrite; the NiO, ZnO, Fe2O4, and CeO2 oxides are mixed in an ethanol solvent medium. Next, the produced Powder was heated at (1000C°) for 4 hours in air. The powders are formed into multi-disc samples at a thickness (3mm and 1.5cm diameter using hydraulic Compressors. All samples were heated at (1000C°) for 5hours. The crystal morphology and crystal structure for preparing samples after sintering using XR-diffraction using light have been ( =..45.1 A°) Cu- The micro morphology test and the structure were analyzed using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the surfaces Samples made smooth and painted the surface by Ag paste, with drying at 100C° for ½ hrs. to measure the electricity parameters for preparing samples. The dielectric measurement is performed on all samples using an LCR-meter, on the results of measuring the real and imaginary dielectric constant are taken at (50Hz to 1MHz). 3. Results and Discussion The pattern of XR-diffraction for Ni-Zn Ferrite structure in two state pure and mixed with Ce 4+ at Concentration X= (0.0,0.05,0.10,0.15, and 0.20) The peak of XR-diffraction agrees with plane reflection for spinal Cubic Crystal of Ni and Zn Ferrite were shwen in Figure 1. Figure 1. XRD Patterns of Ni-ZnFe2O4+XCeO2. 0 460 920 1380 0 370 740 1110 0 290 580 870 0 260 520 780 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 420 840 1260 Inen sity (a.u ) 2 Ө (degree) 1 x=0.0 2 2 x=0.05 3 3 x=0.10 4 4 x=0.15 5 5 x=0.20 IHJPAS. 2025, 38(4) 119 From Figure 1, we can show the crystallites will be decreasing with increasing of Ce 4+ Concentration because decreasing the probity density in noted peaks. we also notice from the figure (1) the Cubic Structure of nickel-Zinc ferrite, as a Secondary phase called CeO2 appeared in the levels (111), (200), (220) these results were obtained from matching with cerium oxide CeO2 Jcpps 00-001-0800. This may be because the added substance has an ionic radius of (1.034 A°) larger than the host (0-64 A°) where the higher radius Ce 4+ prevents replacement Fe 3+ and ther fore the sample with the higher Concentration Contains trace of Cerium. oxide. The XRD shows reflection Peaks (111), (022), (113) (222), (004), (224), (333), (044)-Indexed using a standard data set-Results obtained from the diffraction Pattern indexed with card number JCPDS 98-018-1847 corresponding to Ni-Zn Ferrite. In addition, we show the height of peaks must be decreasing with increasing the Concentration of Ce 4+ Ionic, the peak beach to minimum at (x=0.20), The lattice Constants be decreasing while the crystal volume decreasing to down with increasing the concentration of Ce 4+ for preparing samples, Cerium element has an ionic radius (1.11A°) and therefore it is difficult to insert into the unit cell of the Nickel-Zinc ferrite spinel lattice. therefore, from the solubility limit of cerium ions in the unit cell of the Nickel-Zinc ferrite is X 0.05 therefore the cerium ion needs a high activation energy to displace the Fe 3+ ion to enter the octahedral B sites ,where the binding energy of (Ce-O) is higher camped to the binding energy of (Fe-O) this means that the formation and growth of nickel-zinc ferrite doped with cerium ions requires a higher energy than that of pure nickel –Zinc ferrite therefore ,instead of occupying the Fe 3+ sites in the lattice ,the Ce 4+ ions enter the interstitial sites of the lattice ,which leads to an inconsistency in the structure of the samples, which stimulates the tariation of the crystalline properties ,and the lattice stress increases with increasing the concentration of Ce 4+ ions and reduces the unit cell size that’s agree with measuring in both literateness in (7,8,19,20 and 22). The real and imaginary dielectric Constants. Were measuring tangent angle losses with conductivity of alternative current for all preparing Samples were measuring for Ni, Zn ferrite in both state pure and mix with Ce 4+ at frequency range (50Hz-1MHz) show the Figures (2), (3), (4) and (5), it can be noted that real and imaginary dielectric constant will be decreasing with increasing the low frequency and stay constant at high frequency that’s agree with experiment results (7-9, 19, 21, 22). Figure 2. Change of real Dielectric constant with Frequency. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 0.E+00 2.E+05 4.E+05 6.E+05 8.E+05 1.E+06 T ru e d ie le ct ri c co n st a n t( Ɛ ) Frequency (Hz ) Ɛ x=0 x=0.05 x=0.10 x=0.15 IHJPAS. 2025, 38(4) 120 Figure 3. Change of imaginary Dielectric constant with frequency. Figure 4. Change of tangent angle loss with frequency. Figure 5. Change of Ac conductivity with frequency. This indicated that electric polarized occurs under the electric field of alternating current. The permittivity (real dielectric) depends on the conductivity phenomena that occur due to electron transfer between Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ ions. The electron transfer leads to polarize at the grain boundary because electrons accumulate at the grain boundary as results in large resistance of grain boundaries (10, 11, 23-25). The inter of Ce 4+ ions in the edge surface to change the position of Fe 3+ ions leads to a decrease in the electron transfer rate and to resist the Conductivity process. The specific 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000 Im a g in a r y D ie le c tr ic C o n st a n t ε̏r Frequency (Hz ) ἒ X=0 X=0.05 X=0.10 X=0.15 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000 ta n δ Frequency (Hz ) tanδ X=0 X=0.05 X=0.10 X=0.15 0 0.00002 0.00004 0.00006 0.00008 0.0001 0.00012 0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000 C O N D U C T IV IT Y (ζ ) Frequency (Hz ) ζ IHJPAS. 2025, 38(4) 121 permittivity stays Constant due to a delay in the electron transfer process because of the change in the applied electric field. On the other hand, the conductivity of alternative Current linear increases with low frequency because the electronic transfer process between Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ ionic that's have different equivalent states, and electron transfer between A and B sites is mainly important compared with electron transfer between B sites. As the increases in applied electric field increases, the electron transfer increases. And increases in conduction of alternative current (12-14, 26, 27). The Analysis of Scanning Electron Microscope SEM in Figure 6 (A, B, C, D, and E). A (X=0) B (X=0.05) C (X=0.10) D (x=0.15) E (x=0.20) Figure 6. A ,B, C, D, E SEM images of Ni0.5 Zn0.5 Fe2O4 + XCeO2. IHJPAS. 2025, 38(4) 122 The show the product spherical particles and catalysts. The reason for the agglomerated structure is due to electrostatic attraction and Polarization of (cexNi Zn Fe2O4). The shape and volume of grain particles of Ferrite limited and effected on electric and structural characteristic of Ni, Zn Ferrite (15, 16, 28-30). Look at the Table 1 structure Parameter of Ni0.5 Zn0.5 Fe2O4+XCeO2 Samples. We can discuss the data in terms of change in values When composition x=(0,0.05,0.10,0.15 and 0.20) where the value of lattice constant (a) decrease gradually with compositions(X) from 0.0 to 0.20. This indicates the effect of the introduction of the crystal lattice of Fe2O4, which be may due to the replacement of large ions with smaller ones. Unit cell volume The cell size also gradually decreases with increasing, which is consistent with the decrease in the lattice constant (31). This reflects a reduction in the crystal lattice with increasing CeO2 content. Bulk density The bulk density initially decreases slightly from (3.496 at t to 3.328), then starts to increase at 3.379. This can be explained by the transformations in the crystal structure and the effect of the gradual introduction of CeO2. X-ray density: X-ray diffraction increases very slightly with increasing, which may be due to redistribution of ions within the crystal lattice. The particle size shows a decreasing trend with increasing x (with cerium concentration) -At (X=0.0): 475.2 nm. -At(X=0.05) :600.16 nm (clear increase). - With further increase X, the grain size decreases to 188.66 nm at (X=0.20). This can be explained by the fact that the addition of CeO2 initially increases the growth rate of the grains and then leads to a reduction in their size due to the restrictions resulting from the introduction of CeO2. Table 1. structure Parameter of Ni0.5 Zn0.5Fe2o4+XCeO2 Samples. Compositions (x) Lattice constant a(A°) Unit cell volume V(A° 3 ) Bulk density ρB(g/cm 3 ) x-ray density ρx(g/cm 3 ) Grain size (nm) 0.0 8.331 578.217 3.496 6.887 475.2 0.05 8.308 573.441 3.354 6.945 600.16 0.10 8.306 573.027 3.328 6.950 258 0.15 8.305 572.820 3.379 6.953 232.66 0.20 8.301 571.993 3.462 6.963 188.66 4.Conclusion In concluded, we find the adding various of concentration Ce 4+ to Ni, Zn Ferrite Ni0.5 Zn0.5, Fe2O4 + X CeO2 at x = (0, 0.05,0.10,0.15 and 0.20) are large changing in Ni, Zn - Ferrites properties. The lattice constants and crystal Volume decreases with increasing Ce 4+ Ionic also that Increasing in porosity. 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