IMPROVING STUDENTS’ WRITING SKILL BY USING PICTURE AT THE TWELFTH YEAR STUDENTS OF SMA PESANTREN MODERN DATOK SULAIMAN PUTRA PALOPO Masruddin Kurnia ABSTRACT The objective of this study to find out the effectiveness of using picture in improving students writing skill at the twelfth year of SMA Pesantren Modern Datok Sulaiman Putra Palopo. The result of this research is expected: 1) for teacher: the media will be more helpful for all teacher in teaching and learning process for improving student’s writing skill. 2) for students: by using picture, the students will be easy to write and improve their writing skill. 3) for the next researcher as reference. This study applied Quasi-experimental method. The population of this research was the students of the twelfth year of SMA Pesantren Modern Datok Sulaiman Palopo. The sample was taken by using purposive sampling. The number of sample was 10 students of XII IPA and 10 students of XII IPS. The result of this research shows it is effective to use picture in teaching writing. The result of the data analysis shows that by using picture can improve the students’ writing skills. Key Words: Writing skill, pictures. INTRODUCTION English has main function, for example as an international language. It is very important to every person because of that English is used in big country in the world, for example in America and England. Besides, it also is world language and person needs to study hardly to be master English. If they have understood about English they will not face difficulty to speak with Foreigner. However learn about English, there are four integrated skills in English that should be mastered such as productive skills for example speaking and writing and receptive skills for example listening and reading and every skill has its own function. One of four skills in English is writing. Writing in English mainly connected with idea, because student cannot write a good composition without idea. Before writing, important to compose idea and think about theme to write. Besides, it also is needed to form good composition. Sometimes ideas can arise spontaneously find out them. Writing skill is considered as the most difficult language skill involves the ability or master for grammar, vocabulary, and spelling. in addition, necessary skill or logical way of thinking skill mix words into meaning full sentences. other then coherent sentence structure, clear content and punctuations also important in the English language as with other language skills, Listening, Speaking and Reading) (Suyanto,1997: 68). Finding idea is not easy to find out for writing composition. Special for learners, they always face difficult to find out idea. They do not know how to find idea in order to produce a good composition of writing. They are only able to produce not more than two paragraphs in writing. It is as a result of their lack of idea and even cannot find idea. It becomes a problem in writing skill when students are difficult to get idea. Writing is not easy to learn because it is very complex. The complexities in writing for example could be obstructing to a child education if they are not write well. However in reality, teaching writing sometimes make students feel bored because they learn only about structure and grammar, and then they are not express their idea. In teaching English, there some technique should be used by teacher, so that English learning process can be successful. One of the techniques is the use of media. Media is used to deliver messages, stimulate brain, feelings and desire of the students also becomes a creative learning process. one of media is picture .the writer use picture as media in teaching English because picture as instructional media can explain information idea and soon without using verbal language but gives more impression. Based on the assumption above, the writer believed that picture in important to be used in teaching, so the writer interest to conduct the title “Improving students writing skill by using picture at the twelfth year of SMA Pesantren Modern Datok Sulaiman Palopo. A. The concept of writing 1. Definition of writing Writing is one of skill in language which needs special attention. It means that try to put ideas on the paper. If someone tries to express his ideals on the paper or write something, he much have skill about it. Writing is one of the four basic language skills that has increasing significance for english ‘licence’ degree students as it represents the main medium the use to do assigments in the different subject areas and answer examination questions. Steven Roger Fischer State that “writing is a method of representing language in visual form. Writing systems use sets of symbols to represent the sounds of speech and may also have symbols for such things as punctuation and numerals”.1 There another statement according Oxford learner’s pocket dictionary third edition page 502 State that writing is activity of writing.2 It is some of opinion about writing. Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium through the use of a set of signs or symbols (known as a writing system). It is distinguished from illustration, such as cave drawing and painting, and non-symbolic preservation of language via non-textual media, such as magnetic tape audio.3 According on the explanation some expert above, it can be seen that writing is activity state mind, opinion, and idea on the writing form. So writer can write whatever in his brain to the paper. Then can produce a good composition. 1Http:// Www.Omniglot.Com/ Writing /Definition.Htm, Accessed On October 23rd 2014 at 09.36 a. m. 2Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary Third Edition, University Press, p. 502. 3Http: //Www.Answers.Com/Topic/Writing, Accessed on December 17th 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/language http://www.answers.com/topic/writing http://www.answers.com/topic/magnetic-tape-sound-recording http://www.answers.com/topic/painting http://www.answers.com/topic/cave-painting http://www.answers.com/topic/illustration http://www.answers.com/topic/writing-system-1 http://www.answers.com/topic/media-arts http://www.answers.com/topic/text-literary-theory 2. Components of Writing There are five components of writing namely: content, organization, vocabulary, language use (grammar), and mechanic. a. Content The content of writing should be clear to a reader. So that the reader can understand message conveyed and gain information from it. There are at last think that can be measured in connecting with component, the composition should contain one central purpose only, should be developed. b. Organization In organization of writing concert with the way he writes arrange and organization the ideas or the message in the writing the purpose of organizing materials. In writing involves coherence order of importance, general of which happened from the beginning to the end. c. Vocabulary The effective use the words will always result good writing both specific and technical writing, the dictionary is very considerable. Vocabulary is one of component in writing. We can express ideas deal with vocabulary. Vocabulary is all the words that a person knows or uses, all the words in a language, list of their meaning especially in book for learning a foreign language.4 Vocabulary is one of the component of writing to express ideas, we always deal with to compose what they are going to say, because she/he feels difficult to choose what appropriate will help the writers to compose the writing and also make readers easy to understand. d. Language Use (Grammar) Language use in writing description and other from writing involves correct language and point of grammar. An adequate grammar should be one that capable of producing grammar. We should not be able to do anything more than litter separate items of language function. And also grammar can help students improve the use of formal language. e. Mechanics There are two parts of mechanic in writing, namely function and capitalization. Function important as the way to clarify meaning. In English writing capital latter have to participation first they used to distinguish between particular and thing second, it used adjective, act. This aspect is very important since it leads reader to understanding or recognize immediately what the writer means to express definitely.5 4Oxford University Press. Oxford learner’s Pocket Dictionary, (New York; 2003), p. 482. 5Heaton, Writing English Language Test, (New York language: 1998), p. 148. 3. The importance of writing The researcher has found some references of the importance of the writing activities states, there are a lots the reason why the writing is very important, as follows: 1) Writing help us to organize our ideas, we can arrange them into the coherent form. 2) Writing down ideas allows us to distance ourselves when we write the topic. 3) Writing is a tool of discovery, we stimulate our though process by act of writing into information and image who have our unconscious mind. 4) Writing can generate new ideas by helping us to make connecting and relationship.6 1. Steps in Planning a Writing Course and training Teachers of Writing According on the Methodology in Language Teaching an Anthology of Current Practice, state that steps planning a writing course and training teachers of writing are: ascertaining goals and institutional constraints, deciding on theoritical principles, planning content, weighing the elemnets, drawing up a syllabus, selecting materials, preparing activities and roles, choosing types and methods of feedback, evaluating the 6Suriani Banna, Teaching Simple Past Tense At the Tenth Year Students of PMDS Putri Through Writing Personal Experience, (Unpublished Thesis S1: STAIN Palopo; 2011), p. 26-27. course, reflecting the teacher’s experience.7 There are six tips for writing an effective teaching statement, the tips are write a teaching statement, write it yourself, target your teaching philosophy to the institution and position where you are applying, consider what classes you would like to teach, and recognize that you might be asked to teach classes that are out of your “comfort zone”, participate in workshops and courses for faculty candidates, keep it focused and short between one and two pages is appropriate8. According on the explanation some expert above, it can be understood that Steps in Planning a Writing Course and training Teachers of Writing is provide material in writing, practice before teaching writing, do teaching writing, and then do reflection about teachers of writing. Especially about teachers of writing we must be ready before do teachers of writing because the result can be as we hope. So, preparation is important thing in teachers of writing. 2. Process Writing According on the Methodology in Language Teaching an Anthology of Current Practice, state that process writing are planning (Pre-writing), such as drafting, responding, revising, editing, evaluating. After pre- 7Jack C., Richards and Willy Renandya, Methodology in Language Teaching an Anthology of Current Practice (United State of America: 2002), p. 306. 8Http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content? _nfpb=true&_pageLabel=Pp_Articlemain&node_id=1001&Content_id=Cnbp_030366&use_sec=true&sec_ur l_var=region1&__uuid=3c64b79b-7405-4825-a4c5-010172d40449, Accessed on September 7th 2014 at 13.32 p. m. writing there is post writing, such as implementing process writing. Here some pointers which teachers may like to take note of when implementing process writing, for example teacher modelling, relating process to product, working with in institutional constarints, catering to diverse student needs, exploiting the use of computers in process writing9 Gardner and Johnson describe the stages of the writing process, the stages are prewriting, rough draft, reread, share with a peer revision, revise, editing, final draft, publishing.10 3. There are also five stages of the writing process, are : Before writing we have to know the stage in writing such us: Planning, Drafting, and Revising. Step 1: Prewriting a. Think :decide on a topic or one picture to write about b. brainstorm ideas about the subject, c. list places where you can research information, d. Do your research. Step 2: Drafting Write: a. Put the information you researched into your own words, 9Ibid., p.315. 10H ttp://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/methods/instrctn/in5lk11-1.htm, Accessed on October 7th 2014 at 13. 27 p. m. http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/methods/instrctn/in5lk11-1.htm b. Write sentences and paragraphs even if they are not perfect, c. Read what you have written and judge if it says what you mean, d. Show it to others and ask for suggestions. Step 3: Revising Make it better: a. Read what you have written again b. Think about what others said about it, c. Rearrange words or sentences, d. Take out or add parts, e. Replace overused or unclear words, f. Read your writing aloud to be sure it flows smoothly. Step 4: Proofreading Make it correct: a. Be sure all sentences are complete, b. Correct spelling, capitalization, and punctuation, c. Change words that are not used correctly, d. Have someone check your work, e. Recopy it correctly and neatly. Step 5: Publishing Share the finished Product: a. Read your writing aloud to a group, b. Create a book of your work, c. Send a copy to a friend or relative, d. Put your writing on display, e. Illustrate, perform, or set your creation to music, f. Congratulate yourself on a job well done.11 According on the explanation some expert above, it can be understood that there are three important parts about process so that we can write a good composition, such as teacher give explanation about writing, teacher give exersize about writing, teacher correct about result of students’ writing. Researcher also state that improving students’ writing skill can be determined by teacher. Because if the way of teacher in teach is good, the result of students’ writing skill will be good. On the contrary if the way of teacher in teach is not good, the result of students’ writing skill will be not good. C. The concept of paragraph 1. Definition of paragraph The paragraph is usually a series of sentence that develop one topic12 According to Frank Chaplen, “A good paragraph is the paragraph that to enable the reader can comprehend unity of thought in writing”. A paragraph also can be a good paragraph whenever the controlling idea in a paragraph can be wholly developed and described clearly. 11Http://Lewis.Cpsb.Org/Faculty_Pages/Stacey.Blanchard/The%20five%20steps%20of%20THE%20 Writing%20process.Htm, Accessed On January 7th 2014 at 13.26 P.m. 12 George E., Wishon and Julia M. Burk, Let’s Write English, (New York: Litton Educational Publishing International, 1980), p. 369. http://lewis.cpsb.org/faculty_pages/stacey.blanchard/the%20five%20steps%20of%20THE%20 A paragraph is a part of unit in writing. One of the central components of an essay or a paper is the paragraph. Some people think that a paragraph is ideally five sentences put together, or a paragraph has a topic sentence. But the essential definition of a paragraph according to Lunsford and Connors is "It is a group of sentences or a single sentence that forms a unit”. Based on some statements of paragraph above, it can be concluded that a paragraph is a series of related sentences that has only one topic and the topic supported by some sentences that relate to the topic. 2. Structure of Paragraph The structure of paragraph her involved in two types as follow: a. Deductive The deductive structure places the controlling idea for the near beginning and the near beginning and the topic of paragraph is the first few sentences and provides some background information or makes general statement. b. Inductive The inductive paragraph structure begins with evidence reason leading to the statement of the writer claim of the end of paragraph. The main conclusion is the most important parts of reasoning and usually comes at the end of a paragraph. 3. Kinds of paragraph file:///F:%5CParagraph%20Development%202.htm#lunsford 1)Descriptive Paragraph, state something with accurate and detail so that reader of composition can fell same sensation with writer, When we talk about descriptive paragraph, there are some opinion about descriptive paragraph .George E. Wishon and Julia M. Burks state that descriptive paragraph gives sense impressions the feel, sound, taste, smell, and look of things.13 M.solahudin according in his state that descriptive paragraph explain about something when reader like see, hear or feel its event.14 According oxford learner’s pocket dictionary third edition pages 117 state that descriptive is statement of what.15 Kenneth Bare has opinion in writing descriptive paragraph state that descriptive paragraph are often used to descriptive what a person looks and acts like. read this example descriptive paragraph, notice how descriptive paragraphs are arranged by putting together all the sentence about same thing.16 Example of a descriptive paragraph: 13Ibid., p. 128. 14M. Solahudin, Kiat – kiat Cepat Belajar Writing, (Yogyakarta: Diva Press, 2009), p.172. 15Oxford learner’s pocket dictionary third edition, University Press , p.117. 16H ttp://Esl.About.Com/Od/Writingabcs/A/Writing_Descriptive _Paragraph htm), Accessed on November 23rd 2014 at .10.30 am. http://Esl.About.Com/Od/Writingabcs/A/Writing_Descriptive%20_Paragraph%20htm I am forty years old, rather tall and I have blue eyes and short black hair. I wear casual clothes as I teach students in a relaxed atmosphere. I enjoy my job because I get to meet and help so many different people from all over the world. During my spare time, I like playing tennis which I play at least three times a week. I also love listening to classical music and I must admit that I spend a lot of money on buying new CDs! I live in a pretty seaside town on the Italian coast. I enjoy eating great Italian food and laughing with the likable people who live here.17 According on the explanation some expert above, it can be understood that descriptive paragraph is tell about characteristic of something, whether human, animal, etc. For example we written descriptive paragraph about our school. We write characteristic of school, such as the building, the court, the class, and how many class in the school. The key of descriptive paragraph is characteristic of something. 2)Analytical Paragraph, state something exactly, 3)Persuasive Paragraph, paragraph that invite reader to make action.18 D. The concept of media 1. Definition of media Association for education and communicative technology (AECT) defines media that is all the form of utilized to process of information channeling. While educational association (NEA) defines that media is an art of things which can be manipulated, seen, listened and van read with instrument which is use 17Http:// Esl.About.Com/ Od/Writingabcs/ A Writing _Descriptive _ Paragraphs .Htm), Accessed on November 23rd2014 at 10.30 a.m. 18Andika, Pratiwi and Gartika Rahmasari, How to Write in English Correctly, (Bekasi: Laskar Aksara, 2012), p. 90. appropriately in teaching learning process, so it can influence the effectiveness of instructional program.19 2. The function of media At first the media only server as tool in teaching and learning activities that in the form of facilities that can provide a visual experience to students in order to encourage motivation to learn ,clarify and simplify ,the complex an abstract concept become more simple ,concrete and easily understood.20 E. The concept of picture 1. Definition Of Picture Picture is a visual tool that effective because it can be describe something that can be explained to be more concrete and realistic.21 Picture is media able to distribute student imagination to pour their ideas in oral test and writing form.22 And then stated that picture can be board drawing magazine, picture and any other non technical visual representation, picture can be used to explain the meaning of vocabulary items, teacher can drew things on the 19Asnawir Dan Basyiruddin Usman, Media Pembelajaran, (Cet. 1; Jakarta: Ciputat pers, 2002), p.11. 20Azhar Arsyad, Media Pembelajaran (Jakarta: Grafindo Persada, 2007). p. 21. 21Asnawir Dan Basyiruddin Usman, Media Pembelajaran, op. cit., p.42. 22https: Google Can /Search? Output:Search and media+ gambar + hastuti, Accessed on 28th of August 2015, 14.00 p. m. board or bring in picture just as easily as hats, coats, walking, Animals and soon.23 2. The Reason Of Using Picture Picture is important to use in teaching writing. Especially in teaching writing .can motivate and make clear when the students see the picture.24 Use picture can help teacher to get instructional aims, because picture as media that very easy and available to use in teaching learning process. it means that to make high value in learning with picture, the students experience and their understanding is larger clear and it is not easy to forget and more concrete in memorizing and the association for the students.25 Picture can be found where because it can describe what message of the picture or what is the picture mean automatically, when the students see it, they will guess well. Because they can show the picture, so, with picture the student understanding is well and enjoyable when they are studying.26 3. The advantages of using picture States that picture provide as share experience for students in class as a common based that leads to variety of language 23Rahma Bulan , The Effectiveness of Using Picture in Teaching Vocabulary At SDN 9 .(Unpublished Thesis S1: STAIN Palopo; 2007), p. 7- 9. 24Ahmad Rohani , Media Pembelajaran, (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1997), p.76. 25Ahmad Rohani, Media Instructional Edukatif, (Cet. 1; Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1997), p. 76. 26Arief S., Sadirman, All Media Pendidikan, (Cet. Iv; Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada ,1996), p. 29. activities .state that advantage of using picture as a media in instructional process to delivery about information ,idea and without using much verbal language, but more give impression. The other advantages of using picture namely: 1) Picture as stimulate students in learning 2) The characteristic is picture is concrete. so it is more realistic in showing the important problem than verbal language. 3) Picture can limit time and room. 4) Make clear a problem 5) Picture can explain what we see. 6) Pictures are cheap and available. 7) Picture can attract the student attention to guess the meaning of unfamiliar word.27 4. The Kinds Of Picture There are two kinds of picture as follow: a. Silent picture 1) Picture is the most common media used, the image is common language that can be understood and enjoy where. 2) Sachets is a simple picture or a rough draft the describe main parts with no detail. 3) Diagram as a simple drawing the use line and symbol, diagrams or schematic depicting the structure of the object. 4) Graphs is a simple image using dots, line or pictures 5) Poster, poster is not only important to convey certain impression, but also capable also to influence and motivate the behavior of people we see it. 6) Map basically the map server to present the data location. b. Moving picture 1) Film Film is a huge media capability in helping the learning process. 2) Television, in addition to film, television is the medium that conveys message of learning in the audio visual elements, accompanied by motion. 27Ibid. 3) Video, as an audio – visual media featuring motion, message can be presented fact (events/ important events news) as well as fictional as the story can be informative, educational or instructional.28 5. Using picture media in writing description composition learning In process learning, media has role in developing quality learning. Presence media not only help teacher in convey about material but also give additional score in learning activity. This used also for all kinds of media. Include picture media, it used by teacher like flat picture in paper sheet. Picture is expression something, there are expression in the fact not only write message that implicit in the picture. It is important to ask in the word or sentence. 1. The steps used by students in writing description composition using picture. a. The student picture that pay attention carefully about the picture that given by teacher. b. The student determine topic appropriate with the picture. c. The student makes design description. d. The student write main sentence in every picture. e. The students improving the supporting sentence to produce a paragraph.29 Picture also used as tools that help write activity and picture can help to give inspiration to students.30 28Azhar arsyad, Media Pembelajaran, (Jakarta: Grafindo persada, 2007), p. 3. 29Risky Septio Aji, Upaya Meningkatkan Keterampilan Menulis Karangan Deskripsi dengan Menggunakan Gambar, Accessed on 29th of August 2015. 30Nurul Inayah, Peningkatan Kemampuan Deskripsi dengan Menggunakan Media Gambar, Accessed on 29th of August 2015. According on the explanation some expert above, it can be seen that write using picture is very important for learning because it is really help to make a good composition especially for students in writing using picture help to give inspiration to produce a paragraph. Besides that picture also make into the activity of learning, how to arrange and write description that easy to understand. Interest for students is needed existence media of learning as tools that can help to activity of learning process. Media of learning able to use in learning writing a description is one of picture media. A. 1. The Method of Research In this research, the researcher used quasi experimental method. Quasi experimental was the research to find out the related of cause effect of the reality, where the difficult change control or not, the grouping randomly will make difficult and etc.31 It will be a non equivalent control group design. It aims for giving Description about the improving students writing skill by using picture at the twelfth years students of SMA Pesantren Modern Datok Sulaiman Putra Palopo. Thus, in interpreting to, the researcher used two ways: 1. By comparing to (t-obtained) to t table. From df=18, the level of significance 5% with df = 18, got 2.03 and the level of significance 1% with df = 18, got 2.72. It can be seen that 2.03≤ 7.41 ≥ 2.72. It meant that the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected, while the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. 2. By orienting number of significance. If probability > 0.05, null hypothesis (Ho) is accepted. If probability <0.05, alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. Because the significance was 0.000<0.05, thus the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted and null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected. Based on the interpreting, the researcher can conclude that there was difference for students in Experimental Class after implementing by using picture technique with the Control Class. 31Masyuhuri, Zainuddin, Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan Pendekatan Praktis dan Aplikatif, (Cet, III; Malang : PT Refika Aditama, 2011), p. 43. A. Conclusions 1. Based on the score of to (t-obtained) and gathered from SPSS 21, it shows that to higher than ttable. The findings of to was 2.72 while the level of significance of 5% was 2.03 and the level of significance 1% was 1,8. It showed that 2.03≤ 7.41 ≥ 2.72. it is the orienting number of significance shows the significance was 0.000<0.05, thus the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted and null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected. Therefore the researcher can conclude that Ha accepted and Ho was rejected. in the other word , there was significant difference of writing skill after being taught by implementing picture for experimental class and without picture for con troll class, it means that the implementation of use picture can improve students’ English writing skill at the twelfth year of SMA Pesantren Modern Datok Sulaiman Palopo. 2. Having analyzed the result of students’ interest toward the technique applied by the researcher in this research, the data shows that many students chose positive choices in all the statements, it shows that the students give positive responses to this technique. Based on the data, the researcher concluded that the students at the twelfth year of SMA Pesantren Modern Datok Sulaiman Palopo are interested in learning writing by using picture. B. Suggestions Successful in teaching does not depend on lesson program only but more important how the teacher present the lesson and using various method to manage the class more lively and enjoyable. The method also helps the teacher and giving much opportunity for students to be active in teaching learning process. Regarding to the teaching writing skill by using picture, the researcher give some suggestion for teacher and students as follows: 1. For teachers, they need to implement picture, so that the teaching and learning process become more enjoyable, fun and interesting. The enjoyment ought to be the foremost aims which hopefully will have good effects to the students. Teaching writing using picture motivated students to writing more and it improved student’s writing skill. The researcher suggests the teacher to try using picture because it encourages students to write. 2. For students, they should still be more active and write more in class or other place having applied this media, because students have many vocabularies that can make them express easier their ideas that are comprehensible and the students who will apply this media have to know much about the topic so they can give much information about the topic. 3. For next researcher who wants to develop this research in the future by using this media, this media can be applied not only writing skill but also in speaking skill. BIBLIOGRAPHY Aji, Risky, Septio,Upaya Meningkatkan Keterampilan Menulis Karangan Deskripsi dengan Menggunakan Gambar, Accessed on 29th of August 2015. Akbar, Muhammad, Improving Students’ writing Skill Through Pair Interview at The Elevent Year Students of SMAN 2 Palopo (Unpublished Thesis S1 STAIN Palopo). 2008. Arzyad, Azhar, Media Pembelajaran, Jakarta: Grafindo Persada, 2007. 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