The particular dialect or language that a person chooses to use on any occasion is called a code 79 Copyright © 2022 The Author IDEAS is licensed under CC-BY-SA 4.0 License Issued by English study program of IAIN Palopo IDEAS Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) Volume 10, Number 1, June 2022 pp. 79 - 88 The Use of Reference by the Characters in Midnight in Paris Movie Rangga Satya 1, Andang Saehu2, and Udayani Permanaludin 3 ramadhanrangga7@gmail.com, andangsaehu@uinsgd.ac.id, udayani77@uinsgd.ac.id English Departement Faculty of Adab and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung Received: 2022-02-04 Accepted: 2022-06-05 DOI: 10.24256/ideas.v10i1.2475 Abstract In a conversation, it must have a meaning or purpose in the form of a message and it is interrelated. This study aims to identifying the reference categories that are often used and to analyze the construction of reference in film Midnight in Paris. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach that use descriptive analysis. The data collected from the film were then analyzed descriptively. The result shows that the most dominant type of reference used in film is Name and referent. In a film the mention of a name either a place name or a person's name is a normal and frequent phenomenon moreover that 'name' would be the best word to use in order to make identify or refers to something or someone successful and from a person's name and place name. It can refer or interpret the meaning intended in a person's utterance to the listener. Furthermore, a listener or reader can find out the intent of the speaker or the sender of the message which must have a relationship with each other. Furthermore, the researcher found that the way to construct the reference in the movie is by looking at the nouns or verbs that are present in the conversation, such as proper names, indefinite nouns or definite nouns, if in the sentence there are elements that have been mentioned, it can be said that the sentence is said included in the reference. Keywords: message; meaning; reference; identify Introduction Communication is a very important aspect of human life to express a feeling, exchange information, and deliver messages. Moreover, it does not only depend on recognizing the meaning of words in an utterance, but also recognizing what speakers mean by their utterance. Moreover according to (Rabiah, 2018), Language is a tool to interact or tools to communicate, in sense, means to convey thought, http://u.lipi.go.id/1457703302 mailto:ramadhanrangga7@gmail.com mailto:andangsaehu@uinsgd.ac.id mailto:udayani77@uinsgd.ac.id Rangga Satya, Andang Saehu, and Udayani Permanaludin The Use of Reference by the Characters in Midnight in Paris Movie 80 ideas, concepts or even feeling. With language could get some information from other people and understand what the people mean. Sometimes there is misunderstanding interpreting of meaning could happen in the language users. Those misunderstandings are related to a reference of the utterance or sentence. To understand the meaning of an utterance, the reader or listeners should be able to identify the contexts of utterance. Pragmatics can be usefully defined as the study of how utterances have meaning in situations. According to (Yule, 2010), Pragmatics is study of what speakers mean, or speaker meaning, and focusing on referential meaning and the relationships between words. Moreover, pragmatics is studying necessarily involves the interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said. There are some scopes of pragmatics, including the study of deixis, reference, presupposition, implicature, speech act, and politeness. In this research, the researcher uses a pragmatic approach that analyses the reference in a movie. Reference is a branch of Pragmatic study. It is the words used to identify things in some direct relationship to those things and also the relationship of one linguistic expression to another, in which one provides the information necessary to interpret the other. According to (Yule, 2010) Reference as an act by which a speaker (or writer) uses language to enable a listener (or reader) to identify something. Furthurmore Yule said in his book there are four kinds of use of reference namely referential and attributive use, names and referents, the role of context, and anaphoric reference. Referential and attributive use is the concept of referring something doesn’t always match with physical image or entity or it can replace with indefinite noun to identify a physically present entity, describe entities that are assumed to exist but are unknown and describe an entity that as we know but are don’t exist. Name and referent are activity to identifying and describing something by using name. Furthermore, in order to analyze specific things and specific entity in utterance, names and referent usually use name or proper noun. Anaphoric reference is the used of expression and will occurs when a word or phrase refer to something mentioned earlier in the sentence. It usually often uses the definite, indefinite and pronoun article. Anaphoric is a process of continuing to identify exactly the same entity as denoted by antecedent. To help the listener or reader to makes identify sentences or utterances easier, there are linguistic formulas that could be used to analyze the meaning of the sentence or utterance. Those linguistic formulas are called by referring expressions. In referring expression consist of proper nouns, noun phrases, and pronouns. From the explanation above, the researcher makes two question in resolving the research problems, those are: 1. What is the most dominant type of reference in Midnight in Paris Movie? 2. How is reference constructed in the characters of Midnight in Paris movie? IDEAS, Vol. 10, No. 1, June 2021 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 81 Literature Review Pragmatics is branch of linguistics studies that concerned with the use of language and study of hidden meaning of a writer and speaker toward the conjoiing effort of linguistic form in relation to speech situations. In other hand, pragmatics is study which came from a conception of language that have purpose or meaning in order to know what the speaker or writer mean. There are alot of definition about pragmatics. The definitions comes from some expert and linguists. Every linguist has own concept and principal about definition of pragmatics itself. (Yule, 2010) Pragmatics is study focused on what speakers mean, or “speaker meaning”. Moreover, Levinson in (Mulyadi, 2020:11)state that pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalize or encoded in the structure of a language. In the use of language, both words or utterances spoken by speaker, it has a purpose or meaning of something that referred to which could be assume. The point is that when a speaker or writer conveying the message to a listener or reader, there is an implicit meaning referred to things and this usually requires an understanding by the listener or reader. From that statement, there is a sub topic in pragmatic that could solve that problem and took an important role in understanding this matter, namely reference. Reference is a branch of Pragmatic study. It is the words used to identify things in some direct relationship to those things and also the relationship of one linguistic expression to another, in which one provides the information necessary to interpret the other. According to (Yule, 2010) Reference as an act by which a speaker (or writer) uses language to enable a listener (or reader) to identify something. Furthurmore Yule said in his book there are four kinds of use of reference namely referential and attributive use, names and referents, the role of context, and anaphoric reference. a. Referential and Attributive Use In an utterance that uttered by the speaker, not all referent expression have an identifiable reference but according to (Yule, 2010) by using indefinite noun phrases can be used to identify a physically present entity. With indefinite noun also, it can be used to identify a physically present entity, describe entities that are assumed to exist but are unknown and describe an entities that as we know but are don’t exist. In order to make the explanation above clear, there are some example: (1) A : Hi buddy, what are you doing? B : Good, Man, there is a pretty girl looking for you. A : Thank you for your information (2) A : Hey mate, did you hear that yesterday night mister Hassan was killed by the killer who robbed his house. B : Are you sure about that? A : Yeah his neighbor tell me, and right now there are many police doing investigated in his house The attributive uses divide into [a], [an], and [the]. It can be replaced with Rangga Satya, Andang Saehu, and Udayani Permanaludin The Use of Reference by the Characters in Midnight in Paris Movie 82 whoever or whatever to describe unknown entity. While referential uses is the phrase [Pretty girl] and [robbed] because its referring to another entity or the specific one. So it can be assumed that we could use referential and attributive uses to identify an utterance that is said by speaker, even when the entity or individual my not exist. b. Name and Referent In referencing something, it could be people or things, in addition to using Attributive uses, could also use name and referent. Name and referents is one in which there is a basic ‘intention to identify’ and ‘recognition of intention’ collaboration at work. In order to analyze specific things and specific entity in utterance, names and referent usually use name or proper noun (Yule, 2010). In pragmatic view of reference, describing an entity can also be done through expression and via the name. From the explanation above, there are some example: (1) Can I borrow your Warrent Buffet (2) Soekarno is the first president After looking at the example, the first one Warrent Buffet is name of the father of value Investing, but in this case when the name of Warrent Buffet is associated with ‘borrow’, listener can infer something else that it is not human, but a biographic book containing a journey of life Warrent Buffet. ‘Warrent Buffet’ (name) and the book is ‘referent’. Otherwise, the second one is soekarno, in this case ‘Soekarno’ is name of person because associated with ‘the first president’. Soekarno is a name and ‘description of soekarno’ is a referent. c. Anaphoric Anaphoric reference is the used of expression and will occurs when a word or pharase refer to something mentioned earlier in the sentence. It usually often use the definite, indefinite and pronoun article. Anaphoric is a process of continuing to identify exactly the same entity as denoted by antecedent. According to (Yule, 2010) there are three kinds of Anaphoric reference namely antecedent-anaphora, captaphora-antecendent and zero anaphora or ellipsis. 1. Antencendet-anaphora This reference usually occurs when the Anaphor come first before the antecedent. Anaphor is the second or subsequent expression, while antecedent is the initial expression. For example: a) In the movie, there is a man and a women were trying to help old man to cross the street. The man was holding his hand while the woman brings his groceries. After cross the road, He talked to the old man to keep healthy. After that He talked to her that he very happy helping the old man cross the street. From the example above, here is the explanation a) [A man and a women] is initial reference, is often indefinite, in the definite noun phrases ( the man and the woman) and the pronoun (he) are examples of subsequent reference to already introduced reference. 2. Cataphora- antecedent IDEAS, Vol. 10, No. 1, June 2021 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 83 This is the opposite of Antecedent-Anaphora. Cataphora-antecendent has different pattern. The pattern of this sentence is when the anaphoric reference comes first and the initial comes later. According to (Yule, 1996) the pronoun is used first and it is to difficult to interpret until the full of sentence is presented in the next line. There are some example and explanation for make it clear: a) I am sure it will be nice. Watching action movie with my friends will give me more insight after discussing this movie. b) Yesteday, when I walked through the street and unpredictable, I saw it in the cross of street. A Big Dog bark to me! The explanation: a) There is “it”, the meaning of this sentence don’t complete, because we don’t know what it means if we don’t know the next sentence. The in the next sentence it is explained that “it” there refers to an Action movie b) The meaning of this sentence don’t complete, because we don’t know about the meaning of the speaker what they talking. However, after being explained in the next line of sentence, we can find out the object refer to a Big dog. 3. Zero Anaphora or Elipsis Sometime to identify the intent of the speaker does not always use linguistic expressions. It called by Zero Anaphora or ellipsis. According to (Yule, 1996) the use of zero anaphora as a means of maintaining reference clearly creates and expectation that the listener will be able to infer who or what the speaker intends to identify. For example: a) Cook for five minutes b) Now sleep for ten minutes c) Close the door Here the use of zero anaphora can create an expectation of the listener, that the listener can interpret what the speaker intends to identify. When the speaker say “Cooks for five minutes” to the hearer, the speaker wants deliver the message that the listener must perform the action to cook it for five minutes. So, the writer can take conclusion that the successful reference that an intention was recognized via inference, indicating a kind of shared knowledge and social connection Method Method design is intended to give guidance and direction of research in answering the questions and as well as finding solutions to these questions. In this research used qualitative method in analyzing the data. This method will help the researcher to describe the data. According to Denzin & Lincoln, (2013:3) the research which used qualitative method required an interpretive and naturalistic approah, it means that qualitative research study things in their natural settings, tried to conceive of, or to interpret linguistics phenomena in terms of the significances which people bring to them. Furthermore, in this research, the researcher will try to apply this qualitative Rangga Satya, Andang Saehu, and Udayani Permanaludin The Use of Reference by the Characters in Midnight in Paris Movie 84 research to the data that has been collected, then it will be described. The data will be taken from the utterances of the characters in the film Midnight in Paris especially in the use of reference. The writer chooses this method because it describes and interprets data in the form of descriptions. Findings and Discussion The Type of Reference in Midnight in Paris Movie In this part, the researcher will explain the types of references that often appear and are used by characters. According to (Yule, 2010) there are three types of the uses of reference, namely referential and attributive use, name and referents and anaphoric reference. The researcher found the data 49 cases from this film, the data was divided into referential and attributive 9, Name and Referent 22, and Anaphoric referent 18. From the data has found by the researcher, the most dominant type is name and referent. According to (Yule, 2010) Name and referent can be identify by proper noun, and in this film the researcher found 22 data names and references used by the characters in the movie. In a film the mention of a name either a place name or a person's name is a normal and frequent phenomenon moreover that 'name' would be the best word to use in order to make identify or refers to something or someone successful. Moreover, by mentioned proper name in film, it can be easy to interpret and also link to refers something or someone from the conversations in the film into a form of interpretation of an entity that exists in the real world. Therefore, from a person's name and place name, it can refer or interpret the meaning intended in a person's utterance to the listener. For example Datum/Time: 00:04:26/ Dialogue Gill : You know, if I would stayed here and written novels, and not gotten, you know, caught up in that, just grinding out movie scripts.. I will tell you something, I would drop the house in Beverly Hill, the pool, everything, in a second. I mean, look : this is where monet lived and painted. We are 30 minutes from town. Imagine the to of us settling here. We could do it I mean if my book turns out. Inez : You are in love with a fantasy. a) Description of the context In this scene, Gill and his girlfriend are walking around in a park in the middle of the city. In park, there is a lake and it is covered with lotus plants. While walking, Gill and his girlfriend started a conversation about his dream to stay in Paris. He wants stay in Paris and started written a novel, and he tells to his girlfriend if he will do anything like he will sold his house in Beverly hill, the pool, everything in a second for stay at Paris. b) Analysis The analysis based on the explanation about context above, there is a name and referent case in the utterance that uttered by Gill, because as IDEAS, Vol. 10, No. 1, June 2021 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 85 (Fakhruddin, 2019) said that, there is tagging someplace that using proper name. There is a word “Beverly Hill”. It is refers to his house in Beverly Hills. Beverly Hills is the name of the city in Los Angle County, California. In Beverly House, there is a lot of fancy houses and also many artist living and staying there. When the hearer see that utterance, the hearer directly things that Gill has a fancy house in Beverly Hills. Moreover Beverly Hills include to proper name or refers to the name of place. So Beverly hill as a name, while referent as a place. The ways the construction of Reference in Midnight in Paris This section is describing some of the way reference used by characters. In some expression of our language are seen as doing their linguistic jobs by referring to definite things of our world. According to (Fakhruddin, 2019) reference is specific and mainstream link between an expression, referent or role; referring is simply labeling or tagging something. Other hand Monika and Manfred in De Gruyter Mouton (2011:347) said that reference has been defined as a static relationship between expressions and the things they denote. From those explanation can assumed that every utterance that mentioned by the characters in this movie that contain reference has relationship or tagging something with other thing. In this section the researcher will analyze the ways the construction of reference into the data obtained by using the theory of reference (Yule, 2010) says that, Referential and attributive use is usually using ( Noun Pharase), Name and referent using (Proper Noun), and Anaphora (Referring back). Referential And Attributive Datum 1/ Time: 00:04:03/Dialogue Gill : This is unbelievable ! look at this ! There is no city like this in the world. There never was! Inez : You act like you have never been here before. Gill : I don’t get here often enough. That’s the problem. Can you picture how drop-dead gorgeous this city in the rain? Imagine this town in the `20s. Paris in the`20s in the rain; the artists and writers a) Description of the context In the beginning of this film, show us the scene about a city, there are people, street, river and the atmosphere that city when rain. At the first dialogue, Gill said to Inez that he was very amazed to see this city, seeing the view of this city is very beautiful and he liked it, he even said that there is no city as good as this in this world. Then Inez said to Gill, that Gill acted like he had never been here before. Then Gill also said to Inez try to imagine when this city rains and imagine this city in the `20s, there are lots of great writers and artists here. b) Analysis Based on the description above, based on theory of reference by (Yule, 2010) the researcher indicate that this conversation included to Referential Rangga Satya, Andang Saehu, and Udayani Permanaludin The Use of Reference by the Characters in Midnight in Paris Movie 86 and attributive, because there is noun or indefinite noun are used. Look at Gill's utterance, there is "the writer and artist". This sentence is as if we have to imagine and assume that there is a writer or artist in our minds, but we don't know who and what kind of artist and writer he is or there is no specific object and also this case is tagging something in our mind. Therefore, we can categorize this conversation as the uses of attributive use. Name and Referent Datum 2/Time: 00:04:14/Dialogue Gill : Can you picture how drop-dead gorgeous this city in the rain? Imagine this town in the ’20. Paris in the ‘20s in the rain; the artist and writers Inez : Why does every city have to be in the rain? What’s wonderful about getting wet? Gill : I mean, could you ever picture us moving here after we are married? Inez : Oh god. I could never life out of the United states. And if I could it would be someplace totally different a) Description of the context In the beginning of the dialogue, Gill Pinder explained about a beautiful city which is he wants to go and stay in that city (Paris) with his girlfriend. In Gill’s mind, he thinks and imagines that he wants to move to that city, because he like the culture, and there are a lot of famous artist and novelist was born in that city. The novelist and artist is inspired Gill to be a novelist. Gill tells to his girlfriend that he wants to stay and enjoying life after married, but his girlfriend/ Inez does not want to move and stay in Paris, just because Inez is an American and love her country, then she thinks she cannot life in Paris. b) Analysis After the explanation about the description of the context. This utterance that uttered by Inez is include to name and referent (Yule, 2010). Why this sentence includes to Name and referent? Because when Inez say “United States” the listener directly thinks about the name of place or there is the use of Proper name. Using proper name it same with tagging someplace (Fakhruddin, 2019). The word of United States has a relationship between expression and the things they denote. United states itself refers to a big country which located in north America, has the largest population and bordered on the west by pacific ocean and the east by the atlantic ocean. United states is a proper name and also when people hear that name is easily understood by people as the name of place. Anaphoric Reference Datum 3/Time: 00:04:51/ Dialogue Inez : You are in love with Fantasy Gill : I’m in love with you Inez : We should get back to town. We are meeting Mom and Dad for IDEAS, Vol. 10, No. 1, June 2021 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 87 dinner Gill : Let’s meet Them a) Description of the context In this situation, Gill and Inez were walked out around a park which has a pool, just only to talking about Gill’s dream that to move to Paris. They are hanging out and talking about Gill dream after married, until they stopped at a bridge. Inez talks to gill that they have to go back to the hotel, because she remembers that they will meet her parents at the hotel and going to dinner with them, and then they are going back to the hotel. b) Analysis Have a look to this conversation, this conversation is included into the category of Anaphora. Why? Because, there is a sentence “Mom and Dad” as refers to Inez Parents in the first line of the dialogue. While in the next dialogue there is a word “Them”. The word “Mom and dad” here is the antecedent of the pronoun “them”. Why the sentence “Mom and Dad” position as antecedent? Because it comes first before the pronoun “them”. Therefore, this conversation has relationship belongs to the Anaphoric Reference, or it could say it Anaphora or Antecedent-Anaphora Conclusion After the researcher analyzed all the data, the researcher found the data 49 cases from this film, the data was divided into referential and attributive 9, Name and Referent 22, and Anaphoric referent 18. From the entire data are found in the movie, the first point is the dominant type of reference. Name and Referents became the most widely found in this film. By mention of a name either a place name or a person's name is the best word to use in order to make identify or refers to something or someone successful. The second point, The ways the construction of Reference in Midnight in Paris is by using linguistic formulas or referring expression that consist of proper nouns, noun phrases, and pronoun. From the data that has been analyzed, the use of this reference theory makes it easier to interpret the meaning of message in a conversation that will refer to meaning so that listeners, readers and interlocutors will have no difficulty in understanding the meaning of the speaker References Bublitz, W., & Norrick, N. R. (1375). FOUNDATIONS OF PRAGMATICS. pp. 347-372). Berlin, NewYork: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110214260.347 Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2013). Chapter 1: Introduction: The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research. The Landscape of Research, 1–44. Fakhruddin, M. Z. (2019). Reference and Inference in English Pragmatics. 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