The particular dialect or language that a person chooses to use on any occasion is called a code 835 Copyright © 2022 The Author IDEAS is licensed under CC-BY-SA 4.0 License Issued by English study program of IAIN Palopo IDEAS Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) Volume 10, Number 1, June 2022 pp. 835 - 845 The Directive Acts in Joker 2019 Movie Willy sitanggang1, Afriana2, Pb161210088@upbatam.ac.id1, afriana@puterabatam.ac.id2 1,2UniversitasPuteraBatam ( UPB ), Batam, Indonesia Received: 2022-06-22 Accepted: 2022-06-28 DOI: 10.24256/ideas.v10i1.2837 Abstract This article represented the study of pragmatic to investigatedirective act. The purpose of investigation is to find out the types of directive acts on movie “Joker 2019”. The researchers applied theory ofAllan (1997)about directive act. The researchdesignpresented in the qualitative method.In collecting the data, the researchersappliedobservational method and note-taking technique. In analyzing the data,the researchers applied pragmatic identity method and classify technique by sudaryanto. In the analysis, the researchers found the types of directive speech act. This research had 15 data from types of directive speech acts which was separated into requestives (4 data), requirements (2 data), questions (2 data), prohibits (2 data), permissives (1 data) and advisories. Keywords : directive, illocutionary, pragmatic, speech act Introduction Generally, communication is the process of delivering information that can be understood. Communication uses language or signwhich includes speaker, hearer, utterances,forms of message delivery, topics, and context of the massage known as speech act. According to Austin (1962), speech is a form of action, which has three levels of speech, there are locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary. Afterwards,Searle, (1979)classified illocutionary speech into five categories that are assertive, directive, commissive, expressive and declarative. http://u.lipi.go.id/1457703302 mailto:Pb161210088@upbatam.ac.id mailto:afriana@puterabatam.ac.id Willy Sitanggang, Afriana The Directive Acts in Joker 2019 Movie 836 Below is an example of a common speech act phenomenon Guest (speaker):“I would like to have spring roll and chicken steak with mushroom sauce, please?” Waiter (hearer): “Yes, sir and what would you like for the drink?” (Phillips & Silver, 2018) There were the guest and the waiter having a context in restaurant. The context above is some common phenomena of speech act found in restaurant. Guest was requesting to the waiter because the speaker ordered the hearer to make or bring food in the form of spring roll and chicken steak with mushroom sauce. The speaker used word “please”signifies to express of requestives. According toSearle(1979),illocutionary is speech category type directive.Speech act is performed by speaker to order hearer to do what speaker speeches. The conversation above isthe same as phenomenon in movie Joker 2019. When researchers analyzed the movie, it was found some conversation of requesting, then researchers analyzed the movie Joker 2019 related to the theory of directives speech act. Woman on the bus (speaker): “Can you please stop bothering my kid?” Arthur (hearer): “I wasn't bothering him, I was” Context of utterance above happened when Arthur who sat in the bus with his clown face smiling and looked at the kid in front of him. The kid looked back at him for a moment then giggled, then his mother said “Can you please stop bothering my kid? ”Conversation was taken from script movie Joker 2019 by Phillips & Silver (2018).Woman on the bus said to Arthur stop bothering his kid the conversation above refers to a directive speech act of requesting because the speaker used to get the hearer take action for the speaker.And Yule (1996), also stated that directive speech act is when the speakers used to get someone else to do something. Directive speech act what the speaker wanted and act of the speaker with the hearer exactly the same. Asthe sameasSearle(1979), hestated,“Speaker asks hearer trying to do something while giving consent inexplicitly”(Searle 1979, p. 68), It could be defined as being able to give consent as an illocutionary response. The two studies have very significant similarities with this research. They used same data source which is taken from the movie but different experts, Yule and Allan. Lailiyah(2015), found out three types of directive speech act. The finding was direct speech act, indirect speech act, and literal speech act. This research methodused qualitative descriptive. The difference from this research was the form IDEAS, Vol. 10, No. 1, June 2022 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 837 of directives speech act.Secondly,Hidayah (2019)usedthe theoryof directives speech acts. The research focused onclassifying directives act. The differencefrom this research was from of data source, novel and movie.In this research, the researchers only focused on analyzing the classifying directive act according to Allan’s theory. Allan’stheory classifiedsixtypes directive speech act. Literature Review Speech Act Interacting with other people is a social need of every human being. In interacting, humans use language as a communication tool to convey information and express opinions. Everyone has different ways of conveying information or expressing their opinions according to the concept of a person's speech and speech acts. Understanding the concept of speech and speech acts of a person in expressing opinions and conveying information is very important to find out what impact the speakers have. It can be said that the study of a speaker’s intended meaning when he or she employs language to conduct an act is known as speech acts. According to Austin (1962),the illocutionary act, or the act performed in saying to locution, is a type of action within utterances. when speaker says something, it contains his or her intention. Then, Searle(1979)classifies illocutionary act into directives. It is a speaker’s attempt to persuade the listener to do something. The examples of directives are asking, begging, commanding, ordering, and requesting. The researchers selected other classification that is theory from Allan theory Types of Directives Speech Act Directive speech act is one in which the speaker is attempting to persuade the addressee to do something or act in the manner intended by the speaker. The speaker is attempting to fit the word into words while utilizing directions. It suggests the speaker is attempting to persuade the addressee to believe what he or she is saying. There are some acts taken by this directive speech acts, including the act of asking, prohibiting, suggesting, requesting, praying, and so forth.Allan (1997), classified six types of directives. 2.3.1. Requestives It meant the speaker requests the hearer or addressee to do an act (something), includes words. Example: “Could you give me any singing tips?”(Tami & Ambalegin, 2014) 2.3.2. Questions Willy Sitanggang, Afriana The Directive Acts in Joker 2019 Movie 838 It meant that in the form of asking (what, where, when, why, who and how), inquiry, and interrogate. Form interrogating also contains something which is not found in asking, other than testing and investigating. Speaker and hearer can report the content of the question, but only needed to direct the topic. Example:“Where is my pen?”(Munthe & Ambalegin, 2021) 2.3.3. Requirements It meant that the speaker requires the hearer or addressee to do an act. The difference requestive and requirement is in the level of necessity. Example: “She instructed us that we were to remain in our seats”(Yule 1996) 2.3.4. Prohibitives It meant to command or an order so that the speech partner does not doing something. Example: “Cinderella: Your Grace? Your Grace, May I try it on? Stepmother: Pay no attention” (Suryanti & Afriana, 2017) 2.3.5. Permissives It meant to express the speaker's beliefs and the speaker's intention so that the interlocutor believes that the speaker's utterance contains a reason though for th e interlocutor to feel free to take certain actions. Example:“Why don't you be quiet?” (Allan 1997) 2.3.6. Advisories It meant to be expressed by the speaker which is not a wish that the speech partner performs the action certain but the belief that doing something is a good thing, that the action is in the interests of partners said. Example: “You’ve only got three more days!”(Sembiring & Ambalegin, 2019) Method The purpose of this research was to learn more about directive speech act used by the characters in Movie Joker 2019. This study was directed toward describing those aspects. The research design of this study was qualitative descriptive research. Creswell (2016)stated that type of descriptive qualitative research is to explore and understand the meaning in a number of individuals or groups of people derived from social problems. In collecting the datathe researchers applied observational method and note-taking technique. The steps were from (1)watching the movie, trying to understand, seeking for any relevant details that supported this research and seeking for all of the utterances, (2) holding the IDEAS, Vol. 10, No. 1, June 2022 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 839 dialogue transcription, and (3)marking the conversation said by the actor in the movie. In analyzing the data, the researchers applied theory of Sudaryanto(1993),defined that qualitative research is a research that presents the descriptive data in the form of written or oral words of people and behavior which can be observed. The technique is pragmatics identity method. The steps were following from(1)classifying the data into types of directive speech act in Movie Joker 2019, (2)identifying based on Allan’s theory, and(3)describing the data to answer based on classification. For presenting the research result, the researchers used informal method which refers to the process of presenting the outcome analysis with words; it means that the results can be represented using words or phrases. The research result is also provide through the use of informal approach for presenting the data analysis. Findings and Discussion Findings There were 15 data in the Joker Movie (2019) that used to find out the directive speech act from character of the movie. The data of analysis were presenting belowin term of types of directive speech act; requestives, requirements, questions, prohibitives, permissive and advisories NO. TYPES OF DIRECTIVE ACTS SOME OF THE UTTERANCES TOTAL 1. Requestives “Can you please” “You need” I asked you You should maybe come see 4 2. Requirements You need to get in here or something if you could ask 2 3. Questions Where you from? What are you doing? Who are you? 2 4. Prohibitives Maybe you shouldn't Don't sit. 2 5. Permissives let me know to leave “say it.” 3 Willy Sitanggang, Afriana The Directive Acts in Joker 2019 Movie 840 6. Advisories you see all this 1 Total of Utterances 15 Discussion Requestives Data 1 Woman on the bus (speaker): “Can you please stop bothering my kid?” Arthur (hearer): “I wasn't bothering him, I was”(Phillips & Silver, 2018) Context of utterance above happened when Arthur who sat in the bus with his clown face smiling and looked at the kid in front of him. The kid looked back at him for a moment then giggled, then his mother said “Can you please stop bothering my kid?”Woman on the bus said to Arthur stop bothering his kid. The conversation above referred to a directive speech act of requesting because the speaker used to get the hearer take action for the speaker Data 2 Arthur: “Ma, eat. You need to eat” Penny: “You need to eat. Look how skinny you are”(Phillips & Silver, 2018) This situation when Arthur who sat together at the dining table with his mother. Arthur encouraged his mother to eat. His mother's response also encouraged Arthur to eat with the pushed back and given reason how skinny Arthur was. In the conversation above there was a good relationship between the speaker and the hearer. The utterance of speaker and hearer refers to speech act directive requestives. Speaker and hearer need to do something. Data 3 Social worker: “Arthur, last time I asked you to bring your journal with you. For these appointments. Do you have it?” Arthur: “Yes ma'am”(Phillips & Silver, 2018) Context above where the social worker was tired and diverted the conversation by asking Arthur to bring a note that is often written by Arthur, then IDEAS, Vol. 10, No. 1, June 2022 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 841 Arthur showed it to the Social worker, where Arthur responded by pointing it directly to social worker. The utterance referred to speech act directive requestives, where Social worker was significant to used word “asked”. It meant express of requesting. Data 4 Arthur: “You know, I do stand-up comedy. You should maybe come see a show sometime” Shopie: “I could do that”(Phillips & Silver, 2018) The context of the conversation above was an invitation where Arthur invitedShopie to watch his show in a cafe. The utterance of Arthur significant to invited Shopie. Arthur used verb “come”.It meantinvitation. The utterance referred to speech act directive requestives. Requirements Data 5 Thomas Wayne:“Can I help you, pal?” Arthur:“What? Yeah. No” Thomas Wayne:“You need to get in here or something?”(Phillips & Silver, 2018) This situation was when Arthur felt nervous to be interviewed by a talk show. Then Thomas Wayne as a body guard directed Arthur to start the interview. The utterance was by Thomas Wayne as a body guard. Itmeant to offer Arthur something to doing. Data 6 Arthur (speaker): “I was wondering if you could ask the doctor to increase my medication” Social worker (hearer): “Arthur, you’re on seven different medications. Surely they must be doing something”(Phillips & Silver, 2018) Context of conversation above happened when Arthur consulted about his ill in Social Worker office. The utterance Arthur wantedto instruct social worker to inquire the doctor “to increase her medication”. The utterance referred to speech act directive requirements, because Arthur used utterance“if you could ask”it meant express of requirements, but hearer refused his asking and gave suggestions. Questions Willy Sitanggang, Afriana The Directive Acts in Joker 2019 Movie 842 Data 7 Murray Franklin: “There's something special about you Arthur, I can tell. Where you from?” Arthur: “I live right here in the city. With my mother”(Phillips & Silver, 2018) The conversation above was the situation when Arthur had imagination about being on a talk show. Which Arthur got some question by the host then asks Arthur used interrogative sentence “where you from?” The utterance referred to speech act directive questions which showed form of “where” to investigate Arthur about his self. Data 8 Hoyt: “Oh, this'll be good. Please tell me why you brought a gun into a kid's hospital?” Arthur : “It was, it was a prop gun. It's part of my act now”(Phillips & Silver, 2018) The situation when Arthur was in the hospital entertaining the children, then his supervisors found out that Arthur was carrying a gun. So Arthur was interrogated by asking why he brought a gun into a kid’s hospital. The utterance by speaker used interrogative sentence “why you brought a gun into a kid’s hospital?” The sentence used form of “why’’. It meant to investigateArthur. The utterance referred to speech act directive questions. Data 9 Alfred: “What are you doing? Who are you?” Arthur: “I'm here to see Mr. Wayne”(Phillips & Silver, 2018) The utterance byAlferd as a speaker was clearmeaning about question to investigate Arthur. The utterance used form of “what and who”. The utterance clearly referred to speech act directive questions Prohibitives Data 10 Arthur: “Maybe you shouldn't watch so much television” Penny: “Thomas Wayne is our only hope.He'll make a great mayor. Everybody says so” (Phillips & Silver, 2018) IDEAS, Vol. 10, No. 1, June 2022 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 843 The conversation above was the situation when Arthur who sat down on side his mother Penny watch the news on the TV. Arthur as a speaker forbad his mother as s hearer to “shouldn’t watch so much television”. The utterance of Arthur referred to speech act directive prohibitives which Arthur expressed with a negative word “shouldn’t” that was attached to the auxiliary verb. Data 11 Hoyt: “Don't sit. This will be quick” Arthur: “stops in his tracks”(Phillips & Silver, 2018) This situation when Arthurwho sat away from the talk show host and tells him not to sat there, then the talk show host utter “Don’t sit”. The utterance a forbid aimed to Arthur not sat there. The utterance of Hoyt as a speaker referred to speech act directive prohibitive. Which speaker significant to forbid used negative sentence it’s “Don’t sit” Permissives Data 12 Shopie: “You'll let me know when?” Arthur :“Yeah”(Phillips & Silver, 2018) This conversation was when Arthur asked Shopie to come to see the show. Then Shopie politely asked permission to know when the show started. The utterance of Shopie as a speaker showed politely permission. Shopie used sentence “let me know”. The utterance referred to speech act directives permissives. Data 13 Shope: “Your name's Arthur, right? You live down the hall. I really need you to leave?My little girl's sleeping in the other room. Please” Arthur: “I had a bad day”(Phillips & Silver, 2018) The conversation above was situation when Shopie as a speaker talked to Arthur until late at night that Shopie asked Arthur to leave Shopie. The utterance by Shopie it meant left him with her reasoning but Arthur refused but he stayed there.Shopie's expression is a suggestion that can be done or may not be done. The utterance of Shopie referred to speech act directivepermissives. Which showed verb “to leave” but Arthur stayed. Data 14 Arthur: “Hoyt, please I love this job” Willy Sitanggang, Afriana The Directive Acts in Joker 2019 Movie 844 Hoyt: “Say it”(Phillips & Silver, 2018) The conversation above was an apology from Arthur with the aim that he could be allowed to return to work. Arthur's expression apologizing to the supervisor. The Supervisor allowed Arthur to explain everything that happened. The utterance of Hoyt referred to speech actpermissives which used verb “say it”. Advisories Data 15 Arthur: “Thanks, Murray. You know I grew up without a dad too. He left right after I was born. I don't know what I ever did to him” Murray Franklin: “Fuck him. Guy like that doesn't deserve you, Arthur. You see all this, the lights, the show, the, the love of the audience, I'd give it all up in a heartbeat to have a son like you”(Phillips & Silver, 2018) In the situation when Arthur was on a talk show. Murray Franklin as a speaker advised Arthur to forget his father. The speaker advised for the benefit of hearer. Because his father didn't care about Arthur. Murray showed how much the audience cares and loves Arthur. The utterance of Murray Franklin referred to speech act directive advisories which Arthur also thought with Murray Franklin. The sentence “You see all this, it was relevant to Arthur. Conclusion This article had investigated the types of directive acts using Allan’s theory. In this article, the researchers found out the types of directive act of movie Joker 2019. This article had 15 data source. 15 data source referred to the types of directive act which was analyzed. The types of directive act, there are 4 data of requestives, 2 data ofrequiremants, 2 data of questions, 2 data of prohibitives, 3 data of permissives and 1 data ofadvisories. In this article the most common types of directive act found by researchers was requestives. IDEAS, Vol. 10, No. 1, June 2022 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 845 References Allan, K. (1997). Speech act theory: Overview. Concise Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Language, 454–466. Austin, J. L. (1962). Speech acts. Oxford. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications. Lailiyah, S. (2015). Directive Speech Act of The Main Characters in Divergent Movie. Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh University, 5(1), 59–76. Language, P., & Faculty, L. (2019). An Analysis Of Directives Speech Acts In Film Script Of Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ). 2(1), 1–8. Larson, E. R., Nuttall, G. A., Ogren, B. D., Severson, D. D., Wood, S. A., Torsher, L. 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