445 Copyright © 2023 The Author IDEAS is licensed under CC-BY-SA 4.0 License Issued by English study program of IAIN Palopo IDEAS Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) Volume 11, Number 1, June 2023 pp. 445 - 456 Transitivity Analysis of AJ Hoge’s Short Story “Day of the Dead” Alan Jaelani1, Ihda ’Abidat2, Amalul Umam3, Movi Riana Rahmawanti4 Alan.jaelani@uika-bogor.ac.id1, ihdaabidat19@gmail.com2, amalul.umam@uika- bogor.ac.id3, movi.riana@uika-bogor.ac.id4 English Education Department, Ibn Khaldun University, Indonesia Received: 2023-01-06 Accepted: 2023-07-18 DOI: 10.24256/ideas.v11i1.3474 Abstract This study analyzes a short story created by AJ Hoge, a well-known English Materials creator of effortless English learning with his short story. It aims to reveal how meanings are constructed and what characterizes the story. Transitivity system, a framework of Halliday's Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), is used as an analytical tool. The data are gathered from the short story entitled “Day of the Dead”. This study employs qualitative descriptive analysis incorporating SFL into the methodology and Transitivity system analysis. This study finds that the creator employs all six Process types of Transitivity i.e., Material, Mental, Relational, Behavioral, Existential, and Verbal Processes. In constructing meanings, the six Processes are manifested in the three elements of the story: orientation, sequence of events, and reorientation. The employment of the six Processes is as an effort to expose learner to the clause as representation completely, that is to provide learners with all possible represented experiences through Processes that may happen in the world. The dominant Process of Material becomes the characteristic of the text and meets the linguistic features of recount text. Keywords: short story; systemic functional linguistics; transitivity analysis Introduction The use of short story as a resource of language teaching offers both literary awareness and a better linguistic understanding for learner because of its simplicity with only a few characters without long or detailed description of story setting. AJ Hoge, an English Language Teaching (ELT) practitioner and English Materials developer, employs the concept of simplicity in short story in teaching English to get an effortless and simple way to master spoken English. Previous research confirms that AJ Hoge’s strategy in teaching English provides simple inputs of linguistic features in term of vocabulary, contraction, nouns, sentences, and repetition (Sujatmo, 2012). The strategy gives comprehensible inputs and natural approach of language learning (Basari, 2011). Furthermore, Ali (2020) suggests that the teaching Material resource gives considerable results that emphasize ideas for simple language inputs. Those studies are concerned with AJ Hoge’s short story in term of linguistic features, natural approach of comprehensible language learning, and the http://u.lipi.go.id/1457703302 mailto:Alan.jaelani@uika-bogor.ac.id1 mailto:ihdaabidat19@gmail.com2 mailto:amalul.umam@uika-bogor.ac.id3 mailto:amalul.umam@uika-bogor.ac.id3 mailto:movi.riana@uika-bogor.ac.id4 Alan Jaelani, Ihda ’Abidat, Amalul Umam, and Movi Riana Rahmawanti Transitivity Analysis of AJ Hoge’s Short Story “Day of the Dead” 446 simplicity of language input. However, no study particularly explores meaning construction and the language features of the short story. Such kind of study is essential for further confirmation in revealing what beyond the story and what makes it eligible as English Materials resource. Given the current understandings, the present study poses two research questions: 1. How are meanings in AJ Hoge’s short story constructed? 2. What characterizes the discourse of the story? This study focusses on these two questions from Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) perspective. SFL is defined as the theory of choice in any act of communication (Jaelani & Sujatna, 2014). It considers language as a meaning-making resource and a social semiotic system (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004). The linguistic theory examines how people use language to construe and create meaning to fulfil their communicative purposes in social contexts (Martin and Rose, 2003). SFL emphasizes the function of language. Some functional linguists contend that the goals for which a language is employed impact its structure (Roberts & Spencer, 1993). Functional means that language system must serve in the structure and organization of language at all levels. The language organization is achieved via Metafunction. Metafunction can reveal how language works and how speaker or writer generates language output of both spoken and written. It conveys the intended meanings by relating words to the world. Halliday & Matthiessen (2004) state that experiences of the world are translated into words, which are subsequently translated into meanings. This concept is essential to explain how the semantic system of language is organized. Emilia, E, Moecharam, N., & Syifa, I (2017) assume that there are three Metafunctions in SFL: ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning, and textual meaning. Ideational meanings are meanings about ideas and realized in the system of Transitivity. Interpersonal meanings are meanings about social relations and realized in the system of mood. Textual meanings are meanings about what makes language contextually and co-textually relevant and realized in the system of thematic progression. The aims of this study are to investigate how a writer constructs meanings in a text and what characterizes the text. Therefore, ideational meaning with its Transitivity system is employed as the framework in the short story analysis. Transitivity is the system to analyze ideational meanings. Transitivity outlines that what we experience is a reality and comprises Processes of sensing, doing, saying, being, and having. The three primary parts of Transitivity are the Process (verb), the Participant (subject or the person doing the action), and the conditions related to the adverbial group (Syed, Nazir, Hafiz, & Shahbaz, 2021). Transitivity is a system that shows how the Processes achieve the context. In Transitivity, languages operate with some system of types of Process, some repertory of doing and happening, sensing and saying, being and having (Halliday & Webster: 2009). Emilia, E, Moecharam, N., & Syifa, I (2017) assume that the grammatical system in Transitivity achieves the experiential meaning of the clause and becomes the resource for interpreting and expressing events, happenings, goings-on, Mental states, sayings, behaviors, and relations of different kinds. Transitivity is generated with Processes as its central of analysis. The term Processes refer to verbs in explaining what is going in the context of event. IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 447 The idea is that the small number of syntactically critical semantics influence Transitivity systems. Transitivity also explains how one person's actions influence another person or the patient (Roberts & Spencer, 1993). It may be examined for all texts (Wahyuni & Hamzah (2019) and (Yolanda & Zaim (2021). Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) asserts that six Processes: Material, Mental, Relational, Linguistic, Behavioral, and Existential Processes, help Transitivity analysis carry out its intended purpose. Every Process in Transitivity has a unique collection of components. 1. Material Process Gerot & Wignell (1995) explain that Material Processes are the Processes of doing. These Processes express the idea that the participant physically does something or takes actions, which are usually concrete actions. In this Process, the participant who does something is the Actor, and the Goal is the participant to whom the Process is directed. Example 1. Jenny threw her book Participant Process Participant Actor Material Goal The participant Jenny is labelled as Actor, who physically does something with the Material Process threw. Her book, the participant to whom the Process is directed, is labelled as Goal. 2. Mental Process Mental Processes contain the meaning of thinking, feeling, and perceiving, such as to understand, like, hurt, and other similar things. In this Process, the participant roles are Senser and Phenomenon. The Senser is a conscious being that can think or see consciously. In contrast, the Phenomenon is the one that is sensed. Example 2. My mother likes Banana Participant Process Participant Senser Mental Phenomenon The one who feel something is called Senser. In this example, Senser is labelled to my mother because she likes something. Banana is the thing that my mother likes and then is labelled as Phenomenon. 3. Relational Process This Process involves states of being and having. Eggins (2004) mentioned that Relational Processes are where things are stated to exist about other things. The Processes which establish identity are Identifying Processes, while Processes that assign a quality are Attributive Processes. Each Process has its participant role. In attributive, the participants are Carrier and Attribute, while the participants of identifying Processes are Token and Value. Attributive and identifying Processes has slightly different Processes or verb. Alan Jaelani, Ihda ’Abidat, Amalul Umam, and Movi Riana Rahmawanti Transitivity Analysis of AJ Hoge’s Short Story “Day of the Dead” 448 Sometimes it is difficult to determine whether the Process included in the attributive or identifying Process. However, there is a difference that may make it easier to identify both Processes. Attributive Processes are reversible, while Identifying Processes are not. If attributive Processes are reversed, the clauses will not make sense. Example 3. Hoggart is the fattest one here Participant Process Participant Carrier Identifying Value Example 4. Hoggart is very fatty Participant Process Participant Carrier Attributive Attribute The Process is in example 3 is classified as Identifying because the fattest one here is the identity for Hoggart. If the clause is reversed to the fattest one here is Hoggart, the meaning still makes sense. However, the Process is in example 4 is classified as attributive because very fatty is the identity for Hoggart. Therefore, if the clause is reversed to very fatty is Hoggart, the meaning does not make sense. 4. Behavioral Process Behavioral Processes are Processes of physiological and psychological. This Process relates to physiological and psychological behavior, such as breathing, smiling, watching, laughing, and other similar things. This Process is described as a midway between Material and Mental Processes (Eggins, 2004). The participant of behavioral Process, called Behaver, is a conscious being that can feel, think, or see. Nevertheless, it differs from Mental Processes since Behaver is in action, not sensing. In this Process, mostly there is only one participant who is Behaver. However, sometimes in a clause, there is a Range that specifies the scope of the Process. Example 5. He sneezes loudly Participant Process Participant Behaver Behavioral Circumstance Example 6. She took a nap Participant Process Participant Behaver Behavioral Range The participants he and she are labelled as behaver because the Processes sneezes and took refer to human behavior. The range a nap is the scope of the Process. 5. Existential Process Existential Processes are the Processes of existence. It simply states that something exists. This Process is expressed by existing verbs, ‘be’, ‘exist’, and ‘arise’. The only participant in existential Processes is called existent. IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 449 Example 7. There is a pimple on the woman's face Process Participant Existential Existent There is not labelled as participant because it has no representational function. It is needed because English requires a subject. The process is is labelled as existential process and a pimple on the woman's face is labelled as existent. 6. Verbal Process Verbal Processes are Processes of Verbal action or saying or symbolic signaling. In Verbal Processes, the participant who is the speaker must appear. Three participants may or may not appear in the clause: The Receiver, Target, and Verbiage. Sayer is the participant that has the responsibility to do the Verbal Process, so that is why this participant has to appear in every Verbal Process. Sayer has to be able to signal, yet it does not have to be a conscious being. The receiver is the one to whom the verbalization is addressed. In comparison, the target is acted upon verbally (insulted, complimented, and other similar things). The last is verbiage, which is a name for the verbalization itself. Example 8. He said that he believed her Participant Process Participant Process Participant Sayer Verbal Senser Mental Phenomenon Example 9. Justin told Kim about his past Sayer Verbal Receiver Verbiage Example 10. Sam scold Dick Sayer Verbal Target In example 8, 9, and 10 He, Justin, and Sam are Sayers that have the responsibility to do the Verbal Process. Kim is the receiver to whom the verbalization is addressed. About his past is verbiage which is the name about the verbalization. Dick is the Target who is acted upon verbally insulted by Sam. The six types of Process in the framework of Transitivity are used to determine how a writer employs or arrange sentences to accomplish a particular objective. It may clarify the writer's use of language to convey their views (Pramono, 2019). Processes are crucial because they express meanings of each clause or sentence in Transitivity. Additionally, verbs are aware that it might be difficult for authors to choose the correct verb for a specific context (Kencana, Hikmah, & Gemilang, 2022). This research focuses on the ideational meaning by using Transitivity system. The researchers put the short story by AJ Hoge on the analysis of Transitivity system of Halliday's theory. Transitivity system is used to find the dominant Process in the Alan Jaelani, Ihda ’Abidat, Amalul Umam, and Movi Riana Rahmawanti Transitivity Analysis of AJ Hoge’s Short Story “Day of the Dead” 450 story along with its meaning construction and reveal the text characteristic of the story. Method This research uses qualitative descriptive analysis to investigate the type of Processes employed in AJ Hoge's short story "Day of The Dead" to reveal how meanings are constructed and what characterizes the discourse. This research incorporates SFL into its methodology and Transitivity system analysis. To obtain the data, this research involves the short story which consists of 32 clauses. The analysis of the research is concerned with the organization of the clauses in the data, the types of Process, and the segmentation analysis within the framework of Transitivity system. This research entails the following steps: a. The texts were broken down into a clause level, b. The components of Participants and Processes are categorized, c. The components of Processes, the central to Transitivity, are then calculated, d. Once the calculation is accomplished, an interpretation within the ideational meaning and text genre is conducted, e. The segmentation analysis of each Process is then displayed. Results and Discussion Based on the data analysis within the framework of Transitivity system of SFL, it reveals that the overall 32 clauses involve the six types of Processes: Material, Mental, Relational, Behavioral, Existential, and Verbal Processes. Table I shows the data analysis by categorizing the Process of each clause. Table I. The Analyzed Clauses and The Types of Process No Analyzed Clauses Types of Process 1 I arrive in Guatemala on The Day of the Dead, November 1st. Material 2 I’m curious about this holiday, Mental 3 so I go to the cemetery Material 4 to see Mental 5 what’s happening Relational 6 What I find is quite interesting. Relational 7 The atmosphere is like a party. Relational 8 There are people everywhere. Existential 9 Families are sitting around the graves of their dead ancestors. Material 10 They clean the graves Material 11 and add fresh flowers. Material 12 I walk through the cemetery Material 13 and admire the beauty of all the colorful flowers. Mental 14 There is also color in the sky, Existential 15 because many kids are flying kites. Material 16 Some families are having a picnic next to the graves. Relational 17 They eat, drink, and chat together. Material 18 People laugh and smile. Behavioral 19 In the Unites States, cemeteries are always somber Relational 20 We certainly never have festivals or parties next to graves. Relational IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 451 21 We don’t laugh or play music Behavioral 22 or fly kites in cemeteries either. Material 23 I find that Mental 24 I prefer the Guatemalan approach. Mental 25 I like the way they remember Mental 26 and celebrate those who have passed away. Behavioral 27 I like that they acknowledge death, instead of denying it the way Americans do. Mental 28 I like that Mental 29 there is life, as well as death, in their cemeteries. Existential 30 Guatemalans call it “The Day of the Dead”, Verbal 31 but it is also a day Relational 32 a day to appreciate life. Behavioral The generic structure of the data has three elements: orientation, sequence of events, and reorientation. The orientation of the story in which the participant arrives at Guatemala begins is construed by Material Process. The Material Process also sets the scene. In clause 2, the curiosity of the participant about the holiday is realized in Mental Process. The orientation of the story is followed by a sequence of events. The first event happens in clause 3 in which the participant goes (Material Process) to the cemetery to see (Mental Process) what’s happening. Clause 6 uses Relational Process to describe what is happening in the cemetery. Clause 7 to 11 act as the supporting ideas for clause 6 by employing Relational, Existential, and Material Process. The second event happens in clause 12 in which the participant uses Material Process walk. The third event happens in the clause 13 in which the participant uses Mental Process admire. The following clauses are used to support the event by employing Existential, Material, Relational, Behavioral, and Mental sequentially. Clause 30 to 32 is the orientation, a punchline or the climactic conclusion of a story. The distribution of Processes is described in table II. Table II. Distribution of Processes Types of Processes Number of Clause Material Processes 1, 3, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 22 Mental Processes 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28 Relational Processes 5, 6, 7, 16, 19, 20, 31 Behavioural Processes 18, 21, 26, 32 Existential Processes 8, 14, 29 Verbal Processes 30 Distribution of Processes in table II is arranged from the larger to the smaller number of distributions. The number of clauses shown in the table above, whether Material, Mental, Relational, Behavioral, Existential, and Verbal Processes, are the number extracted or described in table I. The clause with one type of Process such as Material in clause 1 is supported by the other kind of Process type such as Mental Process in clause 2 and so forth. This indicates that the author of the story employs not only one types of Process in conveying ideas in the discourse but also various types of Processes to enrich and expose learner to the experience of the world view. Alan Jaelani, Ihda ’Abidat, Amalul Umam, and Movi Riana Rahmawanti Transitivity Analysis of AJ Hoge’s Short Story “Day of the Dead” 452 However, domination of a Process would happen to characterize the text. Table III shows the involvement of types of Processes and the calculation of each number of the clause. Table III: The Percentage of Process Distribution Types of Processes Percentage (%) Material Process 28.125% Mental Process 25% Relational Process 21.875% Behavioral Process 12.5% Existential Process 9.375% Verbal Process 3.125% Total 100% Table III shows the percentage of each Process employed in analyzed text: Material Process (28.125%), Mental Process (25%), Relational Process (21.875%), Behavioral Process (12.5%), Existential Process (9.375%), Verbal Process (3,125%). The subsequent highest placement frequency was the Relational Process (9 occurrences or 21,875%), and the Verbal Process (1 occurrence or 3.125%). It reveals that Material Process occurs most frequently in the analyzed text. In contrast, Existential, Verbal, and Behavioral Processes have a low appearance. The dominant Process of Material meets the linguistic features of recount text with personal recount as the type. Several aspects of linguistic features or the lexicogrammar of recount text according to Gerot and Wignell (1995) are focusing on specific participants, use of Material Processes, circumstances of time and place, use of past tense, and focus on temporal sequences. However, the unique thing found in the data is that the author uses present tense instead of past tense. This is to manipulate the story for further learning activity where the author provide some modified questions in the past tense for the learner. For example: Statement : I arrive in Guatemala on The Day of the Dead, November 1st. Question : Did I arrive in Guatemala? Question : What day did I arrive in Guatemala? Question : Where did I arrive on November 1st? Statement : I am curious about this holiday, so I go to the cemetery to see what was happening. Question : Was I angry about this holiday? The author uses WH and Yes/No questions to invite learner to answer and describe the questions based on the statement of fact. The modification is used as an act of understanding personal experiences in a chronological order with meaningful choice of word by learner. The exposure of all Process types into the story is essential for the success of understanding various experience in the world. The other essential features that should be taken into account are including other types of participants in each Process of the clauses. The following segmentation of each Process in the clauses further reveal how meanings are realized. IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 453 The Segmentation Analysis of Material Process Material Process is a Process of Material doing, event, or workflow that represents an event. Material Processes are realized with verbs denoting physical activity. It can be seen in the data sample below. Data 1. I arrive in Guatemala on The Day of the Dead, November 1st. I Arrive in Guatemala on The Day of the Dead, November 1st. Actor Material Circumstance As seen in data 1 above, the Material Process is arrive. Since the Process is the Material, the participant must be an actor. The "I" used participant refers to the actor and "in Guatemala on The Day of the Dead, November 1st" refers to the circumstance of time. There optionally is an entity to which the Process is extended or directed. The entity which may be done is the Goal or Circumstance. The Segmentation Analysis of Mental Process Mental Processes are the Processes of the senses, that is, the Processes that explain perception, affect, cognition, and desire. Data 2. I prefer the Guatemalan approach. I prefer the Guatemalan approach. Senser Mental Phenomenon The verb of the Mental Process is prefer. It constitutes the features of cognition in the Mental Process, which indicates that the senser tends to take action about the choice of senser. The participant I refers to the senser and the Guatemalan approach refers to the phenomenon. The Segmentation Analysis of Relational Process The Relational Process is the Process of being that shows the relationship between the strength and extension of meaning. The participants is labelled as values. It can be seen in the data 3 below. Data 3. The atmosphere is like a party. The atmosphere is like a party Token Identifying Value As seen in data 3 above, the verb of the Relational Process is "is", it indicates the identifying Relational Process of the participant, which shows that the actual situation is affected because of the treatment of people around. The participant of the atmosphere refers to the cemetery of their dead ancestors, shown as a value. The Segmentation Analysis of Behavioral Process Behavioral Processes are Processes that exhibit physical and psychological behavior, and behavioral Processes are similar to participants’ Processes in terms of performing behaviors, and Mental Processes and language-like in terms of cognitive tasks. The Process by which the participant behaves by speaking. The behavioral Process has Behaver and Phenomenon (optional) members, and the Mental behavioral Process has actions and goals. It can be seen in the data sample below. Alan Jaelani, Ihda ’Abidat, Amalul Umam, and Movi Riana Rahmawanti Transitivity Analysis of AJ Hoge’s Short Story “Day of the Dead” 454 Data 4. We don’t laugh in cemeteries either. We don’t laugh in cemeteries either. Behaver Behavioural Circumstance As can be seen in data 4 above that the verb of the behavioral Process is don’t laugh. It constitutes the features of the behavioral Process which indicates that people in cemeteries do not deserve to laugh at other people’s deaths. The participant we refers to the first and the third persons in cemeteries as the behaver. The Segmentation Analysis of Existential Process The existential Process is a Process that shows the existence of something. The existential Process is similar to the Relational Process in the Relational and the existential Process refers to the existence of something. This existential Process does not involve any active participants. This part only analyzes the Process. It can be seen in the data sample below. Data 5. There is also color in the sky, There is also color in the sky Existential Existent Circumstance: place There is not labelled as participant because it has no representational function. It is needed because English requires a subject. Data 5 shows the existential Process is indicated by is and color is the existent. The Segmentation Analysis of Verbal Process Verbal Process is those in which a notice or declaration is presented. Both Sayer and Verbiage are involved in the language Process. It can be seen in the data sample below. Data 6. Guatemalans call it “The Day of the Dead” Guatemalans call it “The Day of the Dead” Sayer Verbal Receiver Verbiage The Process of the clause is call. The participant Guatemalans refers to sayer and it refers to Receiver. The Day of the Dead refers to the verbiage, the name for the Verbalization itself. Conclusion From the above segmentation, the author of the short story employs all Process types in constructing meaning to provide learners with various experiences that may happen in the world. All Processes employment gives learners rich of understanding about ideas. Learner understanding of how ideas are managed in the story is essential for them to imitate the organization of ideas the same way in the speaking practice. Not limited to the grammatical knowledge, learner also need to know how all Processes support one another in constructing the text. The results show that Material Process is the most abundant Process whose frequency is 9 of 32 clauses that makes 28.125%. The second most frequently occurring Process is the Mental Process 25%. The third Process is Relational with 7 occurrence or 21.875%. Similarly, behavioral, existential, and Verbal Processes constitute 4, 3, and 1 of the IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 455 total Process 12.5%, 9.375%, and 3.125% respectively. In constructing meanings, the six Processes are manifested to the three elements of the story: orientation, sequence of events, and reorientation. The dominant Process of Material becomes the characteristic of the text and meets the linguistic features of recount text. However, the use of present tense violates the normal realization of past tense in recount text. The author uses present tense to manipulate the story for further learning activity in which the author provides some modified questions in past tense with WH and Yes/No questions. The modification helps learner make a comparison of present and past tense. References Ali, B. W. (2020). The Application of A. J. 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