791 Copyright © 2023 The Author IDEAS is licensed under CC-BY-SA 4.0 License Issued by English study program of IAIN Palopo IDEAS Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) Volume 11, Number 1, June 2023 pp. 791 - 798 The Translation of Proper Nouns in Victoria Aveyard’s Red Queen Novel from English to Indonesia Shifa Nur Fadillah1, Andhi Dwi Nugroho2, Novita Sumarlin Putri3, Johanes Climacus Setyo Karjono4 shifanurfadillah99@gmail.com, andhidn@ustjogja.ac.id, novita.sumarlinputri@ust.jogja.ac.idsetyo_kj@ustjogja.ac.id 1 Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa, Yogyakarta 2 Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa, Yogyakarta 3 Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa, Yogyakarta 4 Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa, Yogyakarta Received: 2023-04-11 Accepted: 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.24256/ideas.v11i1.3666 Abstract This study deals with the translation of proper nouns found in Red Queen novel by Victoria Aveyard into Indonesian. It aimed to (1) analyze the types of proper nouns used in the novel, (2) investigate the translation techniques used in translating the proper nouns into Indonesian, and (3) reveal the translation techniques which were dominantly used in translating the proper nouns into Indonesian. This study utilized a descriptive qualitative approach. The data in forms of words and phrases were collected using documentation technique. Then, the data dealing with the types of proper nouns were analyzed using Newmark’s theory, while those dealing with the use of translation techniques were analyzed using Molina and Albir’s theory. The result showed that there were 185 data which were divided into two types of proper nouns, namely (1) people’s names, and (2) names of object. Meanwhile, there were 9 translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir used in translating the proper nouns, namely (1) amplification, (2) borrowing, (3) calque, (4) compensation, (5) discursive creation, (6) established equivalent, (7) linguistic amplification, (8) literal translation, and (9) reduction. Additionally, there were two dominant techniques used, namely borrowing and calque techniques. Keywords: proper nouns; Red Queen novel; translation techniques Introduction People use language to express their feelings, ideas, and thoughts, as well as to communicate their opinions to others. Moreover, in this world there are so many languages used by society and one of them is English. Nowadays, the information related to education, literary works, games and even sport uses English as an international language. Consequently, people have to learn English to share information and understand the http://u.lipi.go.id/1457703302 mailto:shifanurfadillah99@gmail.com mailto:andhidn@ustjogja.ac.id Shifa Nur Fadillah1, Andhi Dwi Nugroho2, Novita Sumarlin Putri3, Johanes Climacus Setyo Karjono4 The Translation of Proper Nouns in Victoria Aveyard’s Red Queen Novel from English to Indonesia 792 messages delivered. As a matter of fact, people still find difficulties in understanding information and knowledge in English. Accordingly, translation is needed in their daily life to make them easier in getting the information. Translation deals with the activity of transferring the message in the source language (SL) into the target language (TL). In a translation process, there are at least two languages involved. The source language (SL) attend to a language in which the original message is written, while the target language (TL) focusing on the one in which the message is transferred. The translator should consider the equivalence in transferring the message from SL to TL. In addition, the translator should be able to show the original idea of the source language (SL) by considering the grammar, culture, language style, etc. Nida and Taber (1974) stated that the translation should be natural in the target language. Thus, the researcher has to be able to analyze the translation techniques used by a translator to find out the equivalents of certain translation units from SL to TL. In translation process, the translator may find several problems especially in translating literary works such as novel. Dealing with novel, writers can express their ideas through the development of characters, even the setting of the story. The characters, places, objects, or even trademarks in the novel are all named. The names of the character, place, or object are called proper nouns. In relation to the proper nouns, the translator should be able to translate them into the target language using translation strategies so that they can be understood by the readers. Based on the explanation above, the researcher analyzed the proper nouns used in Red Queen novel by Victoria Aveyard and the Indonesian version translated by Shinta Dewi and the translation techniques applied by the translator in translating the proper nouns into TL. Red Queen is one of best-selling novel in New York and was published in 2015. The English version consists of 383 pages while the Indonesian version consists of 571 pages. Red Queen took place in a fantasy place named Delphie. This novel serves a social conflict between The Red and The Silver. Moreover, this novel depicts the struggle of women in facing her sorrowful life. The plot of this novel is totally complicated and it shows unpredictable problems in each chapter. In translation process, several changes of forms or words are commonly found. Thus, not all of the proper nouns found in the novel can be simply translated into TL. There are some words of the proper nouns which cannot be found in the dictionary. Therefore, she tried to find out and describe the translation techniques used in translating the proper nouns into TL. Method This research used descriptive qualitative approach. According to Mack (2005), qualitative research deals with a scientific research approach which acquires the specific information related to values, opinions, social context and behaviors. Documentation technique is applied in this research to collect the data. In this study, the researcher analyzed proper nouns used in Red Queen novel, mainly focused on the types of proper nouns used in the novel and the techniques used in translating the proper nouns. The steps of collecting the data involved: 1) conducting a literature study to get essential theories, journals, books related to the topic of this study (translation), 2) reading Red Queen novel both in English and Indonesian versions, 3) note-taking and re-writing proper nouns and its translation found in the novel, and 4) identifying and coding the data (proper nouns and its translation) which have been listed before. In analyzing the data, the researcher adopted three steps of data analysis which consist of data reduction, data display and data verification or conclusion. Firstly, the data was identified based on the research questions. Then, they were IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 793 displayed in the table which included the explanation of the findings. Lastly, the conclusion of the research was drawn. Results The Translation Unit: Proper Nouns According to the data analysis, there were two types of proper nouns found in the novel. The total number of proper nouns found in Red Queen novel is 185 data which are divided into two types, namely people’s names and names of objects. The categorization of the type of proper nouns can be seen in table 1 below. Table 1. Categorization of Proper Nouns No Proper Nouns Frequency Percentage 1. People’s Names 103 56% 2. Names of Objects 82 44% As shown in the table above, the proper noun which is dominantly found in the novel is people’s names (56%), while the rest of data found in the novel belong to the names of objects (44%). The Translation Unit: Proper Nouns According to Molina & Albir (2002), there are eighteen translation techniques which can be used in analyzing a translation product. The summary of data of translation techniques used in translating the proper nouns in Red Queen novel into Indonesian is presented in table below. Table 2. Translation Techniques used in Translating Proper Nouns No. Translation Techniques Frequency Percentage 1. Amplification 9 5% 2. Borrowing 83 45% 3. Calque 44 24% 4. Compensation 1 1% 5. Discursive Creation 5 3% 6. Established Equivalent 23 12% 7. Linguistic Amplification 7 4% 8. Literal Translation 12 6% 9. Reduction 1 1% According to the table above, translation techniques which are dominantly used by the translator in translating proper nouns are borrowing and calque techniques. Borrowing technique is divided into two types, namely pure and naturalized borrowing. Borrowing Shifa Nur Fadillah1, Andhi Dwi Nugroho2, Novita Sumarlin Putri3, Johanes Climacus Setyo Karjono4 The Translation of Proper Nouns in Victoria Aveyard’s Red Queen Novel from English to Indonesia 794 technique is dominantly used by the translator because the proper nouns found in the novel mostly have no equivalent words in the SL. Meanwhile, naturalized borrowing is used six times in translating proper nouns. Meanwhile, she used calque translation technique because the proper nouns found in the novel have the same structure or manner in the target language. Discussion Types of Proper Nouns People’s Names Datum 67 SL/RQ/067/80 TL/RQ/067/111 “I’m Lucas Samos. Follow me.” “Namaku Lucas Samos. Ikuti aku.” As shown above, the proper nouns is Lucas Samos. He is one of the characters in the novel. Based on the novel, he is a magnetron and a cousin of Ptolemus and Evangeline. His blood type is Silver. Thus, this proper noun refers to a fictional character in the novel, which is classified as people’s name. Datum 143 SL/RQ/143/234 TL/RQ/143/314 House Iral greets us next, led by the lithe, languid the movements of Ara, the Panther. Klan Iral menyapa kami berikutnya, dipimpin oleh gerakan luwes dan lesu Ara, si Macan Kumbang. As can be seen above, the proper noun is the Panther. It refers to people’s name because it is Ara Iral’s nickname. According to the story, she was called “Panther” because of her contribution in gaining access to Lakelander camps. Names of Objects Datum 43 SL/RQ/043/57 TL/RQ/043/79 By the time I finish and return to the servant entrance, Queenstrial is about to begin. Begitu tugasku selesai dan aku kembali ke jalan masuk pelayan, acara Pemilihan Ratu akan segera dimulai. Queenstrial is the proper noun found in the novel. The word Queenstrial belongs to the names of objects. Queenstrial is the competition among the daughters of the High Houses to offer themselves to the prince. The daughters of the High Houses who will be the candidates are about 12-18 years old. Thus, it is classified as an event in the novel. Datum 150 SL/RQ/150/258 SL/RQ/150/345 “Does this have anything to do with the Sun Shooting? Yes, they’ve already thought up a clever name.” “Apa ini ada kaitannya dengan Penembakan Matahari? Ya, mereka sudah menciptakan sebuah nama yang cerdas.” In the example above, the proper noun is Sun Shooting. It is classified as the name of object because it is an event told in the novel. According to the story, Sun Shooting is an incident when the Scarlet Guard attempted to kill four members of the Silver Elite. The event happened in the Spiral Garden. IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 795 Translation Techniques Amplification Datum 1 SL/RQ/001/1 TL/RQ/001/1 The high, stilts building for which the village is named (the Stilts, very original) rise all around us, ten feet about the muddy ground. Bangunan-bangunan yang tinggi dengan jangkungan yang memunculkan asal nama desa itu (Desa Jangkungan— sangat orisinil, bukan?) menjulang di sekeliling kami, tiga meter di atas tanah berlumpur. The Stilts as the unit of translation is translated into Desa Jangkungan. The translator introduced additional information about the Stilts meaning in the target text. She made the information in ST explicit by adding the term Desa which means village in the SL. So, it can be concluded that she used amplification technique in determining the equivalent of the proper noun. Borrowing Datum 26 SL/RQ/016/7 TL/RQ/016/10 “And here we have his opponent, straight from the capital, Samson Merandus.” “Dan sekarang mari kita sambut lawannya, langsung dari ibu kota, Samson Merandus.” In datum 26, the translator transferred the name Samson Merandus without any changes in the target language. Samson Merandus is spelled and pronounced like it is in the source language. Thus, it is classified as pure borrowing technique. Datum 145 SL/RQ/169/295 TL/RQ/169/394 June 4, 300 NE. 4 Juni, 300 NE. As can be seen in the example above, the word June was changed into Juni in the target language by changing the spelling and pronunciation of it. Thus, this kind of translation is classified as naturalized borrowing. Calque Datum 55 SL/RQ/055/66 TL/RQ/055/91 House Rhambos speaks again. Klan Rhambos kembali bicara. The translator translated House Rhambos into Klan Rhambos in the target text. The structure or manner of expression in the TL is similar with that of SL. It means that the phrase is translated in the source language-oriented structure. Thus, it can be classified as calque translation technique. Shifa Nur Fadillah1, Andhi Dwi Nugroho2, Novita Sumarlin Putri3, Johanes Climacus Setyo Karjono4 The Translation of Proper Nouns in Victoria Aveyard’s Red Queen Novel from English to Indonesia 796 Compensation Datum 45 SL/RQ/045/59 TL/RQ/045/82 All around, the High Houses rise to their feet, begrudgingly or not. Di sekeliling, Klan-klan Terkemuka berdiri, dengan terpaksa atau tidak. The translator translated the High Houses into Klan-klan Terkemuka in the TL because the translator wanted to get an appropriate meaning to describe the phrase in the source text, so that the readers could understand the meaning easily in the target text. Discursive Creation Datum 121 SL/RQ/121/173 TL/RQ/121/233 “After the Parting Ball. You were told about that?” “Usai Pesta Dansa Perpisahan. Bukankah kamu sudah diberi tahu?” As shown in the example above, The Parting Ball was translated into Pesta Dansa Perpisahan in the target text. It means that the proper noun was not translated according to its original meaning in the TL. Furthermore, the translated proper noun, Pesta Dansa Perpisahan, is the translator’s creation in order to establish a temporary equivalent which is totally unpredictable out of context in the TL. Thus, it is classified as discursive creation. Established Equivalent Datum 78 SL/RQ/078/90 TL/RQ/078/124 “Thank you, Your Highness.” “Terima kasih, Yang Mulia.” In the example above, the translator translated Your Highness into Yang Mulia in the TL. The phrase Your Highness is already prevalent in the target language as Yang Mulia. The meaning of the phrase is equivalent in the TL in accordance with the context of the name which is considered as noble. Thus, it is called an established equivalent. Linguistic Amplification Datum 132 SL/RQ/132/182 TL/RQ/132/244 “But they talked when she was alive. Coriane Jacob, the Singer Queen.” “Tapi mereka berbicara saat dia masih hidup. Coriane Jacob, sang Ratu Penyanyi.” As can be seen in the example above, the Singer Queen was translated into Sang Ratu Penyanyi in the TL. The translator added the word Sang (linguistic element) in the TL as an additional information. Thus, the technique used is classified as linguistic amplification. Literal Translation Datum 7 IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 797 SL/RQ/007/3 TL/RQ/007/4 Usually the kids would be sent to the stocks, or the jail at the outpost, but the officers want to see First Friday. Biasanya anak-anak itu akan dikirim ke tempat penjagalan, atau ke penjara di wilayah terpencil, tapi para petugas ingin menyaksikan Jumat Pertama. As exemplified above, First Friday is translated into Jumat Pertama in the TL. In this case, the translator followed the structure of TL by translating the phrase into Jumat Pertama. The translation of the phrase First Friday did not contain complicated meaning in stating the information in the target language. Then, it can be classified as literal translation technique. Reduction Datum 112 SL/RQ/112/134 TL/RQ/112/181 “… The airfield incident was a training exercise overseen by Lord General Laris himself. …” “… Insiden lapangan udara itu merupakan pelatihan yang diawasi oleh Jenderal Laris sendiri. …” In translating Lord General Laris, the translator omitted the translation of the word Lord in the target language. Thus, it became Jenderal Laris in the TL. In this case, she tried to minimize the translation without changing the meaning in the SL. So, it is clear that she used the reduction technique. Conclusion As reported in the research findings, there are 103 data of proper nouns found in Red Queen novel by Victoria Aveyard. Having analysed based on Newmark’s theory, it was found that there are only two types of proper nouns used, namely peoples’s names (56%) and names of objects (44%). No geographical names found in the novel. In the novel, the writer used so many characters to make the readers easier in understanding the plot of the story. Meanwhile, there were nine translation techniques used in translating proper nouns, namely (1) amplification, (2) borrowing (pure and naturalized borrowing), (3) calque, (4) compensation, (5) discursive creation, (6) established equivalent, (7) linguistic amplification, (8) literal translation, and (9) reduction. In addition, the most dominant techniques used in translating proper nouns are borrowing and calque techniques. It was found that there were 83 data (45%) of borrowing technique and 44 data (24%) of calque technique. References Anderson, J. M. (2007). The Grammar of Name. New York Oxford University Press. Catford, J. C. (1969). A Linguistics Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press. Hendrastuti, Retno. (2012). Kajian Terjemahan Metafora yang Menunjukkan Sikap Dalam Buku Motivasi The Secret. Tesis. Surakarta: UNS Jakobson, Roman. (2002). Linguistics Aspects of Translation. London: Routledge. Larson. (1984). 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