The particular dialect or language that a person chooses to use on any occasion is called a code 298 Copyright © 2023 The Author IDEAS is licensed under CC-BY-SA 4.0 License Issued by English study program of IAIN Palopo IDEAS Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) Volume 11, Number 1, June 2023 pp. 298 - 313 The Presence of Diglossia in American-Based Talk Shows Muhammad Ahsan Tampubolon1, Nurmawati2, Sukma Septian Nasution3 dosen01687@unpam.ac.id1, dosen02032@unpam.ac.id2 dosen02032@unpam.ac.id3 1,2,3,4,5Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Bahasa dan Sastra, Tangerang Selatan, Banten Received: 2023-04-08 Accepted: 2023-07-02 DOI: 10.24256/ideas.v11i1.3749 Abstract This study aims to find the types of diglossia and the factors of the use of language variations in the videos of “Steve Tv show, Netflix is a Joke, ABC, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon” on the YouTube channel. Diglossia is defined as a situation where two language variations occur at the same time. This is a content analysis and the data were taken from conversations in the video analyzed using Trudgill's theory. Further, factors of the occurrence of diglossia in the use of language variations are based on Yule's theory of diglossia. Using observation as main instrument of collecting data, all diglossia occurring in the selected videos are classified into high, medium, and low classes to be tallied to come to the final findings. The findings highlight that diglossia is found in six of the eight videos. The writers identified standard English as dominant on the Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon's YouTube channel. While the use of non-standard English is more dominant in videos on the Steve Tv Show, Netflix is a Joke and ABC channel. The factor that causes a lot of language variation is the ethnic background where this factor is found on 3 YouTube channels, the age factor on 2 YouTube channels, the speech community factor on 2 YouTube channels, and the gender factor on 1 YouTube channel. From the two types of language variation and four of the five factors of diglossia found in the videos, high language variation and ethnic background factors are language variations and dominating factors. Keywords: diglossia; high variety; low variety; sociolinguistics Introduction In communication, human uses variety of languages that are understood by the sender of the message to the recipient of the message. Without language, humans will not be able to communicate or speak. In communication, every human being can share ideas with the interlocutor in interaction with the producing language. Many languages are used by word speakers in this world, one of which is English. In http://u.lipi.go.id/1457703302 mailto:dosen01687@unpam.ac.id mailto:dosen02032@unpam.ac.id3 IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 299 English, the choice of words also has several variations, depending on which part of the speaker this word comes from, and what kind of dialect appears. The creation of levels of formal or informal that are used for various purposes to certain functions is part of the diglossia phenomenon. Diglossia is the occurrence of a situation when there are two varieties of the same language by the same speaker (Khukhuni, & Valuitseva, 2020). Additionally, in the language in diglossia, where the diglossia, classify in language variation, there are high variations called standard English and low variations called non-standard English. According to Macken, Ferguson, & Nelson (1959), there are two variations in one language in the diglossia society; The first variation is called the high variety (H) and the second variation is called the low variety (L). High variety or called standard English (H) is a language that is usually used in formal situations such as in classroom context (McAndrew, 2003: Sugita, Sriasih, Indriani, 2015). Trudgill (1974) explained, “Standard English is a form of English that in its grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and spelling system in the accepted from speaking and writing”. It means the high variation is considered more prestigious because of the choice of more polite sentences with good structural grammar. Examples of formal situations in the high variation category are sermons, speeches to the president, teaching and learning processes in schools, broadcasting news, etc. Communicating in the use of standard English (H) and non-standard English (L) affects the delivery of the goals and objectives of the communication itself (Yang, 2010). The use of standard English (H) and non-standard English (L) is commonly found in daily life, some of which can even be seen in interactions between humans in dialogue on a talk show. The talk show is a communication medium that has become a companion that enters human life. It can be said that a talk show is also a social phenomenon that exists in the world because the talk show is a document consisting of communication, images, and sounds. In this study, the writers use a selected YouTube video talk show from several American-based video talk shows to further examine the standard English and non-standard English used in the talk show community. The topic of the conversation in a talk show is also different. Opinions about conflict and confrontation are commonly guaranteed by topic and participant selection (Llie, 2006). Hence, through the topics discussed by the host for guests, it can be seen that the use of the language chosen by the presenters or guests when interacting triggered the use of high variety (H) and low variety (L). A study was conducted by Joey Liao Xuan (2011) from the faculty Of Arts and Social Science, University Tunku Abdul Rahman (Uttar) with the title of the study “A Study Diglossia: A Survey of Different English Varieties Used by Uttar English Language Course Students”. In his study, he used Ferguson’s used as theories. The technique used in his study with a questionnaire elicits data. In his study, from 100 feedbacks selected to pursue the English Language Degree course in Uttar, he got a total of 78 respondents were female while the remaining 22 respondents were male. The study of Joey Liao Xuan, explains the situation of diglossia English in Malaysia regarding two different English languages that already exist in the student community. Muhammad Ahsan Tampubolon, Nurmawati, Sukma Septian Nasution The Presence of Diglossia in American-Based Talk Shows 300 Fishman (1969) said that sociolinguistic studies are more qualitative. Sociology of language is a term from sociolinguistics that was revised by Fishman. Sociolinguistics is not only about how to use language but also about behavior toward language and language users themselves. In short, sociolinguistics can be called how to learn a language and the people who use the language. Language variations can occur which are caused by many factors, which become language diversity, such as social diversity to the diversity of language functions. Furthermore, the process of social interaction carried out by the community with different community groups is due to the non-homogeneous community, diverse speakers, and large area coverage. Ferguson (1959) uses the term diglossia to describe the state of a society where there are two variations of one language that coexist and each has a specific role. Furthermore, diglossia is a special kind of standardization of language where two varieties of language coexist in the whole language community and where each variety of language is assigned certain social functions such as in classroom context as studied by Conrad (2004). A high variety language is a language that is usually obtained from education and also formal situations. The high variation is identical to the upper class. Most upper-class people can use a high variety of languages. High variation is commonly used in presidential speeches, political speeches, radio and television news, newspaper editorials, poetry or poetry, fine literature, etc. Standard English is included in the high variety section since English is the language used in communication and is usually used in formal or formal situations. Wardhaugh (2021) states that high variety is good standard English and to make people understand the intent of the speaker's opponent, the speaker uses this language. Studies on diglossia are not novel. Previous studies which have successfully been published commonly focus on diglossia in Indonesian contexts such as by Nisa, Kurniawati, and Setowati (2022) who scrutinize diglossia in a social media. While Sugita, Sriasih, and Indriani (2015) reveal the use of diglossia by teachers in teaching in classroom context. Halim and Yusoff (2016) and Andini & Simatupang (2020) as well as Azizah and Sudiran (2015) took a novel to scrutinize the use of diglossia by a character in the novel, while Nurhayati (2019) and Chandra (2014) use a film for the same purpose). Shofyah (2021) took Sumenep people as object to reveal the use of diglossia while Yance (2017) analyzed the use of diglossia in Bonai ethnic in Riau. In international contexts, studies on diglossia are done by Hossain & Fatema (2022) in Bangladesh to reveal diglossia as a symbolic capital in the country. In the present life thanks to the advance of technology, there are so many talks shows available on YouTube such as Steve Tv Show, ABC led by Tiffany Haddish, Jerry Seinfeld on Netflix is a Joke, also the Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. In each of the video channels that have been mentioned, each channel has its characteristics in its talk show. In the videos selected from the four YouTube channels, the videos were selected from a recent year so that both the sentences used are still relevant to the state of communication and the current situation. Those chosen videos are also IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 301 educative, informative, and attractive. It could be seen from the many diverse guests resulting in a varied dialogue when the presenters and guests have the conversation. The writers used Trudgill's concept, where the concept of Trudgill categorizes high variety or standard English and low variety or non-standard English. Therefore, the title of this thesis is “The Presence of Diglossia in American-Based Talk Shows”. This study aims at revealing answers to the following questions: (1) what types of diglossia are used by presenters and guests of American-based talk shows on YouTube channels? (2) what factors influence the use of language variation in the interaction between the presenter and the guests on the talk shows? Method The writers used a qualitative approach in conducting her study, and the data were taken from videos on YouTube selected in the conversation between the presenters and the guests. Qualitative research on developing explanations for social phenomena (Hancock, Ockleford, and Windridge, 2007). This statement explains that qualitative research is the observation of what is happening in society. Qualitative research analysis of social realities in everyday life and culture. The use of qualitative methods in this research is driven by several characteristics that appear in the object of research. The object studied is diglossia in the communication that occurs naturally between presenters and guests on talk shows. In addition, the writers also use content analysis as an additional method for a deeper analysis of the study subject. As Laswell (1972) states, content analysis examines how incoming messages to objects residing in text, images, and symbols are discussed. In addition to analyzing latent messages in selected video talk shows on YouTube channels. Content analysis is a research method applied to visual material written or to identify the specific characteristics of the material. By using the content analysis method, it will obtain an understanding of the various contents of communication messages conveyed by the mass media, or from other sources. The writers’ goal is to achieve a description of the speech in communication between hosts and guests, various languages refer to the occurrence of diglossia. furthermore, the aim of the researcher in her paper is also to describe what factors influence the use of language variations in utterances by hosts and guests on talk shows from four-channel YouTube selection videos. Data Source The data source of this study was taken from selected videos that are taken on YouTube. The data was limited to diglossia in high variety and low-variety utterances by presenters and guests. The source of data is taken from several YouTube channels. There are four channels on YouTube with a total of eight videos that will be analyzed by the writer. The writers used 2 videos from Steve Tv Channel, the first video titled. The table below shows the video that took as an object by the writers as shown in Table 1. Table 1. List Video Talk Shows as Data Sources Muhammad Ahsan Tampubolon, Nurmawati, Sukma Septian Nasution The Presence of Diglossia in American-Based Talk Shows 302 As Ary et al (2010) data collection methods are a type of method that describes the methods used to collect data from interviews, observations, document analysis, etc. The data of this study were collected from the speech that is spoken by hosts and the guests on the talk show taken from several YouTube channels. The first step, the writers watched and transcribed, and then chose some American YouTube channels that used standard English and non-standard English in their utterances. Second, the writers identified the utterances. In the third step, the writers marked and highlighted using the data transcript taken from the presenters’ and guests’ utterances in the video. The last, the writers, listed and analyze chosen data in essay form to explain the types and factors of diglossia that are found in presenters and guests in videos on YouTube. According to Ary (2002), there are 4 steps involved in the data analysis process; organize data, summarized data, interpreted the data, and reported the data. At this point, the writers applied to analyze the hose: (1) organizing the data: when organizing, first reduce the data, this is done through a process called encoding (Ary, 2002). In the step of organizing the data, the writers read the text of all utterances of the presenters and guests in the talk show on YouTube selection. After that, the writers selected only the utterances containing the diglossia based on standard English and non-standard English; (2) summarizing the data; in this stage, the writers checked all entries with the same code and then combines them into the same model to find links and connections between categories. this process integrates the data and the writers can start making statements about the connections and themes contained in the data; (3) interpreting the data: Ary (2002) said in interpretation, extracting meaning and insight from the data is one of the things the writers did in descriptive data. In this step, the writers gave the meaning to what has been found in the data from the research; (4) reporting data: one last IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 303 step in qualitative research about the process that was investigated. The writers reported the result of the data analysis in the conclusion after the writers analyzed and interpreted the data. Findings and Discussion Findings As this study focuses on analyzing the diglossia found in the selected objects, the following explanation is served. Some words are intentionally bolded to show the occurrences of the diglossia in the conversations. The types of diglossia. Video 1: Why Do Women Run When Men Have Financial Problems? Aaron: “Back in the day when I was (H) in relationships with a couple of girls, not all at the same time but it was (H) more or less, she was (H) so concerned about where I was. So, I would (H) get a phone call and she’d say, “Hey (L), where are you?” and I’d (H) be like…“Oh, well, would (H) you mind maybe send me like …So, my question is, why is it so dang (L) important for ….?” In the dialogue in this video, it is indicated that there was a diglossia, which is characterized by standard English characters and non-standard English characters used by both the presenter and guests. On this occasion, survey participants are more likely to use standard English. In this talk show, the use of language with high variation was seen to be more dominant with the use of it 10 times. The standard English characters used by the participants include the use of the modal auxiliary "would" and the use of the irregular form of the past "were, was". In this dialogue, the use of non-standard English words is found 7 times. The non-standard English characteristics in this dialogue are slang (gonna), the use of the word ain't, the use of harsh and dirty words such as damn and dang, informal calls or greetings such as hey, how are you? or the imperfect use of irregular formation of reflexive like his self. In the dialogue above Aaron as the guest speaks using words that are dominated by standard English, the use of a language that has good grammar and is well structured can be seen in the sentences “would get a phone and well, would you mind …”, as well as the use of irregular forms of the past such as was in the sentence “I was in relationships with …” Not much different from Aaron, Erica, who is also the audience that Steve is talking to, used a lot of words that are dominated by standard English, such as the use of irregular forms of the pas such as was and were. The use of high language variety word selection between the audience and the presenter reduces the gap between the two. Video 2: An Unbelievable 8-Year-Old Math Genius! Steve: “What’s up, Miguel? (L) Hey, what’s up, boy? (L) Yeah. And he just a kid (L), too, the thing I like about this kid is he’s really smart, but he’s just a kid. How you doing (L), man? How you doing? (L) Miguel: “Good.” Muhammad Ahsan Tampubolon, Nurmawati, Sukma Septian Nasution The Presence of Diglossia in American-Based Talk Shows 304 Steve: “Okay, didn’t wanna (L) pressure you. Just a little question, do you live here in Florida?” Steve: “What’s complex math?” Miguel: “Like finding areas of pentagons.” Steve: “I thought he was (H) going to say something like division. This boy said counting pentagons. So, you’re gonna (L) show me a math trick, right?” Steve: “stop right there. Okay, here’s the number, 4,084.101.4.084.101” Miguel: “Okay, that would (H) be 21.” In this second video, it is indicated that there is diglossia which can be seen in the utterances between the presenter (Steve) and guest (Miguel). diglossia contained in their conversation was detected by finding language variations, both the use of standard English and non-standard English. In this talk show, the use of low language variations is more dominant. the use of low variation or also known as nonstandard English used by the host, Steve. He has been used repeatedly for a total of 7 times. Character The non-standard English language used by Steve such as; slang (gonna, wanna), unproper English or un-structural grammar (he just kid, how you doing?) should be (he is just kid, how are you doing), or informal greetings like (what's up). The use of high variation or standard English is less frequent with twice the frequency that of non-standard English. Standard English language characteristics are in the form of auxiliary capital (would) and irregular form of the past (was). Video 3: John Mulaney and Jerry Seinfeld Compare the News to Star Wars. John: “…. which I never did when I was (H) a kid. You know you’re like, “Did you say you were (H) going to, you’re going to Italy, ‘cause we haven’t traveled in.” It’s like, It’s crazy. I won’t (L) take a pause. You know when you’re a kid you really make the most of that burp. Oh, a burp was (H) like, “Everyone, be quiet.” Jerry: “Sitcom run-throughs? They’re fun.” John: “Are you ser... I was (H) being sarcastic. Did you have the studio and the network watching the run-throughs?” Jerry: “We’d have, like, four people.” John: “We had an audience of about 30 people that would (H) kind of watch the run-through and we’d move.” Similar to the two previous videos, in the third video there is also an indication of diglossia. There is the use of two language variations in the conversation between the presenter and the guest which causes diglossia to occur. In this interview, the situation is fairly relaxed, because the theme of this interview is having a casual conversation over coffee. In this video, the use of standard English is more dominant, where the language is mostly used by John Mulaney as a guest a total of 5 times. The standard English characteristics in this video are irregular forms of the past (was, were). In contrast to standard English, the use of non-standard English is less if we look at the frequency, only 2 times. The characteristics of non-standard English in IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 305 the conversation of this video are slang sentences (gonna) and simple contractions (won't) from will not. Video 4: Eddie Murphy is Tracy Morgan’s favorite. Dialogue 1 Eddie: “So, I was (H)…,"Yeah, you're gonna (L) do one set, and then the band's gonna (L) …" I was (H) like, "Okay." So, I go on, and I'm so bad, and there was (H) no dressing room…, "Aw, shit. (L)" You just sit there. I'm like 17. And they say, "Okay, we're gonna (L) bring that comedian back," then you would (H) hear people go, "Aw, shit. (L)" I was (H) like, "Yes, I was (H) supposed to get $50 for the night." He turned around and said, "You better get the (fuck (L) *beep) out my face… you gonna (L) get you a job, and you gon’ (L) get out at nine in the morning and you come back after five. Mother (fucker (L)*beep) comedian. Comedian my ass (L)." I'm a careful man.” Dialogue 2 Jerry: “RC Cola. How sad is it to work at these places? You're never gonna (L) catch 'em (L). Pepsi. You're never gonna (L) catch 'em (L). You ever have somebody come on stage?” Eddie: “Yeah, I had somebody come on stage once. He was (H) so formal…” Still on the same YouTube channel and have the same presenter (Jerry). In the video interview with Eddie, there has been an indication of diglossia, where both Jerry and Eddie use two variations of the language, standard English and non- standard English. In this situation, it is still the same as the situation of Jerry Seinfeld as host and Eddie as a guest star in a casual interview with the theme of talking and drinking coffee. In this video, the use of non-standard English is more dominant by both Jerry as the host and Eddie as a guest. There are 14 times the use of the word in non-standard English. The characteristics of non-standard English used in this video are slang words (gonna, wanna), harsh and dirty words like (fuck, shit), the use of “n” as opposed to “ng” like (gon', 'em) which should be (going and them). The use of standard English in the conversation between Jerry and Eddie is less than the use of non-standard English. There is 8 times the use of language with the words standard English in this video. The characteristics of standard English here are the use of auxiliary models such as (would) and also the use of irregular forms of the past such as (was). Video 5: Tiffany Haddish Tries to Call Taylor Swift – Kid Say Darndest Things. Purple: “I'll believe it when I see it.” Tiffany: “Somebody go get my phone. Go get my phone. Bring me my phone. You gon' (L) see. Tell me. "You don't know Taylor Swift." Oh, I know Taylor Swift. She my friend (L), and I'm about to call her right now Yellow: “Oh, my God.” Pink: “Oh, my gosh.” In video five, no indication of diglossia was found. This is because there is only one language variation which is categorized as non-standard English which is used Muhammad Ahsan Tampubolon, Nurmawati, Sukma Septian Nasution The Presence of Diglossia in American-Based Talk Shows 306 in the utterances between the presenter (Tiffany) and guests (which are three children). In this situation, the talk show hosted by Tiffany Haddish spoke more casually because the guest stars were children. In the conversation in this situation, Tiffany Haddish as the host used a low-variety language (non-standard English). The use of non-standard English in the conversation in this video is used 3 times by Tiffany as the host. The nonstandard characteristics used by Tiffany are; unproper English or nonstructural grammar (she my friend) should be (she is my friend), the use of “n” as opposed to “ng” (gon'), I'ma contraction of I am going to. Video 6: Tiffany Uncover a Secret Crush – Kids Say the Darndest Thing. Tiffany: “you hear that? (L) She says she’ll be your girlfriend. Where would (H) you want him to take you on a date?” Hannah: “maybe to Disney world” Tiffany: “so, you’re just gonna (L) do a whole Disney tour?” Hannah: “yeah.” Tiffany: “Jessica, where would (H) you go on a date?” Jessica: “On my date, I would (H) go to the park”. The sixth video, still on ABC's YouTube channel helmed by Tiffany Haddish. It's different from the previous video, if in the previous, there was no indication of diglossia, it's different in this video. In this video, there is an indication of diglossia which can be seen from the utterances between the presenter and guests. There are two variations that categorize the occurrence of diglossia, standard English and non- standard English. Still in the same situation as the previous video, here is Tiffany as the host who leads the talk show between herself and the guest stars consisting of 1 boy and 2 girls. The use of language in this video predominantly uses standard English with a frequency of used 3 times. The standard English characteristics used in the conversation above are the auxiliary modal in the form of (would). The use of non-standard English is only 2 times, with the characteristics of the use of slang words (gonna) and un-structural grammar in sentences (you hear that?) that should be (do you hear that?). Video 7: Hailey Bieber Talks Justin Bieber, Hannah Montana, and Her Skin-Care Line Rhode. Dialogue 1. Hailey: “Obviously, it's been (H) a weird turn of events the last couple months and the last even few days. But he's okay. And he's gonna (L) be totally okay”. Jimmy: “And we were (H) talking about this. This was (H) years ago. We were (H) discussing this. This -- You know, I was (H) looking, and it's been almost ten years since you….” Continue to video seven where this video is taken from the Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon's YouTube channel. In the seventh video, diglossia is indicated. In the utterances that took place between the presenter and the guest, two language IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 307 variations were found, the language used was standard English and non-standard English. In this talk show Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, it was found that supermodel guest star Hailey Bieber, the conversation on this talk show, both found using high variation language (standard English) and low variation language (nonstandard English). There are 3 parts of dialogue between Jimmy Fallon and Hailey Bieber which indicate diglossia with high variation (standard English) and low variation (nonstandard English). In the video talk show this time the use of standard English was more dominant with the discovery of 13 words used in these 3 dialogues. The characteristics used in standard English in this dialogue are auxiliary modals (would, could, been), irregular forms of the past (were, was). Meanwhile, the use of non-standard English was less with only 2 times the use of the slang word (gonna) was found either in katakana by Jimmy or Hailey. Video 8: Martin Lawrence Shares His Thoughts on a Martin Reboot. Dialogue 1 Jimmy: “Aw, he was (H) great. I mean, is everyone still just funny and so like you go right back to the days, you're like, "Oh, we could (H) do this right now?" Martin: “Yes, when you see the reunion, you'll (L) see the humor and the laughter in the reunion, you know. We just pick up where we left off.’’ Jimmy: “You were (H) dialing, 911. One of the best physical comedy things ever. Would (H) you ever do the show again? People want to know.” Dialogue 2 Martin: “Yeah. Well, I would (H) love to see a movie with Sheneneh. And, remember, we were (H) supposed to do a movie but if we could ever get that together, I think y'all would (H) love that.” Jimmy: “Ooh, my God. No, that would (H) be-- You got to do that. You have to do that, or even like I could (H) see like did anyone ever pitch you like "Lil Martin" or anything?” In the last video, it's still on the same YouTube channel as video seven. In this video, no diglossia is indicated. This is because only the use of language variations is found, and these language variations are high language variations or commonly called standard English. This time The Tonight Show has an African American guest star, Martin Lawrence. In this talk show, both Jimmy as the host, and Martin as the guest tend to use a high variety of language. The writers got 2 dialogues from this talk show. In the video, the use of standard English is very dominating, the use of standard English is used 9 times. Standard English characteristics that are used are irregular forms of the past (was, were), and modal auxiliary (could, would). The factors of the used language variations. Video 1: Why Do Women Run When Men Have Financial Problems? The dialogue in this video, between Steve as presenter and guests whose conversations have been analyzed reveals that there has been the use of two Muhammad Ahsan Tampubolon, Nurmawati, Sukma Septian Nasution The Presence of Diglossia in American-Based Talk Shows 308 language variations, standard English and non-standard English. In the conversation between the presenter and the guests, it was found that the presenter dominant used non-standard English and the guests dominantly used a variety of standard English. This is due to the gender factor. One of the factors that influences language variation is gender. Every person who has a different gender will speak differently to each other. This can be seen from how Steve as the presenter spoke to Erica and Memory. Steve, as the presenter on this talk show, used non-standard English more dominantly, while the two female guest stars used standard English more dominantly. Women tend to use Standard English and polite forms. Higher prestige forms were more likely to be used by women. On the other hand, men more often use non-standard English. The way women speak signaled their social background in the community which women are more concerned with politeness than men. Women have more standard speech because women are more status-conscious than men. Not only that, but the ethnic background factor is also very influential. Here, Steve is of black descent, whereas the black community usually uses Afro language which is easier to understand. That causes several of Steve's sentences to use non- standard English variations such as slang words, imperfect use of irregular formation of reflexive like his self, etc. Video 2: An Unbelievable 8-Year-Old Math Genius! From this video, the utterances between the presenter and guest show there are two language variations. Non-standard English is more dominant and used by Steve and standard English is less dominant and is used by guests. Factor age could be influenced by the use of language variation. In this talk show, between presenter and guest an age gap. Miguel as a guest is a 8-year-old kid and Steve is an adult here, the used standard English Miguel shows respect to the older people. Another factor is ethnic background. Steve is a black person who is common with the Afro language. People who come from the same background and people who come from the different background has differences in the usage of language. Video 3: John Mulaney and Jerry Seinfeld Compare the News to Star Wars. In video three, the use of standard language was dominant use by the guest, and non-standard English was less dominant used by the presenter and guest. It is because there are factors in ethnic background. In this factor, they come from the same circle. People who come from the same background have the same language. Additionally, both of them have the similarity background. Video 4: Eddie Murphy is Tracy Morgan’s favorite. After the writers analyzed the type of diglossia, in video four, there are two types of that. In this talk show, the use of non-standard English is more dominant use by the presenter and guest. This is influenced by the factor of age. People of different age groups have different linguistic behavior. The different vocabulary of IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 309 them it because affected by the different eras of the speakers. Young people had various vocabulary than adults. Adolescents express their communicative competence from the other age groups in the language community. The second factor because ethnic background, where Eddie as a guest is black people. Where the use of non-standard English is their characteristic. Additionally, the talk show in a public place. Video 5: Tiffany Haddish Tries to Call Taylor Swift – Kid Say Darndest Things. In video five, there is no diglossia indicated however the video shows the use non-standard English only. It is influenced of ethnic background. The presenter, Tiffany is black people. She often used slang word or the used “n” opposed “ng”, and this is the characteristics of black people. They used to make it easier to understand and funny since the children were the guests. Video 6: Tiffany Uncover a Secret Crush – Kids Say the Darndest Thing. This video talk show slight difference from the previous video talk show led by Tiffany. The difference is that this video has two language variations. Both the presenters and guests used standard English. It is because of the factor of gender. Several sentences of conversation between Tiffany and Jessica used standard English, this is because women tend to use standard English and polite form. Higher prestige forms were more likely to be used by women. Additionally, Tiffany as the presenter used non-standard English too. It is influenced by the factor of age. The guest is children who still use sentences taught at school and as a form of respect for older. Video 7: Hailey Bieber Talks Justin Bieber, Hannah Montana, and Her Skin-Care Line Rhode. In video seven, both of presenter and guest used the two of language variations. The factor why they both used standard English it is influenced by ethnic background. They used of standard English more dominant than non-standard English. Jimmy Fallon as the presenter and Hailey as the guest have the same circle. They are from entertainment, and also their have similarity background. That’s why the used of standard English more dominant. Basically, people who come from the same background their will used the same language as their same code or in the usage of language. Video 8: Martin Lawrence Shares His Thoughts on a Martin Reboot. Still in the same YouTube channel from the previous video talk show. The different is in this video no diglossia indicated. It is because between the presenter and guest only used one language variation, that is standard English. This is influenced by the factor of speech community. In a speech community, the community share at least one rule of behavior and interpretation of language. A group of speakers in the same area will speak the same standard language. It means, that they used language in a more acceptable. People vary their language variations based on the speech communities with which the same geographical location, village, Muhammad Ahsan Tampubolon, Nurmawati, Sukma Septian Nasution The Presence of Diglossia in American-Based Talk Shows 310 city, or country. Discussion After listing the dialogue contained in diglossia, the writers classified based on standard English and non-standard English. Out of eight videos, there are six videos that indicate the occurrence of diglossia with the characteristics of using standard English and non-standard English at the same time. The use of standard English and non-standard English in video 1 with the title Why Do Women Run When Men Have Financial problems?, video 2 with the title An Unbelievable 8-Year Old math Genius, video 3 with the title John Mulaney and Jerry Seinfeld Compare the News to Star Wars, video 4 with the title Eddie Murphy is Tracy Morgan’s favorite, video 6 with the title Tiffany Haddish Tries to Call Taylor Swift- Kid Say darndest Thing, and video 7 with the title Hailey Bieber talks about Justin Bieber, Hannah Montana, and Her Skin – Care Line Rhode. The writers found two videos was found no diglossia, first in video 8 titled Martin Lawrence Share His Thought on a martin Reboot. It because in video 8, the writers only found the use standard English. Second, in video 5 titled Tiffany Uncovers a Secret Crush – Kid Say Darndest Thing, the writers did not find the diglossia it because in video 5 used the low variety or called non-standard English only. The use of standard English in the dialogue contained in the six videos mentioned by the writers has characteristics as described by Trudgill. Standard English characteristics used by hosts and guests such as the use of modal auxiliaries (would, could, should). Regarding these factors, the writers found 5 factors to using language variations. The 5 factors are gender, age, social Classes, ethnic background, and speech community. The first factor, gender is proven to be an influential factor in using language variations. This can be seen in video 1 when Steve as the host spoke more using non-standard English while giving views of each of the women's answers, Memory and Erica. The gender factor can also be seen in video 5 when Tiffany is the host and Jessica is one of the participants and both of them use standard English variations. This is because women basically use a more polite form of language than men. This pattern also has a nickname, the term "woman socialization". It is in line with Hotden (2013) that gender is one of the factors because gender affects language style. In his research, Hotden said that Linda is an educated woman, so she used high language which is supported by a context of the discussion. Age also affected the addressee. It can also be seen in video 3. Eddie is a guest who is younger than Jerry as a host. This shows that the style of youth speech and adult speech has differences, where youth speech has more variations of words, and the grammar of youth speech has been more developed and varied. This explains that the language of youth speech and adult speech has differences to express communicative competence to differentiate from the age group in speech communication. Hotden (2013) corroborates this finding with a statement in his research that age could be a factor when the speaker and the addressee are in communication. IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 311 Social classes also have an effect on differences in language use. Unfortunately, on the social class factor, the writers did not find this factor in the eight videos that the writers examined. This is because, both presenters and guests have an equal position. This can be seen from the presenters and guests who come from celebrities, as well as the entertainment community, and guests who have good backgrounds in academics or work. Ethnic background also affects a person's style of speaking with the addressee. Some people or social groups, usually use their language as a symbol of strength for the group itself. This factor can be seen in video 1, when Steve Harvey also commented on Memory's opinion, both of which are from the same ethnicity, African American. Then it can also be seen in video 4 When Eddie as a guest who is an African American shows the strength of the symbol from his ethnic background when talking to Jerry Seinfeld as a host of white people. And the last is the speech community factor. In this factor, usually between the speaker and the addressee have rules in the use of language. This can be seen in video 8 where Jimmy Fallon a host who is from white people talks with his guest star Martin who is an African American. Both use variations of the Standard English language. This is because the place where they speak is the studio which is usually required to use of formal word choices as a form of professionalism, additionally, this video is not only shown on YouTube but also on TV. In this study, the writers found the use of language variations, both the standard English and non-standard English used by the presenters and also the guests. The writers found the use of standard English and non-standard English in six videos consisting of video one with the title “Why do Women Run When Men Have Financial Problems”, video two with the title “an Unbelievable 8-Years-Old Math genius”, video three with the title “John Mulaney & Jerry Seinfeld Compare the News to Star Wars”, video four with the title “Eddie Murphy is Tracy Morgan’s favorite”, video six with the title “Tiffany Haddish Tries to Call Taylor Swift -Kid Say Darndest Thing”, And video seven with the title “Hailey Bieber Talks Justin Bieber, Hanna Montana, and Her Skin Care Line Rhode”. The writers found one video only using standard English on video number eight with the title “Martin Lawrence Shares His Thought on a Martin Reboot”. The last, the writers also found one video only using non-standard English in video number five with the title “Tiffany Uncovers a Secret Crush- Kids Say the Darndest Thing”. Conclusion The use of language variations that indicate diglossia which is categorized as standard English and non-standard English occurs in “The Presence of Diglossia in American-Based Talk Shows”. Both the hosts and guests used standard English in a formal situation, context based on the topic of conversation, the setting, and toward the people that had higher social status. On the other hand, the use of non-standard English is used both by presenters and guests in informal situations and toward people that have the same and lower social. Muhammad Ahsan Tampubolon, Nurmawati, Sukma Septian Nasution The Presence of Diglossia in American-Based Talk Shows 312 The writers found out the characteristics based on Trudgill's theory which include such as the use of modal auxiliary to speak politely to the addressee of the message such as would, could, should, and the use of the irregular verb of past such as were was, been as structured sentences in the dialogue. The hosts and guests use the standard English language based on differences in social status between the addressee and the social community which requires using a variation of the standard English language. The writers also found the use of low variation language or commonly called non-standard English from the videos that have been studied. The use of non-standard English can also be seen in several dialogues with characteristics such as the use of slang words such as “gonna”, “wanna”. The use of sentences that are unproper or nonstructural grammar, and the use of swearing words in the dialogue such as fuck, shit, and damn. The use of non-standard English occurs between hosts and guests because they are affected by consideration of the same speech community, the same ethnic background, different gender, different age, and social equality. 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