THE ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS FOUND IN CHANNEL NEW ASIA

Nila Sari Haloho*, Mhd. Johan**
*Student of English Department, University Putera Batam
** Lecturer of English Department, University Putera Batam
e-mail: nilasarih233@gmail.com

Abstract: This article describes the study of pragmatics in a specific domain of deixis found in Channel New Asia. The aim of this study is to find out the type of deixis found in the Channel New Asia. In this research, through the discussion above, it can be concluded from the Channel New Asia, based on Levinson and Yule theory, there are 4 types found and the function also found. From the 4th types, there are nine types of personal deixis. They are from the third person deixis. The use of she, there are three and the use of he, there are six. From the type of place deixis, there is one and also the same with discourse deixis is only one.

Keywords: Pragmatics, deixis, CAN

1. INTRODUCTION

Language is a way to communicate to each other, without language as a human being cannot live in this entire world. Every day, in our life we ​​use language to be able to communicate with others or with the wider community. Language is a system of words or signs that people use to express their thoughts and feelings for each other. If talking about thoughts and feeling, it has relation to meaning of the words itself. The meaning has relation to speech situations which include greeting and greeting elements, context, purpose, illocutionary acts, speech, time, and place. Levinson (1983) stated that deixis can also be interpreted as the location and identification of people, objects, events, processes or activities that are being discussed or that are being referred to in relation to the dimensions of space and time, when spoken by the speaker or spoken to. 
In language, words or phrases that refer to some of these terms the designation moves or alternates depending on who is the speaker, when and where the words are spoken.In other word, deixis is a form of language both in the form of words and others that serves as a pointer to certain things or functions outside of language. For example:
Gorge: Today I am going to buy burger. If you?
Clara: I want to eat pizza.
The word 'I' above is the pronoun of two people. The first word is a pronoun from Gorge whereas the second is Clara's pronoun. From the example above, it appears that the word 'I' has a referent that moves according to the context of the conversation and the language situation.
From the example above, Yule(2010) said that deixis is a very easy way to study, the relationship between language and context or the relationship of deixis with language is reflected. Yule divides deixis into 5, they are person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, and empathetic deixis. The example above can be classified to person deixis. So to make people understand the deixis of the sentences. People must consider to these, such as who is speaking, the time or place of speaking, the gestures of the speaker, or the current location in the discourse.
Based on the phenomena, the researcher found out the study which is related to the title. The first research is fromSari (2015)which the titleDeixisanalysis through the interaction among the student with differentculture. This study focuses on how deixissystem used by the students with different cultures and to find out the solution to the problem of miscommunication caused by the deixis system. This research found that these different uses and rules will sometimes make it difficult for a person or student who is not a native speaker to learn a new language, because he must also learn about the culture in which a language exists. The researcher used Levinson theory to reveal her research. 
This research is important to be analyzed because deixis expression is a part that refers to expressions related to the context of the situation, previous discourse, designating, and so on. If people do not know the expression that is pointed to whom, it would be ambiguous. The phenomena itself makes the researcher wants to analyze about the types and the function of deixis. 
Nowadays, People are like to see with a variety of news, both from within the country and abroad. In the age of mass communication, we get news through mass media such as newspapers, television and radio. The importance of news in daily life is to convey information. The information includes various information on various events or events that are of concern in daily life such as politics, foreign relations, weather forecasts, accidents, business, labor, education, and the economy. The information is very important for the public and is generally given through mass media both print and electronic media. Now in 4.0 industry, news are packed as media online, so people could watch and see news every time and everywhere. That is why the researcher chose the source from Channel New Asia. The data are taken on 9th January 2020. There are some deictic types found in the website. For example is:
An Indonesian maid was jailed five months on Thursday.
This sentence is kind of deixis, the sentence is time deixis. Time deixis is a reference to time relative to a temporal reference point. Typically, this point is the moment of sentence itself.
Based on the case and also there are many examples about the deixis, the researcher found the types of deixis used in the movie and also the function of deixis. So, the researcher interested to take this topic to learn more and telling people about the important of deixis. The researcher hopes that this will be the lead to have a good communication and also could determine the kind of the deixis itself.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Deixis
Deixis is believed to be a feature of English as well as of natural languages. In origin, the term deixis is Ancient Greek which means display, demonstration or reference. (Yule, 2010) that means deixis is one of the first language phenomena that language interests have been unable to disregard. It is, in a sense, the anchoring of the real world of language. According to Purba (2015) this phenomenon includes contextual information in understanding the meaning of certain words in an utterance. 
Deixis is defined as an expression that is bound to the context. For example, in the sentence "I love him", the information of the pronoun "I" and “him” can only be tracked from the context of the speech. Phrases are only known only from the context of the speech that is called deixis. Deixis(deictic) is a term used in the theory of linguistics to subsume those characteristics of language that directly refer to the personal temporal or local characteristics of the situation in which an expression takes place, the meaning of which is relative to that situation. Deixis can be categorized in types.

2.2. Types of deixis
Levinson (2009) says deixis is a very simple way to study, representing the relationship between language and meaning, or deixis ' relationship with language. Deixis was divided into 5 by Levinson, namely:
1. Deixis People
Deixis people, that is, when the utterance is spoken, giving forms according to their involvement in language events when utterance is spoken. The function of person deixis is to indicate a person who utters the utterance or sentence. Moreover, it designed the basic roles in a speech event, the speaker (first person), addressee or the person (s) spoken to (second person), and the person or persons who are neither speakers nor addressee (third person).
a. The first person.
It is namely the speaker's reference category to himself or the group that involves him. Example: When Louisa Clark was being interviewed by Mrs. Camilla Traynor.
Louisa Clark: I'm a fast learner and I never be ill and ... and I live in the other side of the castle. The first person deixis I in the above statement refers to Louisa Clark who is being interviewed. So the “I” in this example is the speaker that is talking. 
b. The second person
It is namely the provision of a form of referral of speakers to someone or more who involves themselves.
Example: Mrs. Camilla Traynor was interviewing Louisa Traynor, who was then confused by her torn skirt.
Mrs. Camilla Traynor: Are you allright?
Deixis second person you in the above sentence refers to Louisa Clark.
c. The third person
It is namely giving a form of referral to people who are not speakers but are listeners of the utterance.
Example: Personal nurse Will is explaining about drugs that must be taken regularly to Louisa Clark.
Personal nurse Will: Um, now you can give him painkillers, if he asks.
The third person deixishim in the above statement refers to Will Traynor.
2. Deixis Place
Deixis place, namely giving form to location according to speakers in the language event.
Example: You just need me to stay here in my miserable job...
The word here refers to a room in a room, where Louisa Clark is talking to her sister Treena.
3. Deixis Time
Deixis time is giving a form in the span of time when an utterance is spoken. Example 1: This is the year to do it...
The word Year in example 1 refers to the year at the time of the film. The sentence "This is the year to do it" in the film explains the situation about a conversation between Louisa Clark and her lover who will take a vacation trip and take part in the race at that time or that year.
4. Deixis Discourse
Deixis discourse is a reference to certain parts of the discourse that have been given or are being developed.
Example: Lou: But that's ... well, to sacrifice like that.
Will: But you don't agree.
The word that in the example refers to the previous discourse or sentence.
The sentence "But that’s ... well, to sacrifice themselves like that" in the film describes the situation when they finish watching a film.
5. Social Deixis
10
Social deixis, namely giving form according to social differences that refer to the participant's role, especially aspects of social relations between speaker and listener or speaker with some references.
Example (1): and you think the pretty waitress is going to do that?
The word Pretty Waitress in example 2 refers to a waiter who works to care for Will Traynor.
3. Methodology
	In process of collecting data, the researcher used observation method. Based on Sudaryanto (1993) He states that observation method is a technique to get information about human behavior by watched and recorded without any direct contact. Because of that the researcher used observation method. In this research, the researcher used non participatory technique to collect the data because the researcher does not do the conversation and there is no one involve. 
In analyzing the data, the researcher applied theory from Levinson’s theory. The theory is applied by using method of Sudaryanto (1993) by using Pragmatics Identity Method. Pragmatics Identity method is method that based on contextual situation.  There are some procedure, the steps that are taken in the process analyzing the data in this study are as follows.
(1) Classifying the data into types of deixis in Channel new asia (2) Analyzing the types based on the theory. (3)The data were described to answer those categories based on research question.
After doing analysis, the next step is presenting the result analysis. The researcher used informal method which informal method refers to the process of presenting the outcome analysis with words: it means that the results can be represented using words or phrases. The result was presented by using words and sentences and to make the readers easily understand.

4. Result and Discussion
The data sources are taken from the news Channel New Asia on 9th January 2020. CNA (Channel NewsAsia) is a news television station based in Singapore. The company was founded on March 1, 1999. This channel uses the Hot Bird satellite. In Malaysia, CNAs can be obtained on MiTV. While in Hong Kong, CNA can be accessed via Now TV. Since 2013, CNA has been on the air 24 hours a day. After doing all the steps mentioned in previous chapter, the researcher would like to analyze the data.

Data 1:
The court heard that Atikah- who shared a bedroom with the victim.
This sentence tells about the investigation of maid name Atikah who abused elderly woman with dementia. From the data above, “bedroom” is type of deixis which is place deixis. Giving form to location according to speakers in the language event is called as place deixis. The word “bedroom” pointed to a room that is in victim’s house where Atikah wanted to abuse her. The function of using this place deixis is could be proximal form (close from the speaker) and distal form (away from the speaker) 

Data 2: 
… And use her fist to hit the elderly woman’s head when she did not go to sleep.
This sentence tells about Atikah did not sleep because she wanted to abuse her victim in the bed room. The analysis is seen from the speaker saying “she” It is clearly that this sentence is the third person. The function is using the third person is the word that referred to who is neither speaker nor addressee.

Data 3:
When she did not go to sleep at night
This sentence is about when Atikah came to her victim at night to hurt the woman. From the data above, it can be categorized as time deixis. In this case, the words “at night” giving a form in the span of time when an utterance is spoken that tells about at that time she abused the old woman. The function is to tell the word that referred to the time when utterance was done.

Data 4:
Last year, the victim’s grandson was helping to clean the elderly woman.
This sentence happened because of this case, the victim’s grandson came last year to see the woman and also helping to clean or taking a bath of this old woman. From the data above, it can be categorized as time deixis. In this case, the words “last year” giving a form in the span of time when an utterance is spoken that tells about at that time the grandson came to see his grandmother. The function is to tell the word that referred to the time when utterance was done.

Data 5:
He noticed a bruise on the inside of her forearm.
This sentence is when her grandson saw bruised on her forearm. He did not know what happened to his grandmother. The analysis can be seen from “he” It is clearly that this sentence is the third person. The function is using the third person is the word that referred to who is neither speaker nor addressee.

Data 6:
He asked his grandmother about it.
This sentence happened when her grandson asked about her bruised on her forearm. He was curious about what happened to his grandmother. He did not know what happened to his grandmother. The analysis can be seen from “he” This sentence is the third person. The function is using the third person is the word that referred to who is neither speaker nor addressee.
Data 7:
…who replied that she had knocked on something?
This sentence happened when his grandson asked who did this to hers. But she did not want to tell the truth. It is one of the deixis discourse by using “that.” The word that in the example refers to the previous discourse or sentence. Because deixis discourse is a reference to certain parts of the discourse that have been given or are being developed. The function of deixis discourse is to describe when he asked, his grandmother replied it.

Data 8:
…who replied that she had knocked on something?
This sentence tells about the old woman that did not tell the truth. She said that she is tucked to something. The analysis is seen from the speaker saying “she” It is clearly that this sentence is the third person. The function is using the third person is the word that referred to who is neither speaker nor addressee.

Data 9:
The grandson continued tending to his grandmother, who then complained of pain as he combed her hair.
This sentence happened when her grandson combed his grandmother. His grandmother feels hurt and pain. His grandson becomes more suspicious about her pain. The analysis can be seen and analyzed from “he” This sentence is the third person. The third person deixis “he” in the above statement refers to his grandson.
The function is using the third person is the word that referred to who is neither speaker nor addressee.

Data 10:
When he took a closer look at her head.
This sentence tells when he combed his grandmother’s hair, he feels pain, so suddenly he looked at her head. His grandson becomes afraid about hers. The analysis can be seen and analyzed from “he” This sentence is the third person. The third person deixis “he” in the above statement refers to his grandson. The function is using the third person is the word that referred to who is neither speaker nor addressee.

Data 11:
She has knocked on something the month before
This sentence tells about what happened when the grandson asked to the victim and she said it happened the month before. From the data above, it can be categorized as time deixis. In this case, the words “month before” giving a form in the span of time when an utterance is spoken that tells about at that time she knocked on something. The function is to tell the word that referred to the time when utterance was done.



Data 12:
He took the victim to hospital and lodged a police report
This sentence tells about when her grandson saw and knew his grandmother’s head, there is a bump. His grandmother feels hurt and pain. His grandson becomes more suspicious about her pain so he brought her mother to hospital. The analysis can be seen and analyzed from “he” This sentence is the third person. The third persondeixis “he” in the above statement refers to his grandson. The function is using the third person is the word that referred to who is neither speaker nor addressee.
Data 13:
The grandson found it suspicious, as elderly woman did not have bruises when he checked a week before.
This sentence tells about her grandson curious because a week before he did not find any pain or bump. The analysis can be seen and analyzed from “he” This sentence is the third person. The third person deixis “he” in the above statement refers to his grandson. The function is using the third person is the word that referred to who is neither speaker nor addressee.

Data 14:
The grandson found it suspicious, as elderly woman did not have bruises when he checked a week before.
This sentence tells about there is a weird thing to his grandmother, because a week before, there is nothing to hers. From the data above, it can be categorized as time deixis. In this case, the words “week before” giving a form in the span of time when an utterance is spoken that tells about at that time he came and saw his grandmother. The function is to tell the word that referred to the time when utterance was done.

Data 15:
As the victim was a vulnerable adult, she could have been given up to- one- and a-half times’ the maximum punishment.
This sentence tells about the punishment that got by Atikah because she did the wrong one. The analysis is seen from the speaker saying “she” It is clearly that this sentence is the third person. The word “she” refers to Atikah. The function is using the third person is the word that referred to who is neither speaker nor addressee.


Conclusion
Through the discussion above, it can be concluded from the Channel New Asia. Based on Levinson and Yule theory, there are 4 types found and the function also found. From the 4th types, there are nine types of personal deixis. They are from the third person deixis. The use of she, there are three and the use of he, there are six. From the type of place deixis, there is one and also the same with discourse deixis is only one.

Conclusion
	After all the data research found and the conclusion was made, the research gives suggestion for the reader who reads this research. For the other researchers who will analyze this research should do this research with the direct source because if they analyze in novel, movie, and script. It would be easier. For the reader who is student or ordinary people, they must consider their talk between each other because misunderstanding always happens, but the important is being polite and not saying words that could insult people is the point. 

REFERENCES
Grice, H. P. (1972). Intention and uncertainty. New York: Oxford University Press.
Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. New york: Cambridge University Press.
Sari, R. (2015). Deixis analysis through the interaction among the student with different culture. Transformatika, 11(8), 41–48.
Sudaryanto. (1993). Method dan teknik analysis bahasa. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana University Press.
Thomas, J. (1995). Learning about language meaning in interaction. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Yule, G. (2010). The study of language. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.