The particular dialect or language that a person chooses to use on any occasion is called a code 1164 Copyright © 2022 The Author IDEAS is licensed under CC-BY-SA 4.0 License Issued by English study program of IAIN Palopo IDEAS Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) Volume 10, Number 2, December 2022 pp. 1164 - 1176 Translation Shift of Chinese-Indonesian Subtitle in Our Times Movie Meutia Noor Alizah Polem1, Tri Wahyu Retno Ningsih2, Deasy Anastasia Putri3 meutia.alizah@gmail.com 1,2,3Sastra Tiongkok, Universitas Gunadarma, Depok, Jawa Barat Received: 2022-11-04 Accepted: 2022-12-19 DOI: 10.24256/ideas.v10i2.3151 Abstract Movie is an art which has an aesthetic purpose. It is used to be a form of entertainment, but as time goes by, movie can be used as a media to spread certain messages to the public. One of those movies is from China and the language is Chinese. Therefore, it is necessary to have a movie translation from Chinese to Indonesian, which uses subtitle translation. In a process of translation, the shifting of translation is found for most of the time. This research aims to find out two problems of the research. First, the translation shift form from the result of translation subtitle. Second, the form of shifting translation mostly found in the subtitle of movie called Our Times. The object of this research is the Our Times movie 《我的少女时代》wŏ de shăonǚ shídài. The film is in Chinese with Chinese subtitles and translated into Indonesian. This research only focuses on shifting the translation results in Mandarin-Indonesian subtitles on the Our Times movie《我的少女时代》 wŏ de shăonǚ shídài. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with the approach of instrumental study. The result of the research shows that the subtitle of Our times movie there are 86 data divided into six kinds of translation shift, which are about: Structure Shift (37,21%); Intra Shift System (19,77%); Level Shift (12,79%); Down Rank Shift (11,63%); Class Shift (9,30%); and Up Rank Shift (9,30%). Due to the difference in grammatical structure and the culture which are supported by the use of translation procedures and techniques. Keywords: Chinese language; Indonesia; Movie; Subtitle; Translation shift http://u.lipi.go.id/1457703302 IDEAS, Vol. 10, No. 2, December 2022 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 1165 Introduction Translation is a change of content between culture and language in grammatical structure, and lexical so that the effect, or form to remain the same (Kridalaksana, 2008). In translation activity, the translator needs to be aware of the factors such as social, culture, politic, and emotion. This is due to the main objective of translation is to make a translation that is equal to the translated language. There are four factors that support that statement, which are: (1) The skill of the translator (2) Awareness and the ability to express (3) The ability in understanding, and (4) The mastery of technique. However, the activity of translation often faces difficulties, especially when the translator cannot find the right word to translate the language into the 4 targeted languages. This phenomenon is called the translation shift. The shift that happens in the process of translation can consist of word orders and its meanings. Our Times movie《我的少女时代》wŏ de shăonǚ shídài which is released in 2015 is a movie with romantic comedy as its genre. The film is in Chinese with Chinese subtitles and translated into Indonesian. This movie is starred by Daren Wang (王大 陸 Wang Dalu) and Vivian Sung (宋芸樺 Song Yunhua) as the main actors. The popularity of Darren Wang and Vivian sung is able to attract the attention of Taiwanese, Chinese, and even overseas to watch this movie. This movie also gains popularity in Indonesian, especially among students and college students who learn Chinese. This can be proven by both discussions and reviews found in the internet, such as in tirto.id and brilio.net According to the statement above, researcher decides two problems of the research which become the background of this research, which are what forms the shift in translation of Chinese to Indonesian subtitle and which translation shift is mostly found. Method This study aims to describe the shift analysis of the results of the Chinese - Indonesian subtitle translation in the Our Times movie using a qualitative descriptive method. The object of research in writing this research is the Our Times movie《我的少女时代》wŏ de shăonǚ shídài. The movie is in Chinese with Chinese subtitles and translated into Indonesian. This research only focuses on shifting the translation results in Chinese -Indonesian subtitles in the Our Times movie《我的少 女时代》wŏ de shăonǚ shídài. Several criteria were used as a reference in analyzing Meutia Noor Alizah Polem, Tri Wahyu Retno Ningsih, Deasy Anastasia Putri Translation Shift of Chinese-Indonesian Subtitle in Our Times Movie 1166 the data, namely shifts in the translation contained in words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. The steps used in data collection: Watching Our Times movie repeatedly to understand the plot of the movie, listening and writing Chinese and Indonesian subtitles, identifying subtitles that contain translation shifts, classifying data according to the theory of translation shift and Chinese translation. Data analysis techniques used in writing, including: collecting data containing translation shifts, classifying the data that has been obtained based on six types of translation shifts, namely: Level Shift, Structure Shift, Class Shift, Upward Rank Shift/Up Rank Shift, Downward Rank Shift/Down Rank Shift, and Intra-system Shift, analyzed the data found descriptively based on translation shift theory including words, phrases, clauses, and sentences according to Catford as well as translation Chinese language according to Luo Xinzhang, calculates a percentage scale based on data analysis and interprets it in tables and diagrams, draws conclusions based on the results of analysis and discussion and provides suggestions. Results Results of the research from the classification and analysis of translation shifts in Our Times movie 《我的少女时代》wŏ de shăonǚ shídài that have been carried out, the researcher found 86 data that experienced translation shifts. The researcher identifies Our Times movie subtitles and classifies them according to the theory proposed by Catford (1965) and Luo Xinzhang (1984). Level Shift In this study, 11 data were found. Below are the examples of data that have represented level shift. Table 1. Level Shift No. SL 更不是因为她是能被那个“他”注意到的女孩。 141 Pinyin gèng búshi yīnwei tā shì néng bèi nàge “tā” zhùyì dào de nǚhái. TL Juga bukan karena dia gadis yang bisa mendapatkan perhatian Ou Yang. Time 00:13:47.405 – 00:13:50.479 IDEAS, Vol. 10, No. 2, December 2022 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 1167 In the translation of the subtitle sentence above, it can be seen that there is a Level Shift translation shift. Seen in SL, there is the word ‘他’ tā which means ‘dia (laki-laki)’ refers to the object. However, in English it is translated as ‘Ou Yang’ which is the name of one of the actors in the Our Times movie. So, it can be concluded that the translation had a lexical change, from the word referring to ‘他’ tā (male) to the name of the actor in the movie. Table 2. Level Shift No. SL 欧阳告诉我了。 546 Pinyin Ou yang gàosu wǒ le. TL Ou Yang sudah cerita. Time 00:50:41.042 – 00:50:42.422 Translation of the particle ‘了’ le which is a grammatical marker for an action that has been completed. In TL, where ‘了’ le has no equivalent, it is translated to ‘sudah’ which belongs to the adverb word class. Meutia Noor Alizah Polem, Tri Wahyu Retno Ningsih, Deasy Anastasia Putri Translation Shift of Chinese-Indonesian Subtitle in Our Times Movie 1168 Structure Shift There are 32 data that experienced a Structure Shift translation shift. Below are the examples of data that have represented structure shift. Table 3. Structure Shift No. SL 我们去吃麻辣锅好不好？ 76 Pinyin wǒmen qù chī málà guō hǎobu hǎo? TL Bagaimana kalau makan hot pot pedas? Time 00:02:15.886 – 00:02:16.401 From the subtitles above, it can be seen that there is a change in the structure of the SL text into the SL. In the SL sentence there is the word ‘我们’ wǒmen which means ‘kami; kita’ is not translated into TL. In addition, the question word ‘好不好’ hǎobuhǎo in SL is located at the end of the sentence, but is located at the beginning of the sentence in SL. This shift in structure can occur because of grammatical demands so that it is mandatory, but it can also be arbitrary. Table 4. Structure Shift No. SL 长大后的我会是怎样的。 3 Pinyin zhǎngdà hòu de wǒ huì shì zěnyàng de. TL Seperti apa masa depanku. Time 00:01:03.719 – 00:01:05.175 The shift in structure occurs in the translation of the subtitles above due to differences in the composition of SL and SL. It can be found that the sentence ‘长大’ zhǎngdà which means ‘tumbuh dewasa; dibesarkan; didewasakan; masa depan’ is at the beginning of the sentence, but in TL it is at the end of the sentence. IDEAS, Vol. 10, No. 2, December 2022 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 1169 Class Shift There are 8 data that experienced a Class Shift translation shift. Below is analysis of the discussion of the Class Shift translation shift in the subtitle of Our Times movie. Table 5. Class Shift No. SL 我常常幻想。 1 Pinyin wǒ chángcháng huànxiǎng. TL Aku selalu bertanya-tanya. Time 00:01:01.315 – 00:01:02.270 In the data above, it can be found the shift in Class Shift translation. In the SL sentence the word ‘幻想’ huànxiǎng which means ‘fantasi; ilusi’ is included in the adjective word class, which changes in the result of the TL translation. This change in word class is marked by the translation of the word ‘幻想 ’ huànxiǎng into ‘bertanya-tanya’ which is included in the verb class in the TL. Table 6. Class Shift No. SL 已经打钟了，我要回去上课 了。 245 Pinyin yǐjīng dǎ zhōngle, wǒ yào huíqù shàngkè le. TL Bel berbunyi, aku akan ke kelas. Time 00:24:20.349 – 00:24:21.641 From the example sentence above, it can be seen that the translation shift is Class Shift. In the SL sentence there is the word ‘上课 ’ shàngkè which means ‘bersekolah; belajar di kelas’ belongs to the class of verbs. However, it experienced a translation shift when it was translated into TL, which is defined as 'class' which belongs to the noun class. Meutia Noor Alizah Polem, Tri Wahyu Retno Ningsih, Deasy Anastasia Putri Translation Shift of Chinese-Indonesian Subtitle in Our Times Movie 1170 Up Rank Shift There are 8 data that experienced an Up Rank Shift translation shift. Below is analysis of the discussion of the Up Rank Shift translation shift in the subtitle of Our Times movie. Table 7. Up Rank Shift No. Data SL 六十。 97 Pinyin liùshí. TL Ini 60. Time 00:09:46.286 – 00:09:47.271 The SL subtitle consists of one word ‘六十’ liùshí ‘sixty (enam puluh)’ which belongs to the numerals word class. In the translation, there is the addition of the word ‘ini’ which is included in the pronoun class. It can be concluded that the addition of words can change the structure, which was originally a word but turned into a phrase in SL. Table 8. Up Rank Shift No. SL 哦几个字。。。？ 296 Pinyin o jǐ gè zì...? TL Aku tahu! Berapa banyak kata? Time 00:29:46.401 – 00:29:47.270 In the subtitle above contains the translation shift Up Rank Shift. Where is the SL which originally consisted of a single phrase ‘哦几个字。。。?’ o jǐ gè zì...? Translated into a single phrase consisting of two clauses, namely ‘Aku tahu!’ and ‘Berapa banyak kata?’. IDEAS, Vol. 10, No. 2, December 2022 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 1171 Down Rank Shift There are 10 data that experienced a Down Rank Shift translation shift. Below is an analysis of the discussion of the Down Rank Shift translation shift in the subtitle of Our Times movie. Table 9. Down Rank Shift No. SL 喔太好啰! 30 Pinyin o tài hǎo luo TL Hore! Time 00:02:14.958 – 00:02.15.379 From the SL sentence above, it can consist of two words, namely ‘太’ tài and ‘好’ hǎo. It also consists of two particles, ‘喔’ o and ‘啰’ luo. Subtitles in SL text can be categorized as a phrase. However, the result of the translation of the TL text turns into one word, namely 'Hore!'. So, it can be concluded that the sentence above undergoes a Down Rank Shift translation shift. Table 10. Down Rank Shift No. SL 我告诉你哦。 444 Pinyin wǒ gàosù nǐ ó. TL Dengar. Time 00:42:29.552 – 00:42:30.690 In the translation of the subtitles above, it can be seen that there is a shift in the translation results. Where in SL, sentence elements consist of ‘我’ wǒ as subject, ‘告 诉’ gàosù as predicate, ‘你’ nĭ as object, and ‘哦’o as particle. However, the result of the translation in TL only consists of one word, namely ‘dengar’. So, it can be concluded that the translation of the subtitles above is a Down Rank Shift translation shift. Meutia Noor Alizah Polem, Tri Wahyu Retno Ningsih, Deasy Anastasia Putri Translation Shift of Chinese-Indonesian Subtitle in Our Times Movie 1172 Intra-system Shift There are 17 data that experienced Intra-system Shift translation shift. Below is an analysis of the discussion of the Intra-system Shift translation shift in the subtitle of Our Times movie. Table 11. Intra-system Shift No. SL 一九六三年荷兰富莱尔将此信烧毁三天后他的母亲 罹患怪病医生束手无策。 810 Pinyin yījiǔliùsān nián hélán fù lái ěr jiāng cǐ xìn shāohuǐ sān tiānhòu tā de mǔqīn líhuàn guài bìng yīshēng shùshǒuwúcè. TL 1963, Flayre dari Belanda membakarnya, 3 hari kemudian ibunya mulai menderita penyakit yang tak tersembuhkan. Time 00:11:16.380 – 00:11:21.897 In the sentence above, there is the idiom ‘束手无策’ shùshǒuwúcè which literally means ‘his hands are tied and he doesn't know what to do’ (tangannya terikat dan tak tahu apa yang harus dilakukan). Meanwhile, the meaning of the idiom is ‘a feeling of complete helplessness because nothing can possibly be done; a situation that is out of control’ (perasaan tidak berdaya sama sekali karena tidak ada yang mungkin bisa dilakukan; suatu situasi yang berada di luar kendali). When viewed from the translation in TL, the idiom translates to ‘suffering from an incurable disease’ (penyakit yang tak tersembuhkan). Researcher concludes that in the results of the translation above there is a shift in the Intra-system Shift translation due to a shift in meaning that occurs internally, where SL and SL have an equivalent formal system, but the resulting translation is not in accordance with the target language. So, the results of the translation are adjusted to the TL. IDEAS, Vol. 10, No. 2, December 2022 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 1173 Figure 1. Form of Shifting Translation Mostly Found The form of shifting translation mostly found Based on figure 1 above, it can be seen that the structure shift translation shift is the most frequently found translation shift, with a percentage (37.21%), Intra- system shift (19.77%), level shift (12.79%), down rank shift (11.63%), class shift (9.30%), and up rank shift (9.30%). Discussion Based on the thesis entitled "Analysis of Chinese-Indonesian Translation Shifts in Aftershock Film by Reja Aprilla Brahmana (2018) aims to find the most dominant form of translation shift and translation shift in Aftershock film subtitles. In this study, there is a problem limitation in the form of data analysis that is discussed only focusing on Category Shift. The results showed that there were 40 data that had a translation shift. The most common translation shifts found were Unit Shift with a total of 16 data (40%), Structure Shift with a total of 10 data (25%), Class Shift with a total of 8 data (20%), and Intra-system Shift with a total of 6 data (15%). There is a common theory used to analyze the data, namely the translation shift theory according to Catford (1965). However, in this study of the Shift Analysis of the Results of Chinese-Indonesian Subtitle Translation in the Our Times Film, the author adds to the theory put forward by Luo Xinzhang (1984) regarding Chinese translation. In addition to the addition of theory, this study also discusses the entire translation shift from Catford (1965). Based on the results of the analysis, the authors found 86 data containing translation shifts, including: 1) Level Shift: 11 data (12.79%); 2) Structure Shift: 32 data (37.21%); 3) Class Shift: 8 data (9.30%); 4) Up Rank Shift: 8 data (9.30%); 5) Down Rank Shift: 10 data (11.63%); and 6) Intra- system Shift: 17 data (19.77%). It can be concluded that the most common translation shift found in Our Times film subtitles is Structure Shift which belongs 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% Structure Shift Intra-system Shift Level Shift Down Rank Shift Class Shift Meutia Noor Alizah Polem, Tri Wahyu Retno Ningsih, Deasy Anastasia Putri Translation Shift of Chinese-Indonesian Subtitle in Our Times Movie 1174 to the Category Shift type of translation shift. IDEAS, Vol. 10, No. 2, December 2022 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 1175 Conclusion Based on the analysis of shifts in the translation of the subtitles of Our Times movie 《我的少女时代》wŏ de shăonǚ shídài, researcher found 86 data consisting of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences that had translation shifts in accordance with the theory proposed by Catford (1965). The translation shift that occurs is based on differences in grammatical and cultural structures in the source and target languages. The results showed that Level Shift has a percentage of 12.79% (11 data) and Category Shift 87.21% (75 data). The most commonly found translation shift is Category Shift. In Category Shift translation shifts, there are four other types of translation shifts, namely: (1) Structure Shift; (2) Class Shift; (3) Shift Units; and (4) Intra-system Shift. In the first place is Structure Shift with a total of 32 data (42.67%). Unit Shift ranks second with a total of 18 data (24.00%). Unit Shift shifts are divided into two types, namely Up Rank Shift (8 data) and Down Rank Shift (10 data). The third order is Intra-system Shift with a total of 17 data (22.67%). Class Shift ranks last with a total of 8 data (10.66%). References Bell, R. T. (1991). Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. United States of America: Longman Inc., New York. Catford, J. C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Britain: Oxford University Press. Chan, L. T. (2004). Twentieth-Century Chinese Translation Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Kridalaksana, H. (2008). Kamus Linguistik: Edisi Keempat. Jakarta: PT.Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Kushartanti, Yuwono, U., & Lauder, M. RMT. (2009). Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Li, D. J. (2015). A Practical Chinese Grammar for Foreigner. Beijing: Beijing Languange and Culture University Press. Machali, R. (2009). Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah. Bandung: Mizan-Kaifa. Makhmud, F. 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Bandung: Alfabeta. https://tirto.id/film-mandarin-romantis-our-times-sinopsis-alasan-layak- ditonton-f7De https://www.brilio.net/creator/-review-film-our-times-102756.html https://tirto.id/film-mandarin-romantis-our-times-sinopsis-alasan-layak-ditonton-f7De https://tirto.id/film-mandarin-romantis-our-times-sinopsis-alasan-layak-ditonton-f7De https://www.brilio.net/creator/-review-film-our-times-102756.html