The particular dialect or language that a person chooses to use on any occasion is called a code 977 Copyright © 2023 The Author IDEAS is licensed under CC-BY-SA 4.0 License Issued by English study program of IAIN Palopo IDEAS Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) Volume 11, Number 2, December 2023 pp. 977 - 983 Analysis of Conjunction Types Found in Nato General Stoltenberg’s Speech: Study of Discourse Analysis Renaldi Galura Djajakusuma1, Zia Hisni Mubarak2 pb171210079@upbatam.ac.id1, zia.hisni@puterabatam.ac.id2 Received: 2023-01-10 Accepted: 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.24256/ideas.v11i1.3560 Abstract This research was focused on investigating the types of conjunction used in NATO General Stoltenberg’s speech. To determine the types of conjunction the theory by Halliday and Hasan (1976) was employed. The research used qualitative method in analyzing the data. The speech used as a data source was NATO General Stoltenberg’s speech at 15 June about Russia’s aggression towards Ukraine. There are 67 conjunctions found in the speech which divided into 4 types. The additive conjunctions were the most type with 48 occurrences, followed by 14 Causal conjunctions, and 5 temporal conjunctions. The additive conjunction was not found in the speech. It can be conclude that the speech contains lots of information which unified into one single text. It can be said that the NATO General wants to emphasize many things that NATO already doing and planned ahead regarding Russia’s aggression towards Ukraine. Keywords: Analysis, Study of Discourse, Types. Introduction English is an international language. It means that English can be used in almost every country in the world. Thus the education in most countries in the world considers that it is important to learn English. There are 3 essential skills in learning a language. It is speaking, listening, and writing. These skills determined whether they are considered as having mastered the language. There are some aspects that need to be watched in order to be fluent in writing. http://u.lipi.go.id/1457703302 mailto:zia.hisni@puterabatam.ac.id2 Renaldi Galura Djajakusuma1, Zia Hisni Mubarak2 Analysis of Conjunction Types Found in Nato General Stoltenberg’s Speech: Study of Discourse Analysis 978 The most basic element is grammar. Grammar is a rule in English that manage thtructures of sentences. It is what makes a sentence readable and has a meaning. Without it, it would be hard to understand what message is conveyed in a sentence. Conversation or writing that is longer than a sentence, and have coherent meaning and clear purposes are called text or discourse. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), a difference between a text and a sentence that is not connected with others is that a text has a texture. Cohesive relation between sentences gives the texture in text. The cohesive relation connects sentences together in order to ties the sentences as a unified whole text, and seen as a single form of text instead of a single disconnected sentence. To put it simply, a text is a passage longer than a sentence that connect with each other. One of the cohesive devices that are commonly used is a conjunction. Conjunction is a grammatical device that is used to connect words, phrases, and sentences together. This was being done in order to connect the ideas together. In some case, there are situation where words, phrase, and sentences may not have any specific meaning or no meaning at all when they stand alone. However, it can be understood when it is connected to another words, phrase, and sentences. Therefore the use of conjunction is really important in writings. Some previous research has been done before, concerning the study of conjunction. One of them is the research made by Sianturi et al., (2021). The study was focused on investigating types and functions of conjunctions in descriptive texts. The result shows that coordinating conjunctions was the most types found in English text. Also the conjunction “and” was the most used found in the descriptive text. Another study about conjunctions was performed by Ambalegin and Arianto, (2019). The study focused on the conjunctive relations. The research was employed following Halliday and Matthiessen, (2004) The research was employed to EFL learners writing of Universitas Putera Batam and Newsweek Article printed in 1998. The research found that the adversative conjunction was used the most in Newsweek Article. Meanwhile, the EFL learners used the additive conjunction the most. Also, there are many variations of conjunction used in Newsweek article. However, in EFL learners was not found many variations of conjunction. Furthermore, EFL learners used too over and as, as many as 546 occurrences in their writings. There are similarities and dissimilarities between past and present research. Both past and present research focused on investigates the types of conjunction. The difference is in the present research, Halliday and Hasan (1976) theory about cohesive device was used to determine the types of the conjunctions. Another difference is that the present research used the speech text of NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg as the source of the data. Literature Review Conjunction Conjunction is a cohesive device that ties sentence indirectly using its own IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 2, December 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 979 specific meanings. Halliday and Hasan (1976) stated that conjunction is not a device for reaching into the preceding or following text, but instead it has specific meaning of its own which indicating the connection between the sentences. Conjunction does not have presupposition or antecedent in the text because it does not specifically refer to any specific elements. Thus, it is quite different with other grammatical cohesive ties. Halliday and Hasan (1976) categorize conjunction into additive, adversative, causal, and temporal conjunction. Additive Conjunction Additive conjunction is a type of conjunction that connects sentences with their additional information. Halliday and Hasan (1976) said that one of the usages of additive conjunction is to arrange the flow of information. Example: I couldn’t send all the horses, you know, because two of them are wanted in the game. And I haven't sent the two Messengers either (Halliday & Hasan, 1976). Adversative Conjunction Adversative conjunction is a tie that shows contrary to expectation. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), the expectation can be derived from the previous sentence, communication process, or speaker-hearer situation. Many usage of adversative conjunction were omitted, however in some circumstances it cannot be omitted. Example: He's not exactly good-looking. But he’s got brains (Halliday & Hasan, 1976). Causal Conjunction Causal conjunction is conjunction that connects a cause and the result. Halliday and Hasan (1976) stated that causal conjunction used when the content of one sentence is the result of something that happened in other sentence. Example: I was not informed. Otherwise I should have taken some action (Halliday & Hasan, 1976). Temporal Conjunction Temporal conjunction also called as time conjunction. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), temporal conjunction is used when the connection between sentences is about time and sequence of activity. Temporal conjunction gives a connection that shows time sequence or systematically about which came first or latter. Example: Ahmed lived in Jeddah after he got his Ph.D. (Locatell, 2020). Research Method In conducting this research, the researcher used descriptive qualitative method. Miles et al., (2014), explained that qualitative method is describing the ways people interact, make an action, and managing situations under particular settings. Additionally, Creswell and Creswell, (2018) added that qualitative method is a study Renaldi Galura Djajakusuma1, Zia Hisni Mubarak2 Analysis of Conjunction Types Found in Nato General Stoltenberg’s Speech: Study of Discourse Analysis 980 that analyzes the social and individual problems. He also added that qualitative method data comes in a form of words. Furthermore, Marshall and Rossman, (2016) said that qualitative method can be conducted by identifying, isolating, and generalizations. This research used qualitative method since the data of this research are utterances from NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg speech. Another reason to use qualitative method in this research is that this research aimed to identify the conjunction used in NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg. Lastly, the result of this research was presented by using descriptive essay regarding the analysis of conjunction in NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg speech. Therefore, this research conducted using qualitative method. Findings and Discussion The researchers analyzed the NATO General Stoltenberg’s speech about Ukraine on June 15th 2022. The result shows that there are 67 conjunctions found in the speech. Additive conjunction is the type of conjunctions that were used the most with 48 occurrences. There are 14 occurrences of causal conjunction, and 5 temporal conjunctions. There is no adversative conjunction found in the speech. Types Frequency Additive 48 Adversative 0 Causal 14 Temporal 5 TOTAL 67 Discussion Based on the findings, there are 3 of 4 types of conjunction that can be found in the NATO General Stoltenberg’s Speech. The adversative conjunction which shows the contradiction between fact and expectation cannot be found in the speech. Additive Conjunction According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), additive conjunction is a conjunction which used to add information to the previous words or sentences. The additive conjunction used to give additional information which relates in its social context. The additive conjunction found in the speech were and, and that is, also, as well as, and as we do, and let me add in. Data 1 “In this more dangerous world, we need to make NATO stronger, and further support our partners”. The additive conjunction “and” in the speech above works as an additive conjunction. The dependent clause is additional information to the main clause. IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 2, December 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 981 According to Halliday and Hasan (1976) additive conjunction used to add additional information to the information that precedes it. Therefore, the speaker means that NATO need to be stronger while supporting each other. Data 2 “We will also discuss how to step up practical support for other partners at risk, including Bosnia Herzegovina, and Georgia.” In the text above, “also” works as additive conjunction. “also” marks an additional information to the information that precedes it. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), additional conjunction can add information to the clause precedes it , sentences, or even the whole paragraph. In this case, the additive conjunction adds the information about what they will going to do in the meeting that already mentioned beforehand. Causal Conjunction Causal conjunction is a conjunction that are used to connect the cause-effect relations. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), Causal conjunction is used whenever the cause or the effect of the information comes after the information. In this speech, the causal conjunction that can be found was only “for”. Data 1 “Tonight we will meet with Ukraine, Georgia, Sweden, Finland, and the European Union. This will be an opportunity for Defence Minister Reznikov to update us on what Ukraine urgently needs.” The snippet of the speech above contains a causal conjunction “for”. The causal conjunction “for” was used to explain the reason. Therefore it can be said that the meeting between the countries was happened because Defence Minister Reznikov wants something with them. This is in lined with Halliday and Hasan (1976) theory that causal conjunction is the connector between the cause and effect. Data 2 “We will also discuss how to step up practical support for other partners at risk, including Bosnia Herzegovina, and Georgia.” The part of the speech above contains causal conjunction “for”. The causal conjunction “for” was used to connect between the cause and effect. The cause was come later after the effect. Following the theory of Hasan and Halliday (1976), the causal conjunction is used when the writer needs to connect between the cause and effect of events. Therefore it can be said that the discussion of NATO leaders was taken because the NATO partners are in danger, including Bosnia Herzegovina, and Georgia. Temporal Conjunction According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), temporal conjunction is used to mark the connection which shows the time of the event or an activity. In this speech the temporal conjunction that can be found are as, since, and now. Data 1 “Russia is now engaged in a brutal war of attrition against the Ukrainian people. Causing death and devastation on a large-scale. And with far-reaching consequences Renaldi Galura Djajakusuma1, Zia Hisni Mubarak2 Analysis of Conjunction Types Found in Nato General Stoltenberg’s Speech: Study of Discourse Analysis 982 and global implications. As demonstrated by the food and energy crises, deliberately orchestrated by Russia.” In the snippet of the speech above, the temporal conjunction was marked with “as”. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), temporal conjunction is used when the connection is in a form of activity or time. “as” in the speech above shows the activity of Russian war that can be seen from the food and energy crises which arranged by the Russia. Data 2 “Since Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea, in 2014, we have seen seven consecutive years of rising defence investments across European Allies and Canada.” The speech above contains temporal conjunctions “Since”. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), temporal conjunction used as a connector to ties a words or sentence when one of the words or sentence shown the time of sequence or activity. In the speech above, “Since” signal the time relation. The seven consecutive years of rising defence was happened since 2014, when Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea happened Conclusion The Conjunction is important in making a good writing. It helps connect the ideas in the sentence or words into one single text. Based on the findings it can be conclude that the speech about many information that the NATO has. It can be seen by many additive conjunctions that can be found in the speech. The speaker may intentionally add lots of additive conjunctions to show that NATO was doing many things in response to Russia’s aggression towards Ukraine. IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 2, December 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 983 Reference Ambalegin, A., and Arianto, T. (2019). 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