The particular dialect or language that a person chooses to use on any occasion is called a code 1132 Copyright © 2023 The Author IDEAS is licensed under CC-BY-SA 4.0 License Issued by English study program of IAIN Palopo IDEAS Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) Volume 11, Number 2, December 2023 pp. 1132 - 1143 Types of Directive Speech Acts in “Fall” Movie 2022 Marisa Anggraini1; Afriana2 pb191210007@upbatam.ac.id1 afriana@puterabatam.ac.id2 Universitas Putera Batam (UPB), Batam, Indonesia Received: 2023-09-023 Accepted: 2023-10-5 DOI: 10.24256/ideas.v11i2.4250 Abstract This research investigates the types of directive speech acts in the movie "Fall" which was released in 2022. The data in this research were taken from the utterances produced by the characters in the movie "Fall". This study uses a descriptive qualitative method from Creswell (2018), because the data are in the form of words and phrases. The theory from Yule (1996) was applied to identify the types of directive speech acts in the data sources. Then, this research applies the theory from Sudaryanto (2015) about the observation method and non- participation techniques used to collect data from the movie. The results showed that there were 21 directive speech act data in the movie "Fall". And the 10 data are divided into 5 types of directive speech acts. Those were 3 command data, 7 command data, 5 request data, 4 suggestion data, and 2 suggestion data. The type of request is the most used type of directive speech act in the movie "Fall" 2022. Keywords: directive acts, illocutionary acts, pragmatics Introduction Interaction facilitates the transmission of information from one individual to another in order to accomplish a purpose. It is a communication instrument that comprises words, opinions, and information communicated by the speaker to the hearer. Signs, orally or in writing, can be used to convey information. An individual is said to be able to speak if there is a speaker and a hearer, or perhaps more. Yule (2010) argued that Interaction is also associated with the language used during engagement so that both speakers and hearers comprehend what is being said. Linguistics is the science that examines language and the science that investigates language as its object. Language that used in conversation can be another aspect of communication that affects how well hearers and speakers can http://u.lipi.go.id/1457703302 mailto:pb191210007@upbatam.ac.id1 mailto:afriana@puterabatam.ac.id2 IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 2, December 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 1133 understand each other (Griffith, 2006). There are many of linguistic field, such as pragmatic, syntax, morphology and so on. Pragmatics is the study of how speakers create utterances that can be understood by the listener and how listeners can understand those utterances, Leech (1983). Although pragmatics can be used in both spoken and written language, it is more frequently if pragmatic is used in spoken language. This pragmatics contains oblique references that demand accurate and precise interpretation. It is anticipated that the hearer will hear or comprehend each word said in order to interpret a statement. The phenomenon of directive action can be found in various social media and in the community. Directive act can occur when the speaker can get the hearer to take a certain action. One of the directive acts can be found on the BBC online news. This BBC news article discusses Indonesian tourism workers who went on strike because of the increase in ticket prices to see the Komodo. “We support Komodo conservation but please come up with a sensible number so we can protect Komodo dragons and so people whose livelihood depends on tourism can live”(BBC.com, 2022). The statement by the tour operator indicates the existence of a directive act. The directive act that appears is a request from the nearest tour operator to provide a reasonable and not too high ticket increase so as not to reduce tourism revenue there. Directive act can also be found in visual media such as movies. Some of the conversational dialogues in the movie Fall 2022 showed the directive act. This research is purposed to find out the types of directive speech acts in “Fall” Movie 2022. The researcher found the directive speech acts phenomenon in the movie as below: Dan: It's about right. Can't ever be easy. Okay. One. Becky: Be careful. Dan: Two, three. You, okay? Becky: Okay The conversation above was in the scene when they were climbing the hill. Becky looks confused about jumping toward Dan. But Dan starts to assure Becky that he knows she is able to jump across the hill. The utterances from Dan to Becky is considered as order, types of directive speech acts. Dan utterances “One, two, three” shows that Dan gives an order that Becky must jump on his count. There are some previous researches that relate to this study, as follow: Sitanggang and Afriana (2022) investigated directive speech act that appear in “Joker” movie that released on 2019. The theory of Allan (1995) was used in this research, the research also applied qualitative research. Pragmatic identity from Sudaryanto (2015) was applied to identify the data from this research. The research result shown 15 data from types of directive speech acts that found in “Fall” movie, which are 4 data of requestives, 2 data of requirements, 2 data of questions, 2 data of prohibits, and 1 data from permissive and advisories. Virginia and Amabelgin (2021) examined the types of directive speech acts in movie I Care a Lot. Observation method was used in this research. This research also used the pragmatic identity method and pragmatic competence by Sudaryanto to analyze the data. This research used Searle's theory (1979). The research results show that there are 15 data Marisa Anggraini1; Afriana2 Types of Directive Speech Acts in “Fall” Movie 2022 1134 found in the movie. There were 5 data (questions), 4 data (orders), 3 data (permit), 1 data (advice), and 1 data (invitation). Both previous research and this study have differences, namely this study uses the theory of Yule (1996) which is different from previous research. And for similarities, namely discussing the same topic about the types of directive acts, but the data sources are different. The data source of this research is the Fall movie. It was taken to investigate the types of directive actions spoken by the characters. In short, this study specifically aims to investigate the types of directive acts spoken by the characters in the Fall movie. Therefore, this research is expected to help the reader in understanding the meaning in the utterance. Literature Review 1. Speech Acts Speech acts are actions that speaker and hearer carry out when speaking. "Speech acts are actions where the recipient can decide what kind of action the speaker wishes to do to convey something," (Birner, 2013). According to Birner's theory, speech actions can happen when the hearer is able to understand and carry out the action that the speaker intends. The utterances that follow can then be subjected to various levels of analysis. One basic classification scheme specifies five categories of general functions carried out by speech acts, according to Yule (1996), including declarations, representatives, expressive, directives, and commissives. Directives are the kind of speech acts that a speaker uses to persuade another person to take a certain action. They convey the speaker's intentions. They consist of requests, orders, commands, and suggestions 2. Directive speech Acts Yule (1996) stated that directive speech acts is a direct communication takes place when there is a direct relationship between structure and function. This statement demonstrates a direct relationship between structure and function: direct discourse. The speaker is using directions to try to fit the word into words. It implies that the speaker is striving to convince the addressee of the information from person. There are five types of directive speech acts according to Yule. A. Command According to Yule (1996) command is a speech act which will usually be fulfilled if the speaker has the dominating power of the hearer. Example: “Open the LKS now! Where have you been yesterday? How many pages hayoo?”(Nisa & Abduh, 2022) “Catch her and make her break the spell!”(Pradnyani et al., 2022) B. Order According to Yule (1996) order is a speech act that intended to ask someone to do something without any power dominant between the speaker and hearer. Example: “choose something for me that I have to eat” (Sasanaputra & Mubarak, 2021) “As I told your earlier it will be last meeting before midsemester” (Ramadhanty et al., 2022) C. Request According to Yule (1996) requesting is a polite speech act. Requesting have a similarity to IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 2, December 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 1135 order that is ask someone to do something, but request may not be implemented or implemented. Example: “I also ask the Regional Head to support this policy and carry out adequate policies in the regions” (Sari & Utomo, 2020) “would you mind not putting your feet on my chair today?” (Elvina indah kumala & Rohman, 2021) D. Suggestions According to Yule (1996) Suggestion is a speech act that spontaneously gives the hearer the option of accepting or rejecting what is given to him. Ideas can be part of advice; the distinction is that suggestions can be accepted or rejected by the hearer, whereas advice is a set of statements that the hearer should follow. Example: “You ought to be the first hand to rise in the class next time’’(Fitria, 2019) “Give it a chance, who knows you might even find it enlightening” (Wijaya & Helmie, 2019) E. Advice According to Yule (1996) advice is a speech act that give a best opinion to someone. Advice can be considered to be done or not. Example: “I will give you an advice tonight later, when you have a husband you need to always devote to him”(Faridah, 2020) “He should need a jacket and shoes”(Lee & Afriana, 2020) Method The researchers investigated the types of directive speech acts in “Fall” 2022 movie. This research used the theory from Yule (1996) about the directive speech acts to find out the types in the movie. Descriptive qualitative method by Creswell (2018) was applied in this research. To collect all the data, the theory from Sudaryanto (2015) about observation used in this research. Then, the technique applied at this research is non-participatory technique because the researcher not involves in data sources. This research implemented pragmatic identity method theory from Sudaryanto (2015), the technique was pragmatic competence-in equalizing. There are 5 steps to collect the data by (Sudaryanto, 2015). First, watch the movie more than once. Second, take a note of the utterances. Third, collect the data by watching the movie and focus on the utterances that come out from the movie. Four, find the data that contain the types of directive speech acts. The last, categorize the data that have been collected into the types of directive speech acts in “Fall” movie 2022. Findings This research result shown that there are 21 data of directive speech acts in “Fall” movie that released 2022. Below is the table of the data. Table 1 The Types of Directive Acts found in Fall Movie Marisa Anggraini1; Afriana2 Types of Directive Speech Acts in “Fall” Movie 2022 1136 Directive Speech Acts Frequency Order 7 Suggestion 4 Total 21 Discussion A. Command Data 1 Becky, Dan, and Hunter were climbing the cliff when suddenly Dan got shocked by a bird then left hanging by the rope. Becky and Hunter were panicked and try to save Dan. Becky : “Dan!! Dan!! Hang on Dan! hold on, I'm coming. Dan, are you okay”? Hunter : “Just hold on, I'm coming down”. Dan : “Come on, come on. I can't make to it”. (0:03:11 – 0:03:22) The conversation above was in the scene when the speaker tries to save the hearer by climbing down the cliff. The speaker’s utterance is considered as command, types of directive speech acts. The speaker’s utterance “Just hold on” shows that the speaker has a dominant power against the hearer so she can gave a command to the hearer to hold on the rope while waiting for the speaker help. Data 2 Becky was angry at her dad for not understanding her feeling who just lost Dan. She was about to drove home from the bar, but her father stop her because she was drunk. Becky’s Dad : What do you think you're doing, Becky? Becky : I'm getting away from you. Becky’s Dad : You are not driving. Stop it. (0:06:04 – 0:06:07) The speaker’s utterance is considered as command, types of directive speech acts. The speaker’s utterance “You’re no driving. Stop it” shows that the speaker gives a command to the hearer for not driving because the speaker knows that the hearer was drinking alcohol before. The command was uttered because the speaker was a father of the hearer, therefore he had a dominant power over his daughter. Data 3 Becky’s dad tried to talk with her, however, Becky refuse and wants to stay away from her dad. She cursed him, which makes her dad angry at her. Becky :Fuck off! Becky’s Dad :You don't get to talk to me like that! (0:06:09 – 0:06:12) The speaker’s utterance is considered as command, types of directive speech acts. The speaker’s utterance “you don’t get to talk to me like that” shows that the speaker gives a command to the hearer for not being impolite and listens to the speaker. B. Order Data 4 IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 2, December 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 1137 Becky seemed confused to jump across the cliff. But Dan starts to ensure her by counting when she should jump and showing that he was ready to catch her. Becky : Yeah? Okay. Dan : Okay. One, two, three. Come on, I caught you That's my girl. (0.01.34 - 0.01.41) The speaker’s utterance is considered as an order, types of directive speech acts. The speaker’s utterances “One, two, three” shows that the speaker gives an order to the hearer for jumping towards him on his count. Data 5 Hunter was leading Becky and Dan climbing the cliff. They were reminding each other to be careful and keep an eye of their equipment. Becky : Careful, H, there's loose rock around the elbow. Hunter : Worry about your ropes, bitches Becky : I'm fine. Hunter : Try to keep on. (0:02:06 – 0:02:12) The conversation above was in the scene when they were climbing the hill. The speaker was leading the hearers climbing the cliff. The speaker’s utterance is considered as order, types of directive speech acts. The speaker’s utterances “Try to keep on” shows that the speaker gives an order to the hearer and not worrying her, just keep on their steps forward. Data 6 When Hunter and Becky panic while trying to save Dan, Dan asked Becky to cut the rope so he can swing back to the cliff again. Dan : Are you secure? Becky : Yeah, yeah, I'm secure. Dan : Just uncut, and I'll be able to swing to the rock. (0:03:24 – 0:03:35) The speaker’s utterance from is considered as order, types of directive speech acts. The speaker’s utterances “Just uncut” shows that the speaker gives an order to the hearer to loosen up the rope, so the speaker can swing and reach the cliff. Data 7 Dan was hanging on the rope, panicked for his life. Dan was trying to calm him down and save him. Hunter : Hold on Dan, I'm almost there. Dan : I just need more momentum. Becky : Okay. (0:03:42 – 0:03:48) The speaker’s utterance from is considered as order, types of directive speech acts. The speaker’s utterances “hold on Dan” shows that the speaker gives an order to the hearer to stay calm and hold on for a second as the speaker can reached the hearer. Data 8 Becky and her dad were fighting in front of the bar where Becky was drinking. Her father Marisa Anggraini1; Afriana2 Types of Directive Speech Acts in “Fall” Movie 2022 1138 tried to talk to her but she refused it. Becky’s Dad : You are not driving. Stop it. Becky : Fuck off! (0:06:09 – 0:06:12) The speaker’s utterance is considered as order, types of directive speech acts. The speaker’s utterance “fuck off” shows that the speaker gives an order to the hearer to go away from the speaker and not disturbing the speaker. Data 9 Becky and Hunter reach half of the tower’s height where the caged ladder ends. Hunter who climbed before Becky saw a beautiful scenery just outside the cage. Hunter: Becky, you gotta come up, it's so sick. Becky: Okay. (0:24:43 – 0:24:48) The speaker’s utterance is considered as order, types of directive speech acts. The speaker’s utterance “you gotta come up, it’s so sick” shows that the speaker gives an order to the hearer for come up and see what was the speaker saw. Data 10 Becky started to confused for continuing their climbing. She called Hunter that precede her above and Hunter still want to climb higher as she can Hunter : Yes, you can. Just look up, only up. Becky : Okay. (0:25:02 – 0:25:12) The speaker’s utterance is considered as order, types of directive speech acts. The speaker’s utterance “Just look up, only up” shows that the speaker gives an order to the hearer for look only up because the speaker leads their adventure and she knows the tower better than the hearer. B. Request Data 11 Becky’s dad asked Becky to move on with her life because she was worried about her. However, at this point Becky was not ready for that and instead hated her dad for that. Becky’s Dad : Becky, I need you to try. Becky : Do you know what I need, Dad? I need you to leave me alone. (0:07:01 – 0:07:18) The speaker’s utterance is considered as request, types of directive speech acts. The speaker’s utterance “I need you to try” shows that the speaker gives a request to the hearer to try accepting the situation. Data 12 Becky was tired fighting with her dad. She asked her dad to leave me alone instead of trying to talk to her. Becky’s Dad : Becky, I need you to try. Becky : Do you know what I need, Dad? I need you to leave me alone. (0:07:01 – 0:07:18) The speaker’s utterance is considered as request, types of directive speech acts. The speaker’s utterance “I need you to leave me alone” shows that the speaker gives a request to the hearer to leave the speaker alone and let her face this situation by herself. Data 13 Hunter was explaining her plan to climb the B67 Tower. She hoped that Becky would accompany her to climb it. Hunter: Look, The B67 TV tower. It's only a six-hour drive from here. I was planning on climbing it this weekend and I wanted to see if you'd climb it IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 2, December 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 1139 with me. It would be an adventure, like old times, and you could scatter Dan's ashes on top. Becky : I just... I haven't climbed since… (0:09:15 – 0:09:32) The speaker’s utterance is considered as request, types of directive speech acts. The speaker’s utterance “and I wanted to see if you’d climb with me” shows that the speaker gives a request in the form of hope to the hearer that she would climb the tower with her. Data 14 Becky’s phone was out of battery and she asked the waitress in the restaurant if she can charge her phone. However, the waitress told her that she cannot charge her phone without paying. Becky : Excuse me? Do you have somewhere I could charge my phone? Waitress : Power ain't free, ma'am. (0:12:20 – 0:12:26) The speaker’s utterance is considered as request, types of directive speech acts. The speaker’s utterance “Do you have somewhere I could charge my phone” shows that the speaker gives a request to the hearer to show and help her to charge her phone. Data 15 Becky and Hunter have arrived in the B67 Tv Tower, the tower that they want to climb. Becky: Damn it, Hunter, you are such an asshole. What are you getting us into? Hunter: Don't worry. We've got 50 feet of rope between us we are clipped in and we're all good. Okay. One leg at a time and let me know if you have to rest. (0.20.09 – 0.20.17) The speaker’s utterance from is considered as request, types of directive speech acts. The speaker’s utterance “One leg at a time and let me know if you have to rest” shows that the speaker makes a request for the hearer to let her know if the hearer need to rest or not. C. Suggestion Data 16 Time passed away, Becky and hunter wants to get the bag which was fall below them. They wants to get the water inside the bag which they really need to stay alive. Hunter : Yeah, I seriously think I can get it. Becky : Hunter, I don't think this is a good idea. Hunter : Becky, I don't think we have a choice. Every hour that passes the weaker we get. Besides, maybe I get lucky and I'll fall. (1:01:36 – 1:02:01) The speaker’s utterance is considered as suggestion, types of directive speech acts. The speaker’s utterance “I don't think this is a good idea.” shows that the speaker was suggesting to do it another way because it was too dangerous. Data 17 Becky suggested that Hunter shows her own self instead of becoming something that she was not for her YouTube. She believed that Hunter true self is interesting as well. Hunter : So, I might as well wanna try this gig. Becky : I'm just saying, if you're gonna be a YouTuber, why not be yourself? You are awesome. Natural born click bait. Hunter : No. What we're doing here, this is click bait. (0:11:55 – 0:12:17) Marisa Anggraini1; Afriana2 Types of Directive Speech Acts in “Fall” Movie 2022 1140 The speaker’s utterance “if you're gonna be a YouTuber, why not be yourself? You are awesome. Natural born click bait.” shows that the speaker giving suggestion to the hearer. It means that if the hearer wants to be a YouTuber, she can show her true self because she already an interesting person and does not need to act like someone else. Data 18 Becky and Hunter were looking for a way to find help. The drone was their hope; however, the battery was out. Becky remembers Hunter’s life hack to charge her battery at the light bulb plug in the restaurant. Becky : I have an idea, of how to charge the drone. Your dumb life hacks. Hunter : Becky, you're freaking genius. (1:14:35 – 1:14:43) The conversation above is utterance from speaker reminds the hearer about the life hack that she teaches to the speaker about charging batteries using a light bulb plug. She suggested doing the same with the drone’s battery. Therefore, the speaker’s utterance is included as a suggestion speech act because it is suggesting an idea. Data 19 Becky was about to lose consciousness. She has not eaten anything since they were there. Hunter suggests that they need to eat something if they want to survive Hunter : You need energy, we should eat something. Becky : What? We're 2,000 feet up in the middle of the desert, there's no food up here. (1:25:55 – 1:26:07) The conversation above was in the scene when Becky and Hunter stuck on the top of the tower. The speaker's utterance is considered a suggestion which is a part of the directive speech act. The speaker’s utterance “we should eat something “means that the speaker the speaker proposed her statement that they should eat something whatever it is. D. Advice Data 20 The scene when Becky finished drink from a bar, and her father comes to see her. Becky’s dad very worried about her daughter's current condition after all that she been through. She lost Dan and she also lost her normal life Becky’s Dad : Your mother and I, we raised you better than that. So, getting shit-faced and pushing the people away that love you is not gonna work. All right, look, a horrible thing happened to you. But you have to start living your life again. All right? There's a whole big wide world out there that needs you. And believe it or not, I need you. Let me give you a ride home. Becky : I'd rather walk. (0:18:55 – 0:19:44) The conversation above utterance from Becky’s Dad to Becky is considered as advice, types of directive speech acts. Becky’s Dad’s utterance “All right, look, a horrible thing happened to you. But you have to start living your life again. All right? There's a whole big wide world out there that needs you. And believe it or not, I need you.” Shows that he gives an advice for Becky. Becky’s Dad know that Becky has lost man that he loved, he knows that she has lost her happiness. But he wants Becky to start her without Dan and forget all about Dan. IDEAS, Vol. 11, No. 2, December 2023 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 1141 Because, world still needs Becky, and he also need Becky in his life. Data 21 Becky and Hunter were just going to started climbing the tower, when Becky suddenly questioning her decision again. Hunter tried to convince her by saying that she had to beat her fear to wake up from her devastating condition. Becky : No, I really can't, I'm like... I'm petrified, and I'm shaking. Hunter : I'm here. Take a breath. After Dan died, I was afraid of my own. Shadow. But I pushed through. I overcame the fear, I took control. Do not let this fear consume you. (0:18:55 – 0:19:44) The utterance from the speaker is considered as advice, types of directive speech acts. The speaker told the hearer to fight her fear instead of giving up to it. The speaker’s utterance is categorized as an advice which she can think about later and decide whether the hearer agrees or disagree with the advice. Conclusion Directive action is always used in conversation to urge the hearer to take the desired action. In other words, a speaker used directive actions to achieve certain goals. After researching the theory of directive speech acts in analyzing the movie "Fall" which was released in 2022, and using the observational method. The results showed that the researcher found 21 data which were divided into 5 types of directive speech acts in the movie "Fall" 2022. There are 3 command data, 7 command data, 5 request data, 4 suggestion data, and 2 suggestion data. Based on the findings of this study, the type of sequence is the most widely used type of directive speech act in the movie "Fall", with a total of 7 data. Understanding directive acts helps speakers understand and perform appropriate directive acts. 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