The particular dialect or language that a person chooses to use on any occasion is called a code 355 Copyright © 2024 The Author IDEAS is licensed under CC-BY-SA 4.0 License Issued by English study program of IAIN Palopo IDEAS Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) Volume 12, Number 1, June 2024 pp. 355 - 366 Semantic Shifts in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay Novel Melida1, Hella Novita Zami2, Herni Tika3 Melidameli7@gmail.com 1Magister Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Jambi, Jambi, Provinsi Jambi 2Magister Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Jambi, Jambi, Provinsi Jambi 3Magister Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Jambi, Jambi, Provinsi Jambi Received: 2023-11-27 Accepted: 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.24256/ideas. v12i1.4374 Abstract The differences in language systems cause a translator to have difficulty in searching for equivalent words. The difficulty that the translator has in obtaining equivalences is exacerbated when the word class changes during translation. If it happens large enough, it may change the lexical relations between two words. Lexical relations can be big problems for the translators if they do not understand them and look into them well enough. This research aimed to identify the types of class shifts and lexical relations in the texts of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay Novel. This research used a qualitative method to analyze the novel because it analyzed the words of the texts in that novel. Fifteen scenes were chosen by the researcher based on the total engagement. The fifteen scenes located in a subway. The results showed that there were nine types of class shifts that were found in this study. They were noun to verb, pronoun to noun, preposition to verb, adjective to verb, adverb to adjective, adverb to verb, verb to noun, verb to adverb, and adjective to noun. From nine types of class shifts, the types of lexical relation were found are synonymy and hyponymy. Class shifts could happen anytime. The occurrence of class shifts did not vouch for the occurrence of lexical relation. It was affected by the translator himself/ herself. Keywords: Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, Semantic shifts Introduction In this modern era, the existence of foreign languages cannot be excluded from daily life, whether it is a word or sentence that is heard on television, films, songs, or a series of texts or quotations in foreign languages that are encountered http://u.lipi.go.id/1457703302 Melida, Hella Novita Zami, Herni Tika Semantic Shifts in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay Novel 356 in literature such as books, novels, journals, newspapers, magazines, etc. And even when using a laptop or gadget is dealing with some foreign terms. That is why there must be a valuable medium for transferring from one language to another to comprehend the meaning. That medium is called translation. Sholekhah (2019) defines translation as the process of transferring a written text from source language (SL) to target language (TL). Based on that statement, it can be said that translation is a way to make people understand the meaning of a foreign language by changing both SL and TL. In every country, the people use different languages. It means that every language has different systems affected by several aspects that exist in it. The differences in the language systems cause the translator to have difficulty searching for equivalent words. The translator requires the translation procedure in the translation process. In the translation process, the translator should have knowledge of SL and TL, and a cultural understanding of SL and TL. The translator should notice the equivalent meaning in SL and TL in order to get the message which is delivered the same as the writer's purpose. The translation process is carried out at the level of sentences, clauses, phrases, and words in a text. The TL’s modifications in grammatical structure and meaning can be adjusted by the translator. Clauses, phrases, and word order are shifted as a result of grammatical differences between the SL and the TL. Translation shift is the term used by Catford (1965) to describe that change. Catford (1965) defines shifts as departures from formal correspondence in going from the SL to the TL. While Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) called Translation shifts term as transposition that a change of one part of speech for another without changing the sense. Based on the statements, that operating the language means building semantic shifts in translation. For example: SL : a gaggle of reporters TL : segerombol wartawan (Source: English- Indonesian Text of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Novel, p. 5) Here there is a shift that a change happens. The word “reporter” has to be plural in the grammar system because of the existing plural pointer in front of the word “reporter,” the pointer “a gaggle of” to fulfill the rules of language. By contrast, that in Indonesian, when already there, the mark indicates the plural in a noun phrase, so the noun which follows it should not be plural. IDEAS, Vol. 12, No. 1, June 2024 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 357 The explanation shows that each language has its own rules, and the differences in those rules will cause shifts. In other words, the difference in grammatical rules of SL and TL makes the meaning of the word change. So, discussing language cannot be separated from discussing translation because every use of language brings semantic shifts. Semantic shifts mean a change in the meaning of a word (Bruno, 2012). If the semantic shifts are large enough, they may change the lexical connections between two words (Volker et al., 2008). These semantic shifts are essential to discuss for the message deliver in the SL to correspond with the TL. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the translation product that identifies class shifts and lexical relations. The author opts to identify the class shift because the shift in the translation is too great to discuss. Also, it makes it harder for the translator to find equivalents when the word class changes during the translation. Then, the researcher opts to identify lexical relations because it can be big problems for the translators if they do not understand them and look into them well enough. In this study, the researcher uses the novel as an object because it will be clear and smooth in doing analyses. The novel used is a novel by J.K. Rowling titled Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay. This novel was published in 2016, two days after the film was published. Joanne Kathleen Rowling or known as J.K. Rowling is a professional novelist. She is known globally for the Harry Potter series adapted to be a film published in 2001. She is a great woman with genius imagination who wrote impressive fantasy novels. This study also uses the translation of that novel which was published in 2018. The novel is translated by Angelic Zaizai and Nazaret Setiabudi. Angelic Zaizai first officially translated a novel in 2010. Her first published novel is entitled Iron King-Julie Kagawa. She becomes a translator because she loves translating. And Nazaret Setiabudi is a professional translator. Method The study used descriptive qualitative research, which aims to identify the types of class shifts and lexical relations in the texts of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay novel. The data of this study were words that taken from the novel. The novel consists of one hundred and twenty-four scenes. This study only used fifteen scenes to conduct the research. The scenes were chosen by the researcher based on the total engagement. The researcher saw the Melida, Hella Novita Zami, Herni Tika Semantic Shifts in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay Novel 358 total engagement from the number of the most dominant scene shooting locations. The location is in the subway. In addition, the researcher used document analysis to acquire the data. In this study, the primary instrument is the researcher herself since the research is qualitative research, because who active and direct to take part in conducting the data collection and analysis. The substantive data for were the English and Indonesian novels Fantastic Beast and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay, and the locative data were the texts of Fantastic Beast and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay novel. Moreover, the interactive model from Miles et al., (2014) was applied in analyzing the data. It was data condensation, data display, and drawing and verifying conclusions. The main process was identification and categorization. In the identification process, the researcher identified the words that contain class shifts. Then, the categorization process covered categorizing the words based on the types of class shifts for identifying the types of lexical relations. The research interpreted the results to draw the conclusions. Results Upon conducting a thorough analysis of the data, it was discovered that there are number of class shifts and lexical relations from the fifteen scenes of the novel. The table below indicates the number of class shifts and lexical relations occurrences. Table 1. Class Shifts and Lexical Relation Class Shifts Lexical Relations No Lexical Relations Types Occurrences Synonymy Antonymy Hyponymy Noun to verb 9 8 - - 1 Pronoun to noun 12 9 - 2 1 Preposition to verb 12 12 - - - Adjective to verb 3 3 - - - Adverb to adjective 1 1 - - - IDEAS, Vol. 12, No. 1, June 2024 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 359 Adverb to verb 6 5 - - 1 Verb to noun 5 5 - - - Verb to adverb 2 2 - - - Adjective to noun 1 1 - - - Total 51 46 - 2 3 The result of this study discovered that there were nine class shifts occur in the texts of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay novel. Those were noun to verbs, pronoun to noun, preposition to verb, adjective to verb, adverb to adjective, adverb to verb, verb to noun, verb to adverb, and adjective to noun. Furthermore, it was also discovered two types of lexical relations. Those include synonymy and hyponymy. In addition, some types of class shifts have no lexical relation. The following are the discovering examples identified by the researcher in this study. Noun to Verb The first is the change of class word from a noun to a verb in the English- Indonesian text of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay novel. There are nine occurrences in these shifts. In these shifts, it is found one type of Lexical relations. It involves eight occurrences of synonymy and the other one has no lexical relations. Here is example of the finding; SL : Their efforts furtile in the face of such a seemingly unstoppable kinetic mass. TL : Upaya sia-sia menghadapi massa kinetic yang keliatannya tak bisa dihentikan. Based on the grammar of that sentence in the datum, it showed that ‘face’ is translated into ‘menghadapi’ which classified as noun to verb shift. The word ‘face’ has meaning ‘wajah, menghadapi’ in the TL. And in this case, the translators translated it become ‘menghadapi’. So, the type of lexical relation is synonymy because the word in the TL has the same meaning as the semantic meaning. it makes the meaning of the sentence more natural. Melida, Hella Novita Zami, Herni Tika Semantic Shifts in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay Novel 360 Pronoun to Noun The second is the changing of class words from pronoun to noun. The total number of occurrences of these shifts is Twelve. Synonymy and hyponymy are the types of Lexical relations which found in this shift. It involves nine occurrences of synonymy, two occurrences of hyponymy and the other one has no lexical relations. Here is example of the finding; SL : Finally, they disband. TL : Akhirnya para polisi itu pun bertemperasan. First of all, the word ‘they’ is translated as ‘para polisi’, which is classified as pronoun to noun shift. In Meriam Webster, the word ‘they’ have the meaning as Those one- used as third person pronoun serving as the plural of, he, she, or it or reffering to a group of two or more individuals. Furthermore, before the sentence ‘finally they disband’ in the novel, the sentence tells that ‘a line of policemen stands with their guns aimed at the rerrifying supranatural force powering toward them’. Based on the explanation, the word ‘they’ refers to ‘a line of policemen’. Therefore, the translators transpose the meaning of ‘they’ which should be ‘mereka’ become ‘para polisi’ to give the apparent reference and emphasize the translation. ‘Para polisi’ is hyponym of ‘mereka’ because ‘para polisi’ is a more specific term. Therefore, the types of lexical relations are hyponymy. The hyponym results an accurate translation. Preposition to Verb Next is the transforming of word class from preposition to verb. It is found twelve occurrences. Synonymy is the type of Lexical relations found in this shift. Here is example of the finding; SL : Becoming a giant wave that consumes the entire space before flying out through the roof. TL : Menjadi gelombang raksasa yang menelan seantero ruangan sebelum terbang keluar menerobos langit-langit. In the SL the expression ‘through’ is a preposition that has the meaning ‘melewati’ in Indonesian, while in the TL the translators translate that word to be ‘menerobos’ which categorized as a verb. Therefore, the word class transforms from preposition to verb. Furthermore, from the explanation, the word ‘through’ has a related meaning between the semantic meaning and the meaning in the TL because ‘melewati’ dan ‘menerobos’ is to move from one place to another. So, the types of lexical relation are synonymy. The meaning of the translation is also acceptable. IDEAS, Vol. 12, No. 1, June 2024 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 361 Adjective to Verb The fourth change of word class that is found in this study is an adjective to verb. There are three occurrences of class shifts from adjective to verb. Synonymy is the type of Lexical relations found in this shift. Here is example of the finding; SL : We see the luminous wall of vibrating energy now flashing with the power of the magic it contains. TL : Kita melihat dinding cahaya energi yang berdenyut sekarang berkilat-kilat oleh kekuatan sihir yang dikandungnya. First, In the sentence above produces the word ‘vibrating’ to describe the word ‘energy’. So, the word ‘vibrating’ is an adjective that is translated into ‘berdenyut’ as a verb. The word class transforms from adjective to verb. Furthermore, the word ‘vibrating’ has the meaning ‘bergetar, menggetar’ in Indonesian. But in this case, the translators render it to be ‘berdenyut’. ‘Bergetar’ dan ‘berdenyut’ reflect a repetitive motion that occur quality. Therefore, the word is both synonymous because the meaning relates to each other. Nevertheless, the meaning of the translation is a little bit awkward. Adverb to Adjective The following change of word class that is found in this study is one occurrences of adverb to adjective. Synonymy is the types of Lexical relations which found in this shift. It can be looked at the discussion below; SL : It gently swirls in the air above the train tracks. TL : Berpusar pelan di udara di atas rel kereta. In the sentence above, it points that the word ‘gently’ is translated into ‘pelan’ which is classified as adverb to adjective shift. The word ‘gently’ is a combination between ‘gentle’ and (-ly). (-ly) is as a suffix and ‘gentle’ is the root of the word ‘gently’. The suffix (-ly) is translated into ‘secara’ in Indonesian, so the word ‘gently’ should be translated into ‘secara lemah lembut’. But in this case, the translators substitute it with the word which has a similar meaning ‘pelan’ in the TL. ‘Secara lemah lembut’ dan‘pelan’ express the manner of slow motion. Based on the explanation, the type of lexical relation for this word is synonymy because the meaning is closely related between SL and TL. Nevertheless, it has less appropriate meaning in the TL because the meaning of the translation is a little bit awkward. Melida, Hella Novita Zami, Herni Tika Semantic Shifts in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay Novel 362 Adverb to Verb The sixth is the changing of word class from adverb to verb. The total number of occurrences of these shifts is six. One type of Lexical relations is found in this shift. It involves five occurrences of synonymy and the other one has no lexical relations. Here is example of the finding; SL : As the water trickles over him. TL : Begitu air mengucur membasahinya. In the SL, the word ‘over’ is an adverb which has the meaning ‘lebih, di atas ke atas’ in Indonesian, while in the TL, the translators translate it into ‘membasahi’. That thing is done to get the apparent meaning. The word ‘membasahi’ is a verb. Therefore, the word class transforms from adverb to verb. From that explanation, the word ‘over’ has a different meaning between the semantic meaning and the meaning in the TL. It means that there has no type of lexical relation. But, the meaning of the translation is appropriate. The meaning is not awkward in the TL. Verb to Noun The seventh change of word class found in this study is a verb to noun. It is found five occurrences which are indicated as a verb to noun. Synonymy is the type of Lexical relations which found in this shift. Here is example of the finding; SL : I’ll expose you for who you are and what you’ve done. TL : Aku akan mengungkap siapa dirimu dan perbuatanmu. First, the expression ‘done’ is translated into ‘perbuatan’ which is classified as verb to noun shift. This case is influenced by the affixation in the TL. The expression ‘done’ is past participle of ‘do’ which has meaning as ‘melakukan, mengerjakan, berbuat, jadi’ in Indonesian. Therefore, the translators substitute prefix (ber-) to be (per-) and add the suffix (-an) in the expression ‘perbuatan’. It means that there is only a slight change to make the sentence can be comprehended. So, the types of lexical relation are synonymy because the meaning of the expression ‘done’ is closely related between the semantic meaning and the meaning in the TL. Nevertheless, the meaning of the translation is a little bit awkward. The meaning is less appropriate in the TL. Verb to Adverb The hereinafter class shift that was identified in this study was a verb to adverb. It occurs twice, and the type of lexical relations is synonymy. Here is the example of finding; SL : Graves appears to be winning. TL : Kelihatannya Graves unggul. IDEAS, Vol. 12, No. 1, June 2024 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 363 First, the word ‘appears’ is a singular verb of ‘appear’ which has the meaning ‘muncul, tampak, kelihatan’ in Indonesian. At the same time, in the TL, the translators translate it to be ‘kelihatannya’ which categorized as adverb in the TL. Therefore, the word class transforms from verb to adverb. From the explanation, the types of lexical relation are synonymous because the semantic meaning and the meaning in the TL of the word ‘appears’ have the same meaning. The two meanings reflect to the impression of something. However, the shifts that occurred created a little bit of awkward meaning in the TL. The meaning of the translation is less appropriate. Adjective to Noun The last change of word class that is found in this study is an adjective to noun. It is found an occurrence. Synonymy is the type of lexical relation in these shifts, which can be looked at the discussion below; SL : More like Credence’s own. TL : Lebih mirip wajah Credence. Based on the expression above shows that the word ‘own’ is an adjective and translated to be ‘wajah’, which is a noun. Therefore, the word class transforms from an adjective to a noun. Furthermore, to identify the types of lexical relations, the sentence above has a complex sentence in the novel. It is written as ‘Its dreadful face is becoming more human, more like Credence’s own’. The word ‘own’ has the meaning as ‘sendiri, kepunyaan sendiri’ in Indonesian. In contrast, in the Oxford dictionary, the word ‘own’ has the meaning as used to emphasize that something belongs to or is connected with somebody. Therefore, the word ‘own’ in the dependent clause alludes to the word ‘face’ in the independent clause. ‘kepunyaan sendiri’ dan ‘wajah’ is two different word, but the shift is acceptable in the TL. It is resulting a natural interpretation. So, the semantic meaning and the meaning in the TL of the word ‘own’ are synonymous because the relation of words has the same conceptual meaning. The meaning of the translation is also suitable. Melida, Hella Novita Zami, Herni Tika Semantic Shifts in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay Novel 364 Discussion The identification of semantic shifts shows how word class change from the SL to the TL and followed by lexical relations. It also shows how the types of class shifts and lexical relations are applied in the words of sentences or phrases. It also shows the result of the translation from the sentences or phrases that contains of the class shifts and lexical relations. In this identification, the researcher only presents several scenes from the total of one hundred and twenty-four scenes, describing the types of class shifts. The class shifts from pronoun to noun and preposition to verb more frequent than the other types. Both of the class shifts occurred twelve times in the novel. Next, the class shifts from adverb to adjective and adjective to noun only occurred once in the translation. Then, the class shifts from noun to verb happened nine times in the translation. After that, the class shifts from adjective to verb occurred three times in the translation. Furthermore, the class shifts from adverb to verb happened six times in the translation. Moreover, the class shifts from verb to noun occurred five times in the translation. The last type of class shifts happened in the translation is verb to adverb which occurred twice. The occurrence of class shift is affected by the grammatical differences between SL and TL and also affected by the translator himself/herself. The translator rephrases potentially problematic construction to avoid misunderstanding when translating data (Taufiqi et al., 2019). From the identification, the translator found two types of lexical relations. They are synonymy and hyponymy. Synonymy involved eight occurrences of noun to verb shifts, nine occurrences of pronoun to noun shifts, twelve occurrences of preposition to verb shifts, three occurrences of adjective to verb shifts, one occurrence of adverb to adjective shifts, five occurrences of adverb to verb shifts, five occurrences of verb to noun shifts, two occurrences of verb to adverb shifts, an occurrence of adjective to noun shifts. And hyponymy involved two occurrences of pronoun to noun shifts. However, there are some types of class shifts have no lexical relation. In this research, they are noun to verb, pronoun to noun, and adverb to verb shifts which each happen at once. The explanation shows that synonymy is the most dominant type of lexical relations in this research. In line with Saeed (2009) mentions that a real or exact meaning is quite uncommon. In other words, partial and close synonyms, which refer to expressions that are somewhat similar but not identical, rather than words with the exact same meaning (Malik, 2017). Then, the translation from the sentences or phrases that contains class shifts and lexical relations result more appropriate than inappropriate. According to Hartono (2020), in changing the SL involves component analysis to reach the equivalent in the TL which suitable the context. It means the class shifts that occurred in the novel did IDEAS, Vol. 12, No. 1, June 2024 ISSN 2338-4778 (Print) ISSN 2548-4192 (Online) 365 not confer many effects on the semantic meaning because there are situations when words in the SL and the TL have comparable meanings, though they belong to different word classes. Conclusion The researcher identifies the types of class shifts and lexical relations in the text of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay novel. This study uses Catford's (1965) theory of class shift and Yule's (2006) theory of lexical relation. First, based on the theory of Catford, nine types of class shifts are found. They are noun to verb, pronoun to noun, preposition to verb, adjective to verb, adverb to adjective, adverb to verb, verb to noun, verb to adverb, and adjective to noun. . In this case, the class shifts that occurred in the novel were affected by the differences in grammatical between SL and TL. And it is also affected by the translator himself/ herself. The second, based on Yule (2006) that the researcher only finds two types of lexical relation that occurs in nine types of class shifts. They are synonymy and hyponymy. Almost nine types of class shifts indicated as synonymy, except two occurrences of pronoun to noun shifts indicates as hyponymy, and one occurrences of noun to verb, pronoun to noun, and adverb to verb shifts have no lexical relation. 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